超滤膜/混凝生物反应器去除饮用水中有机物的效能

采用超滤膜/混凝生物反应器(UF-MCBR)处理模拟微污染源水,考察了对有机污染物的去除效能与机理.结果表明,当聚合氯化铝投加量为10mg/L时,UF-MCBR对DOC、UV254、TOC、CODMn、BDOC和AOC的去除率分别为44.0%、54.5%、49.0%、58.5%、72.8%和58.3%.UF-MCBR通过超滤、生物降解以及混凝三者之间的协同作用去除溶解性有机物,就DOC的去除而言,三种作用的贡献率分别为11.1%、6.2%和26.7%.UF-MCBR系统中的UF膜表面为污泥层所覆盖,该污泥层能有效强化UF膜对分子质量为300-6000u 有机物的截留,UF膜(连同污泥层)对僧水碱、憎水中性物、憎水酸、弱憎水酸和亲水性物质的截留率分别达到了37.0%、42.8%、52.7%、39.8%和19.0%.     

强化混凝与臭氧预氧化强化处理微污染水的对比

当源水的有机物浓度较高时,常规过滤效果明显降低,采用强化混凝和臭氧预氧化可强化过滤效果,但二者的强化机理不同。强化混凝是通过对污染物的吸附等作用,使小颗粒浊度物质、溶解性有机物、UV254得到有效去除;臭氧预氧化则是通过改善粒径相对较大的颗粒物的表面性质来强化过滤效果。臭氧预氧化会使有机物的结构发生改变,但其必须与其他分离工艺(絮凝、沉淀、过滤等)有效结合,才能强化去除污染物。滤后水的THMFP都较进水有所升高,其中臭氧预氧化强化过滤后的THMFP升幅最小。     

复合磁种混凝与磁混凝处理黑臭水体效能比较

在制备和表征纳米Fe₃O₄-沸石复合磁种的基础上,系统比较了混凝、磁混凝和复合磁种混凝三种工艺对黑臭水体的处理效能。结果表明,复合磁种中铁元素含量约为20.0%,沸石的骨架结构和成分未被改变。聚合氯化铝(PAC)和磁种投加量分别为60 mg/L和1～2 g/L时,磁混凝和复合磁种混凝可获得较优的黑臭水体处理效果。磁混凝可强化混凝效果,提高对浊度、TP和COD的去除率,但无法有效去除氨氮;复合磁种混凝可有效去除水中氨氮,全面提升出水水质。黑臭水体中的污染物主要以溶解态形式存在,混凝和磁混凝不能有效去除溶解性污染物,因此对氨氮和COD的去除效果较差;但可通过化学除磷获得较高的TP去除率。复合磁种混凝可利用沸石的离子交换和吸附作用强化对溶解性污染物的去除,获得较好的氨氮和COD去除效果;同时,还可利用负载的纳米Fe₃O₄实现极限除磷。     

混凝/PAC/超滤工艺去除水中天然有机物的研究

在饮用水处理过程中如何去除天然有机物是一个亟待解决的问题。混凝能降低水中污染物的浓度,避免这些物质进入膜孔内部,改善沉积在膜表面滤饼层的过滤性能和水中颗粒、胶体的迁移性能,提高膜通量。投加粉末活性炭(PAC)吸附溶解性有机物,利用超滤(UF)膜截留粉末炭,可达到提高出水水质的目的,还能防止膜污染。试验结果表明,混凝/PAC/UF组合工艺对水中UV254、UV410、TOC有较好的去除效果,平均去除率分别为92%、95%、84%,同时能改善膜透水通量、降低膜的吸附阻力、延长过滤周期、有效减少膜污染。     

电催化氧化处理冷轧平整液和光整液废水的研究

采用破乳/混凝沉淀/电催化氧化组合工艺对冷轧平整液和光整液废水进行处理。结果表明,酸化破乳/混凝沉淀/电催化氧化工艺可有效去除平整液废水中的油类物质和COD,对COD的去除率可达74%;混凝沉淀/电催化氧化工艺对光整液废水中COD的去除率达65%;两者的出水B/C≥0.5,且对总油的去除率均可达93%。     

沸石生物滤池/混凝沉淀/超滤工艺处理微污染源水

微污染源水中的污染物以有机物和氨氮为主,采用传统工艺处理时其出水水质难以达到《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求。将沸石作为生物滤池的填料,与混凝沉淀、超滤组合后用于处理微污染地表水,考察了其对污染物的去除效果。结果表明:该组合工艺对氨氮有较好的去除效果,出水氨氮在0.5 mg/L以下,去除率可达90%;对有机物也有较好的去除效果,出水CODMn在2 mg/L左右,去除率约为60%,出水水质达到了《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB 5749—2006)的要求。该工艺对氨氮的去除主要由沸石生物滤池完成,而沸石生物滤池、混凝沉淀及超滤均能去除CODMn,贡献率分别为49.6%、30.9%、19.5%。     

自来水厂有机物去除规律的研究

某水厂通过混凝沉淀、臭氧氧化和生物降解去除有机物,对耗氧量的总去除率在50%～75%,其中混凝沉淀工艺为25%～50%,臭氧活性炭工艺为10%～30%。混凝沉淀去除了水中大部分分子量 10 kDa的有机物,臭氧活性炭工艺对分子量3 k Da的有机物的去除效果明显,能有效去除三卤甲烷前驱物。氯气消毒后产生三卤甲烷的有机物分子量大都小于1 k Da,但分子量在1～3 kDa之间的有机物具有最强的三卤甲烷生成能力。     

物化/生化集成的生物造粒流化床处理污水技术

介绍了一种将上向流造粒流化床固液分离技术与好氧生物降解技术高度集成的生物造粒流化床处理污水新工艺,从其除污效率、造粒颗粒污泥的物理化学性质和形态、颗粒污泥的微生物特性等方面介绍了该工艺的特点.研究表明,生物造粒流化床在总水力停留时间仅为33min的条件下能同时完成混凝造粒、生物降解、固液分离等多个过程,对SS、COD、TP和TN的去除率可分别达到95%、90%、94%和40%左右,达到了与常规活性污泥法相当的二级处理效果.     

炼油废水的物化预处理工艺研究

对炼油废水的物化预处理工艺进行了研究，比较了分别投加5种不同混凝剂的混凝沉淀效果。结果表明：SHY-Ⅲ型混凝剂与PAM配合投加时对浊度和COD的去除效果最好；投加电解质CaCl2后破乳效果显著；混凝剂和CaCl2的投加量对混凝效果均有影响。对混凝沉淀出水采用气浮或超滤工艺进行处理可进一步去除废水中的乳化油，但对溶解性COD的去除作用微弱。经过物化预处理后，废水中大量有毒、难降解的有机物被去除，可生化性大大提高。     

预紫外/混凝沉淀控制低浊高藻水三氯乙醛生成潜能

以深圳地区某低浊高藻原水为研究对象,分别考察了单独紫外及预紫外/混凝沉淀组合工艺对三氯乙醛生成潜能(CHFP)的控制效果,以明确预紫外/混凝沉淀工艺控制CHFP的可行性,为水厂控制三氯乙醛(CH)提供参考。在单独紫外及紫外与混凝沉淀工艺联用条件下,对CHFP的去除率均随着紫外剂量的增加而增大,在紫外剂量为1 400 m J/cm~2时,对CHFP的去除率达到最大,分别为33. 61%、81. 56%;该地区原水中的溶解性有机物(DOM)以芳香性蛋白质类物质为主,且CH的前体物含量与芳香性蛋白质类物质和溶解性微生物代谢产物关系密切,单独紫外对DOM有较好的去除效果,对荧光区域Ⅳ所表征的溶解性微生物代谢产物的去除率最高,为40. 64%;相比单独混凝沉淀对CHFP的去除率(55. 37%),紫外与混凝沉淀联用工艺对CHFP的去除率提高了26. 19%,这说明预紫外有很好的助凝效果;预紫外/混凝沉淀工艺对荧光区域Ⅳ物质的去除率最高,为35. 2%。     

包埋硝化菌流化床与接触氧化固定床除氨氮效果对比

以固定化包埋硝化菌颗粒作为流化床的载体,以PVC弹性填料作为固定床的载体,使硝化菌分别以包埋和生物膜的形式与载体结合,通过试验对比了流化床和固定床去除水中氨氮的效果.结果表明,在相同条件下,流化床的硝化效率高于固定床的;两反应器内均存在亚硝酸盐氮积累现象,且流化床的积累浓度高于固定床的;COD及氨氮负荷的短期冲击对两反应器的硝化效果几乎不会产生影响;流化床中的包埋固定化硝化菌具有更强的抗温度变化能力;在反应器连续运行条件下,流化床和固定床对氨氮的去除率分别为96%和80%.     

Combined ion exchange treatment for removal of dissolved organic matter and hardness

Dissolved organic matter (DOM) and hardness cations are two common constituents of natural waters that substantially impact water treatment processes. Anion exchange treatment, and in particular magnetic ion exchange (MIEX), has been shown to effectively remove DOM from natural waters. An important advantage of the MIEX process is that it is used as a slurry in a completely mixed flow reactor at the beginning of the treatment train. Hardness ions can be removed with cation exchange resins, although typically using a fixed bed reactor at the end of a treatment train. In this research, the feasibility of combining anion and cation exchange treatment in a single completely mixed reactor for treatment of raw water was investigated. The sequence of anion and cation exchange treatment, the number of regeneration cycles, and the chemistry of the regeneration solution were systematically explored. Simultaneous removal of DOM (70% as dissolved organic carbon) and hardness (>55% as total hardness) was achieved by combined ion exchange treatment. Combined ion exchange is expected to be useful as a pre-treatment for membrane systems because both DOM and divalent cations are major foulants of membranes.     

可再生吸附法脱除冷凝液中有机物中试研究

为了解决石油化工生产过程中所产冷凝液被有机物污染而难以回用的难题,对烯烃生产过程中产生的冷凝液进行了水质分析,在明确冷凝液中主要有机物组成的基础上,开发了一套可再生吸附脱除冷凝液中有机物的处理技术.中试结果表明,在吸附材料填充率为75%、水力流速为20 m/h的条件下,采用下向流进水方式,该系统可有效脱除冷凝液中的有机物,出水TOC<1.0 mg/L,完全能满足二级脱盐水对总有机碳的控制要求.     

Behaviour of pharmaceutical products and biodegradation intermediates in horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetland. A microcosm experiment

Horizontal subsurface flow constructed wetlands (SSFCWs) are a cost-effective and sustainable alternative to conventional wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) for sanitation in small communities. SSFCWs are designed to remove suspended solids and organic matter from wastewater but there is little information on the effect of the characteristics of organic matter on the removal efficiency of specific contaminants. In this paper, carbamazepine, ibuprofen and clofibric acid were continuously injected into two SSFCW microcosms fed with synthetic wastewater containing different organic matter sources: dissolved (glucose) and particulate (starch). The response curves of carbamazepine and ibuprofen were compared with that of clofibric acid, which was used as a conservative tracer. The removal efficiencies were found to be independent of the organic matter type (i.e. dissolved or particulate). Carbamazepine was removed inefficiently (5%) by bed sorption, whereas ibuprofen was removed by degradation (51%). In addition, the behaviour of the two main ibuprofen biodegradation intermediates (carboxy and hydroxy derivatives) supported that the main ibuprofen elimination pathway occurs in aerobic conditions.     

一种同步除去有机物、氮和磷的厌氧结团体流化床生物反应方法

介绍一个名为厌氧结团体流化床生物反应过程（AFPB）的新的水处理方法,在同步除去悬浮物、有机物、氮和磷方面有了新的进展。     

可生物降解有机物在水厂净水工艺中的变化

以上海市两座不同水源的典型水厂为研究对象,分析了可生物降解有机物(BOM)和总有机物(以DOC表征)在水厂常规净水工艺中的变化规律.结果表明,水厂常规工艺对AOC、BDOC与DOC的去除能力均不高,且受水温影响明显,两水厂出水均为生物不稳定性饮用水;DOC主要在沉淀单元被去除,BDOC在沉淀、砂滤单元都有去除,AOC则主要在砂滤单元被去除;加氯可造成DOC(或BDOC)向AOC的转化,使出厂水AOC浓度增加,要确保出厂水的生物稳定性,必须同步削减水中BOM与总有机物的浓度.     

Decolorizing and detoxifying textile wastewater, containing both soluble and insoluble dyes, in a full scale combined anaerobic/aerobic system

The wastewater originating from the bleaching and dyeing processes in the textile factory Ten Cate Protect in Nijverdal (the Netherlands) was successfully treated in a sequential anaerobic/aerobic system. In the system, a combination of an anaerobic 70-m3 fluidized bed reactor and a 450-m3 aerobic basin with integrated tilted plate settlers, 80-95% of the color was removed. The color was largely removed in the preacidification basin and the anaerobic reactor. Color, deriving from both reactive as well as disperse, was anaerobically removed, indicating that these type of dyes were reduced to colorless products. Interestingly, the vat dyes, the anthraquinones and indigoids, which were thought to be removed mainly aerobically, were largely anaerobically decolorized. Apparently the anaerobic system is capable of effectively removing the color of both soluble as insoluble dyes. The treated effluent of the sequential anaerobic/aerobic treatment showed no toxicity towards the bioluminescent bacterium Vibrio fisheri (EC20 (95%) > 45%). Partially bypassing the anaerobic stage resulted in increased toxicity (EC20 (95%) of 9% and 14%) in the effluent of the aerobic treatment and caused significant decrease of color removal. The results of this study show a main contribution of anaerobic treatment in decolorizing and detoxifying the textile wastewater in the sequential anaerobic/aerobic system.     

PPC预氧化处理珠江水系受污染水的效能研究

以珠江后航道和西江受污染水为研究对象,分别用烧杯试验和生产性试验考察了高锰酸盐复合药剂(PPC)预氧化的强化除污效能.烧杯试验结果表明,PPC预氧化对于珠江后航道受污染水具有明显的助凝、助滤和去除有机物的作用,使沉后和滤后水浊度、CODMn和对UV254的去除率比单独投加混凝剂时有显著改善;生产性试验结果表明,PPC对于西江受污染水具有较好的强化除浊和除有机物效能,并且能延长滤池的过滤周期.由于水厂自身生产状况和原水水质的不同,PPC对两种水源水的除浊和除有机物效能存在差别.GC/MS的分析结果表明,PPC对源水中的微量有机污染物具有良好的去除效果,可提高饮用水的化学安全性.PPC预氧化工艺是一种可以提高此类水体出水水质,保障饮用水安全的有效处理技术.     

Fenton试剂对垃圾渗滤液中有机物的去除特性研究

采用Fenton试剂处理垃圾渗滤液,在最佳试验条件下,考察了Fenton试剂对渗滤液中不同表观分子质量和不同种类有机物的去除效果。结果表明,Fenton试剂对表观分子质量〉2ku的COD和表观分子质量〉4ku的UV254的去除效果较好,去除率分别大于60％和80％。Fenton试剂对富里酸（FA）的去除率为85％,对腐殖酸（HA）的去除率为68．4％,对亲水性有机物（HyI）的去除率为36．5％。