岩体应力与渗流的耦合及其工程应用

岩体中应力与渗流的耦合对于工程应用十分重要。应用孔隙弹性力学理论，研究裂隙岩体与多孔介质岩体的应力变化引起的渗透性变化。推导出应力与渗透系数的关系式，得出由于多孔介质含水层疏水及应力变化造成的地表下沉计算公式。基于孔隙弹性理论，开发用于耦合应力与渗流的有限元计算软件。采用有限元方法耦合应力与渗流的关系，模拟不同采宽条件下采煤工作面的采动影响特征，得出工作面围岩渗透性变化、覆岩破坏高度、地表下沉与工作面几何参数的关系，这对于类似条件下的煤矿开采与设计有指导意义。     

基于损伤理论双重介质水力压裂岩体劣化与孔渗特性变化理论研究

 首先,针对石油储层水力压裂岩体损伤机制,考虑岩体受载后基质孔隙和微裂缝体积均发生变化,采用基质孔隙和微裂缝体积变化分别定义岩体损伤和裂缝演化的张量型损伤变量,建立水力压裂岩体损伤模型;然后,假设水力压裂过程微裂缝动态演化满足Logistic分岔标准模型,建立基于损伤理论的微裂缝动态演化损伤模型,根据水力压裂能量守恒原理,确定岩体损伤演化过程体积应变和介质孔隙度、损伤变量的内在联系;最后,建立水力压裂岩体基质孔隙和微裂缝渗透张量演化模型。将新方法和传统方法通过模块程序导入有限元软件对吉林油田29–3,4生产井进行产能模拟,计算结果对比表明,基于损伤理论的新模型与实际情况吻合更好。     

固液相耦合的有限元法及其应用

本文探讨了岩体内固液相语的有限元分析方法，考虑了地下水孔隙压力与岩体变形之间的相互耦合作用。建立孔隙水压的计算模型，并计算分析了在重力场 孔隙水压力共同作用下某露天边坡的应力分布特点。结果表明，固液相耦合的有凶法能反映地下水对岩体工程的应力颁和位移变形的影响。     

核废料贮存库围岩体热响应耦合场研究

岩体在加热状态的物理力学响应是核废料贮存库安全运行评价的主要指标。结合现场试验成果(温度、孔隙压力和变形),应用多孔连续介质力学理论对热诱导引起的岩体温度场、渗流场和应力场进行了有限元数值对比研究。提出了有限元计算过程中通过调整孔隙率和渗透系数来实现热–水–力耦合分析非线性孔隙弹性的研究方法。现场测试和数值模拟表明:在整个加热过程中,饱和岩体温度和有效应力随时间不断增加,而孔隙压力在加热能量变化初期呈上升趋势,在后期呈下降趋势。     

固液相耦合的有限元法及其应用

本文探讨了岩体内固液相耦合的有限元分析方法,考虑了地下水孔隙压力与岩体变形之间的相互耦合作用。建立孔隙水压的计算模型．并计算分析了在重力场和孔隙水压力共同作用下某露天边坡的应力分布特点。结呆在明,固液相耦合的有限元法能反映地下水对岩体工程的应力分布和位移变形的影响。     

非线性双重孔隙介质渗流

提出了一种考虑介质参数随压力变化的双重孔隙介质非线性渗流模型,给出了有限元计算格式,并给出了算便。     

饱和孔隙介质的耦合物质点-特征有限元方法

物质点法是当下用于分析饱和孔隙介质大变形问题的常用手段。然而，传统的显式物质点法直接采用弱可压缩的泊松方程计算孔隙水压力，存在着孔隙水压力震荡以及压力边界难以施加等问题。鉴于此，提出了一个适用于饱和孔隙介质的耦合物质点-特征有限元方法。该算法将孔隙水视为不可压缩流体，基于特征线分裂算法的思想，将存在对流项的液相动量方程采用特征线法进行时间离散，并利用投影法分步计算固、液相中的压力和速度。应用此算法对一维饱和土柱的固结以及二维弹性地基中波的传播问题进行了数值模拟，所得结果与参考解基本相一致。计算结果表明新算法可以很好地克服显式物质点法在计算固结问题时产生的孔隙水压力震荡现象。     

一种双重孔隙介质水–应力耦合模型及其有限元分析

建立了一种双重孔隙介质水–应力耦合模型,其特点是可考虑裂隙的组数、间距、方向、连通率和刚度的变化的影响,并研制出相应的二维有限元程序。在假定裂隙的渗透性与裂隙间距无关的前提下,通过算例考察了不同的裂隙间距对双重介质岩体中的变形、主应力、孔隙水压力及裂隙水压力的作用,并与单重介质岩体的相应情况作了对比。结果显示:裂隙间距对双重介质岩体的位移影响很大,但对岩体主应力及孔隙与裂隙水压力的影响很小,岩体水压力主要取决于孔隙与裂隙的孔隙率与渗透系数。     

考虑双重孔隙–裂隙岩体中强度异向性的THM耦合有限元分析

计入裂隙连通率,进一步完善了确定双重孔隙–裂隙介质岩体的黏聚力及内摩擦角的方法,将其引入独立开发的热–水–应力耦合二维弹塑性有限元程序中。假定一个位于饱和岩体中的实验室尺度的核废物地质处置库模型,以此为计算背景,拟定裂隙组正交和斜交的二种情况,进行热–水–应力耦合有限元分析。结果表明:与裂隙组正交时的各场量呈轴对称分布相比,两组裂隙斜交时,孔隙水压力及其流速呈轴对称分布,但岩体中的应力场、裂隙水压力及其流速、塑性区均呈非轴对称分布;裂隙组正交时岩体中的塑性区大面积出现,而裂隙组斜交时岩体中几乎无塑性区产生;岩体中裂隙组的产状强烈地影响到应力场、塑性区和裂隙水的状态。     

基于双重孔隙介质模型的渗流–应力耦合并行数值分析

为模拟天然岩石中孔隙和裂隙的不同渗透性能及应力耦合特性，基于双重孔隙介质模型，建立渗流–应力耦合分析的迭代计算模型。岩石基质渗透系数和孔隙率通过体积应变进行更新。裂隙系统的耦合模型通过立方体单元模型来建立，渗透系数和孔隙率随有效应力的变化进行更新。考虑到耦合分析时步多、计算量大的问题，采用基于element-by-element策略的有限元并行计算方法进行数值模拟。编制相应的耦合分析并行程序CoupledGF，并在分布存储的并行机上实现。对包含一个生产井和一个注入井的封闭区域进行渗流–应力耦合分析，模拟约     

Evaluation of empirical estimation of uniaxial compressive strength of rock using measurements from index and physical tests

The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of rock is an important parameter required for design and analysis of rock structures,and rock mass classification.Uniaxial compression test is the direct method to obtain the UCS values.However,these tests are generally tedious,time-consuming,expensive,and sometimes impossible to perform due to difficult rock conditions.Therefore,several empirical equations have been developed to estimate the UCS from results of index and physical tests of rock.Nevertheless,numerous empirical models available in the literature often make it difficult for mining engineers to decide which empirical equation provides the most reliable estimate of UCS.This study evaluates estimation of UCS of rocks from several empirical equations.The study uses data of point load strength(Is(50)),Schmidt rebound hardness(SRH),block punch index(BPI),effective porosity(n) and density(ρ)as inputs to empirically estimate the UCS.The estimated UCS values from empirical equations are compared with experimentally obtained or measured UCS values,using statistical analyses.It shows that the reliability of UCS estimated from empirical equations depends on the quality of data used to develop the equations,type of input data used in the equations,and the quality of input data from index or physical tests.The results show that the point load strength(Is(50)) is the most reliable index for estimating UCS among the five types of tests evaluated.Because of type-specific nature of rock,restricting the use of empirical equations to the similar rock types for which they are developed is one of the measures to ensure satisfactory prediction performance of empirical equations.     

岩石应力的电学效应及其断裂演化规律

研究岩石离子导电基本规律和脉冲非极化电流测试方法,得出岩石电阻变化率与有效孔隙度变化率之间的理论关系;采用力学与电学参数结合的方法,研究压缩应力对含氯化钠溶液石灰岩、砂岩产生的电学效应,取得完整的应力–应变曲线和相应电阻–应变曲线试验数据。试验结果表明:岩石内部裂隙的变化将引起相应的岩石电阻改变;所有电阻–应变曲线上都存在一个岩石电阻最小值,并对应于岩石开裂应力;岩石断裂过程中,应力–应变曲线与电阻–应变曲线的变化规律具有明确的反对称性。岩石电阻变化能够明确表达压缩过程中复杂断裂的演化特性,提出并验证岩石断裂规律的状态方程。     

Determination of physical properties of carbonate rocks from P-wave velocity

Velocity, density, porosity, void ratio, water absorption by weight and P-wave velocity tests were conducted on 14 different carbonate rocks. Strong correlations between P-wave velocity and all the physical properties of the rock were found. The relations follow a linear function. The equations developed were compared with others in the literature. Although it appears that the physical properties of the tested carbonate rocks can be estimated from P-wave velocity, the validity of the derived equations must be checked for other carbonate rocks as the equations given are likely to be specific to the test method and vary with rock type, degree of saturation and presence of bedding planes.      

层状盐岩细观孔隙特性试验研究

孔隙特性是决定盐岩储库密闭性的关键因素。对层状盐岩中不同岩性的试样开展压汞法测试和电镜扫描试验,分析层状盐岩孔隙率与渗透率的关系,并对层状盐岩的孔隙结构、分布特性及其密封性能进行研究。压汞测试表明：盐岩、泥岩和泥质钙芒硝的孔隙率平均值分别为2.7%,6.0%和2.5%,与常规岩石对比发现层状盐岩的孔隙率处在非常低的水平。孔隙率与渗透率之间存在明显的关系：低孔隙率是低渗透率的充分非必要条件,而高渗透率是高孔隙率的充分非必要条件,高孔隙率的试样有时也会出现低渗透率的情况。对岩体渗透率影响最大的是相互连通的部分孔隙,一旦存在连通的孔隙,渗透率就会显著增加。电镜扫描结果显示,盐岩是典型的晶体构造,内部结构密实,无明显的孔隙存在。泥岩中黏土和有机质颗粒的差异会显著影响其孔隙性质,颗粒粒径大小不一且呈块状或卵石状的区域孔隙大量发育,颗粒均质、呈块状的区域结构密实,孔隙较不发育。泥岩和盐岩的交界面处并不是孔隙发育的区域,泥岩和盐岩相互咬合、嵌入及泥岩细小颗粒的填充使孔隙率降低。含泥盐岩(含盐泥岩)中局部孔隙较为发育,并且连通度较高,是渗流可能发生的区域,建议储气库设计建造时避免将关键部位设置在孔隙发育区域,以保障密闭性。本文的研究成果可为储气库的建造及密闭性分析提供指导。     

Using P wave modulus to estimate the mechanical parameters of rock mass

Obtaining reasonable and reliable mechanical parameters of rock mass in engineering is a challenge. These parameters are difficult to obtain from a large sum of field tests due to the restrictions of time and costs. In this paper, linear equations of estimating rock mass mechanical parameters based on the P wave modulus are proposed through dimensional analysis. The field tests data of the Xiangjiaba, Baihetan, and Jinping I dam foundations are discussed to verify the universality and applicability of these linear equations. In addition, a new equation for calculating the disturbance factor D based on the P wave modulus is presented to estimate the mechanical parameters of rock mass in the disturbed zones, and then the field test data of the Three Gorges Project (TGP) shiplock slope are studied to verify the equation. The results show that the linear equations based on the P wave modulus have higher correlation than other function equations based on the P wave velocity. Therefore, the empirical equations using P wave modulus are feasible for estimating the mechanical parameters of rock mass.     

弹粘塑性孔隙介质在冲击荷载作用下的一种本构关系--第一部分:状态方程

利用弹塑性介质的不可逆热力学的普遍关系，对弹粘塑性孔隙介质在冲击静水压力作用下的力学行为进行了研究。在本构关系中，使用了对于固体来讲更为合理的德拜形式的自由能。利用等效应变法，考虑了孔隙率对孔隙介质在冲击静水压力作用下的力学行为的影响，并得到了孔隙率演化方程。最终得到的本构关系符合不可逆热力学定律，形式相对简单，物理意义明确。数值计算结果与已有结果吻合很好。     

软岩冻融损伤的水-热-力耦合研究初探

冻融力学研究正温、负温环境交替变化对材料的物理力学性质的影响。由于软岩为强度低、孔隙度大、胶结程度差、含有大量膨胀性粘土矿物的松散、软弱岩层。因此,软岩的水-热-力耦合不是一个简单的过程。初步提出了软岩的水-热迁移机理,进而提出了软岩水-热-力耦合的基本数学模型。最后用ANSYS软件模拟了隧道围岩温度场与应力场,得到了隧道围岩冻胀力的分布趋势。     

Elastic wave propagation and attenuation in a double-porosity dual-permeability medium

To account for large-volume low-permeability storage porosity and low-volume high-permeability fracture/crack porosity in oil and gas reservoirs, phenomenological equations for the poroelastic behavior of a double porosity medium have been formulated and the coefficients in these linear equations identified. This generalization from a single porosity model increases the number of independent inertial coefficients from three to six, the number of independent drag coefficients from three to six, and the number of independent stress–strain coefficients from three to six for an isotropic applied stress and assumed isotropy of the medium. The analysis leading to physical interpretations of the inertial and drag coefficients is relatively straightforward, whereas that for the stress–strain coefficients is more tedious. In a quasistatic analysis, the physical interpretations are based upon considerations of extremes in both spatial and temporal scales. The limit of very short times is the one most pertinent for wave propagation, and in this case both matrix porosity and fractures are expected to behave in an undrained fashion, although our analysis makes no assumptions in this regard. For the very long times more relevant to reservoir drawdown, the double porosity medium behaves as an equivalent single porosity medium. At the macroscopic spatial level, the pertinent parameters (such as the total compressibility) may be determined by appropriate field tests. At the mesoscopic scale, pertinent parameters of the rock matrix can be determined directly through laboratory measurements on core, and the compressibility can be measured for a single fracture. We show explicitly how to generalize the quasistatic results to incorporate wave propagation effects and how effects that are usually attributed to squirt flow under partially saturated conditions can be explained alternatively in terms of the double-porosity model. The result is therefore a theory that generalizes, but is completely consistent with, Biot’s theory of poroelasticity and is valid for analysis of elastic wave data from highly fractured reservoirs.     

放射性核素在裂隙岩石中的迁移模型研究

本文描述了放射性核素在裂隙岩石中的单一介质和双重介质二维迁移模式,并用Galerkin有限元与算子分裂迎风—均衡格式相结合的方法求解了数学模型,取得了较为满意的结果。为了验证模型的正确性,分别用两种模型对济南岩溶区总硬度进行了数值模拟,计算结果与测定结果符合较好,说明模型是基本正确的。为了探讨模式对预测深部库核素迁移规律的适用性,对核素~(90)Sr和~(99)Tc的迁移进行了1000年的预测,结果与文献预测的核素分布规律相符合,说明模式对深部核素迁移是适用的。在上述两种模拟计算中,结果均没有发生数值波动和浓度出现负值的奇异现象,克服了用有限元法解弥散方程时浓度出现负值和数值波动问题,为建立高放废物库安全评价中的地圈子模式及进一步研究核素迁移模式提供了理论依据。