四川省泸沽湖地区地下水水化学特征研究

通过研究区的泉点、地表水的水化学组成、氢氧同位素分析,结合水文地质条件,阐述了研究区地下水环境特征,分析表明,研究区地下水化学类型以HCO3-Ca,HCO3.Cl-Ca.Na为主,大气降水为该区各水体主要补给来源。     

豫北平原地下水14C同位素特征

地下水中14C的年代与PMC(与大气中现代碳的百分含量之比)值的大小反映了地下水的补给、迳流、排泄的状况与循环条件。豫北平原地下水中的14C的年代与PMC值反映出:引黄灌区主干渠、山前冲洪积扇、近黄河地带为地下水强补给与迳流带,地下水14C年龄较小,地下水循环交替快;在交接洼地、微咸水区、地下水位下降漏斗区,地下水迳流滞缓,地下水14C年龄较大,地下水循环交替慢。其它资料也验证了此规律。     

中国北方典型盆地降水与地下水氢氧同位素组成特征

在系统收集整理中国北方六大典型盆地降水与地下水氢氧同位素资料基础上,依据同位素形成演化相似性原理,对比分析同位素组成及其关系方程得出:受大陆效应的影响,从东部河北平原到西部塔里木盆地其大气降水方程的斜率和截距大多逐渐增大;河北平原等六大盆地平原浅层地下水的蒸发强度逐渐增大;与全球大气降水方程(δD=8.2δ18O 10.8)相比,六大盆地平原的大气降水方程斜率、截距均偏小或斜率偏小,反映出这几大盆地和平原为干旱、半干旱地区降水量小、蒸发强的特点。     

环境同位素技术在区域地下水资源补给及可更新性中的应用

应用环境同位素D、18O、T、14C,从可持续发展的角度初步探讨了鄂尔多斯盆地地下水资源的形成演化规律及可更新程度,为可持续性开发利用区域地下水资源提供了系统科学支持的理论基础。     

湖南省地下热水水化学和氢氧同位素特征空间分异研究

水化学及同位素是研究地热成因机制的重要方法,本文对湖南省84个地下热水点开展水化学与氢氧稳定同位素采样与测试,并基于测试结果开展湖南省地下热水化学及同位素空间分异特征分析,以期为地下水资源勘查、开发提供参考。测试结果表明,湖南省地热水化学类型在空间上具有明显差异,省内地下热水主要属Ca·Mg型、HCO₃型,但幕阜山、湘西北、湘东南、宁远—江永盆地有多个地下热水点表现为Na+K型,湘西北、湘东南、衡阳盆地等地有相当一部分地下热水表现为SO₄型。雪峰山、湘东南、衡阳盆地地下热水水化学表现为3个主因子,而湘西北和岳阳—长株潭盆地则表现为2个主因子。雪峰山、湘东南与幕阜山—长株潭区的地下热水的地下水化学成分受岩浆岩矿物控制,湘西北地区地下热水成因可能与硫酸盐矿物等有关,衡阳盆地则表现出了明显的蒸发岩特性。湖南省地热水中Na⁺和K⁺多来源于硅酸盐矿物的溶解,Ca²⁺和Mg²⁺来源于含镁和钙的硅酸盐矿物的溶解。湖南省内地下热水的δ¹⁸O和δD散点图具有明显“区内积聚”的特点,湘东南大部分地下热水点、长株潭盆地部分热水点和衡阳盆地部分地下热水δ¹⁸O和δD散点沿近水平线分布,这些地下热水点发生明显“δ¹⁸O飘移”,其他地下热水点δ¹⁸O和δD散点沿蒸发线分布。     

国内外再生水补给水源的实际应用与进展

再生水进行水源补给分为无计划地间接补给、有计划地间接补给以及有计划地直接补给三种方式，其中将再生水进行有计划地水源补给并间接作为居民生活用水，是解决水危机更为可行和有效的途径。介绍并分析了国外再生水补给地表水和地下水的几个典型工程实例，总结了这些工程投入运行的时间、产量、补充比例和处理技术等。实践证明，再生水补给水源具有广阔的应用前景，无论从健康角度还是公众接受程度上都是可行的。     

云南鹤庆西山岩溶地下水同位素及水化学分析

本文采用同位素和水化学分析的方法对鹤庆西山地区岩溶地下水循环特征进行了分析。根据区内水文地质边界条件,将研究区划分为5个岩溶水系统。利用氢氧同位素的分析结果,建立地表水与地下水的δD-δ18O关系曲线,分析地下水与地表水体的相互关系,并结合水化学分析方法对岩溶地下水水化学特征与地层岩性的关系进行了研究。结果表明,研究区地表水与地下水联系紧密,大气降水通过鹤庆西山地区地表岩溶洼地等补给地下水,区内地下水化学组分以Ca2+、Mg2+和HCO-3为主,水化学类型多为HCO3-Ca·Mg,少数水样水化学类型为HCO3-Ca,与岩溶水系统划分及地层岩性分布是一致的。     

广东河台金矿床氢氧同位素特征及其地质意义

广东河台金矿床是我国华南地区目前已发现的最大金矿床,也是与韧性剪切带有关的典型金矿床。为了给深边部的找矿提供新资料,文章对该矿床中石英脉型金矿石与蚀变糜棱岩型金矿石进行了氢氧同位素分析,结果显示其成矿流体具有多源性,是岩浆热液—变质热液—大气降水的混合流体体系。基于成矿构造的认识,认为其成矿流体的多源混合是河台深层次大型剪切带从深部韧性域往浅部脆-韧域及脆性域变质变形过程中,构造-流体作用多阶段耦合成矿的直接响应。初步提出河台金矿\"韧性剪切带3阶段构造成矿\"的思路,这对理解河台金矿的成因具有新的启示意义。     

晋陕峡谷地区岩溶地下水的同位素及水化学分析

本文研究采用同位素和水化学分析的方法对本地区 2个泉域即天桥和柳林泉域的地下水系统进行分析。研究发现 :(1)天桥泉域北部大部分地区岩溶地下水主要接受了大气降水的补给 ,同时在局部地区也接受了地表水的补给 ;天桥泉域南部岩溶地下水接受了不同高程的大气降水的补给 ,迳流较为活跃。 (2 )柳林泉域岩溶水系统存在浅部和深部 2个子系统 ,来自这 2个系统的地下水互相混合 ,形成了排泄区较为复杂的地下水化学类型     

海原盆地地下水化学同位素特征初步分析

本文初步分析了宁夏海原盆地地下水化学、同位素特征,认为:地下水化学分布存在着一定的分带性,符合干旱区盆地的水质演化规律。水-岩相互作用从补给区的以溶滤-混合作用为主逐渐演变成排泄区的以溶滤-蒸发作用为主。     

Changes in dissolved organic carbon during artificial recharge of groundwater in a forested esker in Southern Finland

Sprinkling infiltration in a forested esker leading to artificial recharge of groundwater was studied in Southern Finland. Changes in dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and the molecular size distribution and chemical properties of the organic carbon were investigated during the infiltration process. Artificial groundwater was produced using sprinkling infiltration directly onto the forest floor. One result of lake water infiltration through the organic horizon and 1 m thick mineral soil layer was a slight net increase in the DOC concentrations from 9.4 mg/L in the infiltration water to 13.2 mg/L in percolation water. This indicates that the forest soil represents a potential input of organic matter into infiltration water. However, the DOC concentrations decreased by 27–38% as the infiltration water percolated down through the unsaturated soil layer into the groundwater zone. At a distance of 1450 m from the infiltration area, the mean DOC concentration in the groundwater was below the recommended value for drinking water in Finland of 2.0 mg/L. There was a strong reduction in the concentrations of hydrophilic and hydrophobic acids, but only a slight decrease in hydrophilic neutral organic compounds during the infiltration process. The DOC in the production well consisted of low molecular size fractions. Larger molecular size fractions were removed effectively from the water during the infiltration process.     

Removal of individual off-flavour compounds in water during artificial groundwater recharge and during treatment by alum coagulation/sand filtration

The removal of individual off-flavour compounds during artificial groundwater recharge has been compared to the removal of such compounds during conventional alum coagulation/sand filtration. By using an evaluation technique based on gas chromatography with both instrumental and sensory detection (“column sniffing”) it was shown that alum coagulation/sand filtration had no significant effect on any of the off-flavour compounds that could be detected in the raw water samples (geosmin, 2-methylisoborneol, 2-isopropyl-3-methoxypyrazine, 2,4,6-trichloroanisole, 1-octen-3-one, 1-nonen-3-one, dimethyl trisulphide and a number of unidentified muddy or musty odours). During artificial groundwater recharge in sand and gravel ridges, however, the concentrations of all these compounds were substantially reduced, thus proving that artificial groundwater recharge is not only a suitable method for water storage but can also be an effective method for removing muddy and musty odours. The successful use of the column-sniffing technique for evaluating water treatment methods has shown the potential of this technique in resolving some of the present disagreements concerning the effectiveness of different treatment methods for removing tastes and odours from water.     

Spatial and temporal changes in Actinobacterial dominance in experimental artificial groundwater recharge

Artificial groundwater recharge (AGR) is used in the drinking water industry to supplement groundwater resources and to minimise the use of chemicals in water treatment. This study analysed the spatial and temporal changes of microbial communities in AGR using two test systems: a nutrient-amended fluidized-bed reactor (FBR) and a sand column. Structural changes in the feed lake water (Lake Roine), FBR, and sand column bacterial communities were determined by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) and the length heterogeneity analysis of amplified 16S rRNA genes (LH-PCR). Two clone libraries were created to link the LH-PCR results to the dominant bacterial groups. The lake water bacterial community was relatively stable, with three bands dominating in all LH-PCR products. The most dominant fragment accounted for up to 72% and was derived from Actinobacteria. Based on the clone libraries and LH-PCR data, Actinobacteria also dominated in the unattached bacterial community of the FBR, whereas several Proteobacterial groups were more abundant on the FBR carrier particles. In the stabilised AGR system a major change in the community structure of the lake water bacteria took place during passage within the first 0.6 m in the sand column as the community composition shifted from Actinobacteria-dominated populations to a diverse, mainly Proteobacterial communities. Concurrently, most of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) was removed at this stage. In summary, the study showed that the make-up of microbial communities in experimental AGR systems responded to changes in their environment. LH-PCR showed potential as a method to determine microbial community dynamics in long-term studies at real-scale AGR sites. This is the first step to provide data on microbial community dynamics in AGR for drinking water production.     

Impacts of green roofs and rain water use on the water balance and groundwater levels in urban areas

Ohne Zusammenfassung

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Impacts of green roofs and rain water use on the water balance and groundwater levels in urban areas

     

Natural organic matter (NOM) removal and structural changes in the bacterial community during artificial groundwater recharge with humic lake water

This study evaluated the removal of natural organic matter (NOM) and structural changes in the microbial community during infiltration of humic lake water at three artificial groundwater recharge (AGR) sites in Finland. The three sites were at waterworks in H?meenlinna, Jyv?skyl? and Tuusula, sites A, B and C, respectively. Site A used groundwater recharge by both basin and sprinkling infiltration, site B used only sprinkling infiltration, and site C used only basin infiltration. Reductions of total organic carbon at sites A, B and C were 91%, 84% and 74%, respectively, in the winter, and 88%, 77% and 73%, respectively, in the summer. The Finnish national recommended value of 2 mg/l for TOC was achieved at all sites and the TOC of natural groundwater at site C was much lower, at 0.6 mg/l. Large molecular fractions of NOM were removed more efficiently than the smaller ones. Total amount of DAPI-stained cells decreased during infiltration at sites A, B and C in winter by 94%, 94% and 75% and in summer by 96%, 97% and 94%, respectively. Bacterial communities in raw waters and extracted groundwaters were diverse with changes occurring during infiltration, which was shown by DNA extraction followed by PCR of 16S rRNA genes and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) fingerprinting. While the natural groundwater microbial community was diverse, it was different from that of the extracted groundwater in the AGR area. Simultaneous organic carbon removal and the decrease of bacterial counts during infiltration indicated biodegradation. In addition, the changing DGGE profiles during the process of infiltration, demonstrated that changing environmental conditions were reflected by changes in bacterial community composition.     

Hydrochemical characteristics and water quality assessment of surface water and groundwater in Songnen plain, Northeast China

Water quality is the critical factor that influence on human health and quantity and quality of grain production in semi-humid and semi-arid area. Songnen plain is one of the grain bases in China, as well as one of the three major distribution regions of soda saline-alkali soil in the world. To assess the water quality, surface water and groundwater were sampled and analyzed by fuzzy membership analysis and multivariate statistics. The surface water were gather into class I, IV and V, while groundwater were grouped as class I, II, III and V by fuzzy membership analysis. The water samples were grouped into four categories according to irrigation water quality assessment diagrams of USDA. Most water samples distributed in category C1-S1, C2-S2 and C3-S3. Three groups were generated from hierarchical cluster analysis. Four principal components were extracted from principal component analysis. The indicators to water quality assessment were Na, HCO₃, NO₃, Fe, Mn and EC from principal component analysis. We conclude that surface water and shallow groundwater are suitable for irrigation, the reservoir and deep groundwater in upstream are the resources for drinking. The water for drinking should remove of the naturally occurring ions of Fe and Mn. The control of sodium and salinity hazard is required for irrigation. The integrated management of surface water and groundwater for drinking and irrigation is to solve the water issues.     

开采条件下海河流域平原区浅层地下水数值模拟研究

本文利用地下水数值模拟系统(GMS),建立了能反映海河流域平原区地下水含水层结构及其水流特性的大区域水文地质概念模型和地下水流模型,重点研究了在无开采井条件下地下水开采强度时空分布的特征,模拟了平原区1965~2005年41年间的地下水流场及漏斗的演变过程,综合分析了海河流域平原区浅层含水层长期开采条件下地下水系统的演变过程以及地下水开采带来的影响。同时,对所建立的地下水数值模型就流场、漏斗变化以及水文地质参数等多方面进行了识别和验证。采用经过率定和验证的模型,预测分析了水资源配置制定的地下水限采方案,为南水北调实施后对海河流域地下水的修复作用以及其它可能的影响提供了可靠的分析手段和措施。     

干旱区山前平原地下水资源开发利用初探

通过对渔尔沟水源地地下水动态资料的分析得出,渔尔沟水源地在持续开采地下水由小到大的过程中,其后的地下水埋深保持稳定在13m上下,水源地单位地下水开采量为597.3×104m3/(m·年),开采能力较大,在对222团灌区未来需水量的分析后,得出渔尔沟水源地开发利用地下水是可持续的.     

马池口应急水源地开采对区域地下水位影响分析

通过建立地下水系统数值模型,选择地下水模型软件FEFLOW求解,对马池口应急备用水源地启动后,经历两个枯水年,一个平水年后,区域地下水位下降情况进行了预测,水位下降小于3m的面积为174.77km2,下降3～7m的面积为81.86km2,下降7～9m的面积为28.24km2,下降大于9m的面积为15.35km2,预测结果与地下水位监测数据基本吻合。     

基于熵权的集对分析方法在地下水脆弱性评价中的应用

针对传统集对分析在评价地下水脆弱性时认为各指标权重相同的缺点,以DRASTIC模型指标体系作为基础,将熵值理论与集对分析相结合,在集对分析中使用熵值法确定权重系数,对地下水脆弱性进行了评价,实现了特性权重随样本数据的动态变化。应用实例表明,该方法评价地下水脆弱性能够充分反映样本数据本身对指标权重的影响,评价结果更加客观、可靠。