强降雨下无黏性土坡破坏的影响因素试验研究

利用自行研制的室内水槽模型试验系统,对日本#6,#7和#8硅砂试样开展了固定降雨强度(90 mm/h)下诱发无黏性土坡破坏的模型试验;描述了强降雨条件下无黏性土坡的破坏过程,探讨了坡体厚度、前缘卸荷、土样颗粒尺寸及细颗粒含量对破坏过程的影响规律,分析了土坡破坏过程中的孔隙水压力响应特征。结果表明:①在持续强降雨作用下,无黏性土坡的破坏过程可分为3个阶段,即入渗、初始破坏与主要破坏阶段。②主要破坏阶段拉裂缝自坡脚向坡体中部、坡肩及坡顶渐次出现,且破坏模式受土颗粒尺寸和细颗粒含量的控制,控制机制为土体剪胀效应的强弱。③坡体厚度越小,其破坏过程的持续时间越短,但滑动距离和速率也将越小;前缘卸荷可加速土坡的破坏,并使其具有更长的滑动距离和更大的滑动速率。④当饱和土坡加速变形时,滑动面处会产生超静孔隙水压力,进而诱发突然滑动。与此同时,滑动面处的孔隙水压力由于坡体厚度减小和剪胀效应的发生而急剧降低。     

降雨对滑坡形态影响的宏细观分析

进行人工降雨诱发边坡滑坡的模型试验,着重研究不同降雨强度对滑坡形态的影响。基于不同降雨强度下边坡发生滑坡的破坏过程,利用高速动态数据采集仪和孔隙水压力传感器进行孔压量测;利用土体水分传感器监测降雨过程中坡体内部含水率的变化情况,研究含水率和饱和度对滑坡形态的影响;并结合细观组构变化进行水土作用机理分析。研究结果表明:不同降雨强度下坡体发生滑坡的宏观破坏形态、孔压变化规律不同;随着降雨强度的增加,坡体滑坡形态从牵引式向推移式转化;牵引式滑坡形成机理为坡脚发生渗透破坏,坡体失去坡脚支撑作用而分层下滑;推移式滑坡形成机理为坡体上部雨水聚集导致孔压上升、土体强度降低,当下滑力大于抗剪强度时,上部土体挤压下部土体,突然整体滑动。本文研究有助于工程中对降雨诱发滑坡的预防和治理。     

土体降雨滑坡中细颗粒运移及效应

针对土体中细颗粒迁移对滑坡泥石流启动的影响开展了实验,比较了不同纵横剖面的颗粒级配在不同位置及实验前后的结果。研究发现,沿土体深度方向均是细颗粒下移,中部聚集程度最高;沿坡面方向,在离土面相同距离的位置,后部细颗粒多,前部细颗粒少。可以初步认为,随着降雨入渗,细颗粒逐渐汇集到土体下部和土坡坡角,从而使相应位置的渗透性降低,孔压上升,孔隙水聚集于该处,形成滑动面,最后导致滑坡泥石流。     

膨胀土边坡渗流数值模拟及稳定性分析

采用有限元软件(Seep/W和Slope/W)开展一系列瞬态渗流和极限平衡分析,研究不同降雨强度与历时对膨胀土边坡渗流场的影响,分析降雨强度及历时、不同坡比和坡高等因素对边坡稳定性的影响,分析其浅层破坏的原因。结果表明:必须考虑风化裂隙导致浅表层土体渗透系数增大对膨胀土边坡渗流场的影响;降雨强度及历时对边坡土体孔隙水压力分布影响显著,相同降雨强度条件下,历时越长,影响深度越深、范围越大,孔隙水压力变化越大;相同历时条件下,持续降雨强度越小,影响深度越浅、范围越小,孔隙水压力变化越小;安全系数随降雨强度的增大,其下降速率越快,达到破坏所需的时间越短;边坡浅层达到饱和时,坡高及设置平台对边坡安全系数影响不大,均发生浅层破坏;安全系数随坡率的增大而增大,但对某些膨胀土边坡而言,采用放缓坡率的做法并不可取。     

土体降雨滑坡中细颗粒运移及效应

针对土体中细颗粒迁移对滑坡泥石流启动的影响开展了实验，比较了不同纵横剖面的颗粒级配在不同位置及实验前后的结果。研究发现，沿土体深度方向均是细颗粒下移，中部聚集程度最高；沿坡面方向，在离土面相同距离的位置，后部细颗粒多，前部细颗粒少。可以初步认为，随着降雨入渗，细颗粒逐渐汇集到土体下部和土坡坡角，从而使相应位置的渗透性降低，孔压上升，孔隙水聚集于该处，形成滑动面，最后导致滑坡泥石流。     

降雨条件下含软弱夹层土坡的离心模型试验研究

进行了降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的离心模型试验。试验主要研究了降雨条件下坡体的吸力和变形规律,重点分析了软弱夹层对坡体的影响。测量了含软弱夹层黏性土坡的位移和土坡内一点的吸力。试验结果表明由于软弱夹层的遇水软化和高渗透特性,降雨后含软弱夹层黏性土坡在软弱夹层发生滑出。降雨条件下含软弱夹层黏性土坡的变形可以分为均匀变形、错动阶段和滑坡3个阶段。对降雨过程中的吸力变化与坡体应变变化进行了分析,表明可以通过坡体中各点应变的发展反推出降雨入渗时刻和分布。软弱夹层的存在造成了降雨入渗分布的变化,导致了坡体错动带在该处不再连续,并降低了边坡的稳定性。     

非饱和砂质黏性紫色土一维渗透特性试验研究

利用土体瞬时渗透特性测试仪,对重庆非饱和砂质黏性紫色土进行一维土柱垂直渗透试验。模拟不同降雨条件(5 mm/h、15 mm/h、30 mm/h)下,其入渗率、累积入渗量、浸润峰、体积含水率和吸力等随时间的变化规律;分析得到其渗透特性和持水特性。结果表明:(1)在初始含水率相同的情况下,降雨强度越大,初期入渗率越大;土体的入渗率与含水率有关,含水率越低的土体,其入渗率越大;(2)不同降雨强度下,水入渗到同一监测点的时间不同;且降雨强度越大时,含水率增大到某一稳定值的数值也越大;(3)降雨强度并不会影响土体的饱和渗透系数和持水性能。从试验规律可知非饱和砂质黏性紫色土的体积含水率θ与渗透系数的对数lgk之间存在线性关系,拟合的线性方程,可应用于相应紫色土地区土体的非饱和渗流分析。     

不同降雨强度下红黏土边坡干湿循环试验研究

干湿循环过程中红黏土边坡力学参数发生了变化,红黏土边坡破坏特征和机理与一般土质边坡不同。以贵州红黏土为研究对象,采用浴霸–人工降雨模拟干湿循环,在室内制备了较大尺寸边坡模型,同时在边坡内部不同位置埋设含水率、孔隙水压力和温度传感器,分析了干湿循环下红黏土边坡力学参数演变规律和破坏机理。研究结果表明,随着深度增加,边坡土体含水率受降雨强度影响逐渐减弱,表层含水率受降雨强度影响明显。干燥期含水率呈现先增加后减小的现象。同一降雨强度下,坡脚含水率最大,其次为坡面、坡肩,最后为坡顶。表层孔隙水压力在降雨、渗透期上升,干燥期降低。降雨强度越大,温度变化幅度越大。随深度增加,边坡温度变化幅度逐渐减小。坡脚温度变化幅度较其他部位大。边坡破坏特征由溅蚀→面蚀→片蚀→裂缝→冲沟,未见明显的滑动面。     

降雨条件下折线型滑面的大型滑坡稳定性离心模型试验

以大型土工离心机为技术依托,采用离心模型试验,研究开挖和降雨对滑面为折线型的大型滑坡变形破坏和稳定性的影响。试验中采用变形标志点、颗粒图像测速技术(PIV)和可承受高离心力的传感器,在获取坡体土压力、孔隙水压力和位移矢量场的基础上,综合分析开挖和降雨诱发大型滑坡变形破坏的特征及失稳模式。试验结果表明,在滑面形态变化大的部位开挖卸荷容易引起折线型滑面大型滑坡的局部复活;受开挖卸荷和降雨影响,滑坡后缘的开挖斜坡位移最大且最先失稳;受降雨的影响,滑坡前部位移较大,坡体表面变形破坏严重,开挖斜坡下部发育一条次级滑裂面,滑坡后缘和开挖平台前沿滑面坡度突变处各形成一条潜在主滑裂面。离心模型试验显示折线型滑面的滑坡受开挖和降雨的影响可表现出分级分块滑动的变形破坏特征。稳定性分析表明,降雨使折线型滑面的大型滑坡不同滑段稳定性系数不同程度降低,滑坡后缘、开挖斜坡和滑坡前缘处于不稳定状态。     

水位下降过程中气相对土坡稳定性的影响

基于饱和-非饱和水-气二相流模型,对土坡在水位下降过程中的孔隙水压力、孔隙气压力、毛细压力及水相饱和度的变化过程进行模拟;基于模拟得到的不同时刻的渗流状态,采用Bishop简化方法推导出考虑孔隙气压力及坡外水压力的土坡安全系数计算公式,分析了水位下降过程中不同渗透性土坡安全系数的变化规律,及基质吸力和气相的存在对边坡稳定性的影响。结果表明:水位下降过程中土坡的安全系数逐渐减小,水位下降后土坡的安全系数略有增大;考虑气相影响后土坡的安全系数降低,考虑基质吸力影响后土坡的安全系数增大;岸坡土体的渗透率越大,水位下降过程中安全系数较大,而水位下降后安全系数较小。     

Theoretical analysis and model test for rainfall-induced shallow landslides in the red-bed area of Sichuan

Heavy rainfall is a key cause of shallow landslides in red-bed terrains with steep topography and residual soils of degradable strength. In this study, laboratory model tests were carried out to examine the characteristics of rainfall infiltration, deformation, and failures of slopes in the red-bed area of Sichuan. The hydrological response and deformation of the slope soil during rainfall are addressed. Based on a modified Green–Ampt infiltration model, ponding along the bedrock surface is incorporated. A physically based model for shallow landslides caused by rainfall is developed. The theoretical analysis and the model test results indicate that the slope failures are related to erosion in the shallow soil layer and rainwater infiltration, particularly along preferential seepage channels. The process of rainfall-induced shallow landslides can be separated into three stages: erosion at the slope toe, tension crack formation at the slope crest, and shallow sliding. When initial underground water level is located at the bedrock surface or the preferential seepage flow quickly reaches the bedrock surface, it is easier for the soil slopes to slide along the bedrock surface than along the wetting front.     

Impact of the wetting process on the hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated residual soil from flysch rock mass: preliminary results

Slope instabilities in the form of shallow and deep-seated landslides in flysch formations throughout Europe typically occur after prolonged periods of heavy rainfall. The Rječina River Valley, Croatia, is characterized by the presence of flysch material in the lower part of the Valley, where numerous historical and recent landslides have occurred. The weathering process and climate conditions result in a complex engineering geological profile of flysch slopes in the Valley, with unsaturated residual soil covering the slopes. To investigate the behavior of residual soil existing on the flysch slope under increasing water content due to the rainfall infiltration process, undisturbed soil samples collected at natural water content were tested in the modified direct shear apparatus. Under imposed stress conditions, samples of low hydraulic conductivity were subjected to a prolonged wetting process simulating the rainfall infiltration process in the field. The obtained results suggest that a gradual decrease of matric suction and an increase of water content resulted in an increase of displacement rates under constant shear stress, which was interpreted as a failure of samples in partially saturated conditions. A unique shear strength envelope expressed in terms of Bishop’s effective stress equation was found to be able to predict stress conditions at the slip surface at the time of failure, while the relationship between measured matric suction and water content closely matched with the main wetting curve. Although the testing results did not point out any special characteristics of residual soil from flysch rock mass behavior, the data about hydro-mechanical behavior of unsaturated residual soil from flysch rock mass, as well as similar fine-grained soils, are very rare and presented results would be valuable for further research. The presented testing procedure and obtained results are useful for studies of rainfall-induced landslides triggered in fine-grained soil materials in zones above the phreatic line, such as shallow landslides occurring in natural flysch slopes or in physical landslide models built in laboratories.

     

Response of Unsaturated Sandy Soils Under Constant Shear Stress Drained Condition

In order to understand the mechanism and conditions leading to failure of sandy slopes due to the infiltration of rainwater, constant shear stress drained triaxial tests were conducted on three sets of soil samples-normal sand, gravelly sand and silty sand-taken from natural slopes where large-scale landslides have occurred in the past. Water was infiltrated from the bottom of an initially unsaturated soil specimen under constant shear stress drained condition until failure occurred. Such a loading pattern simulated the stress path followed by a soil element on a potential failure plane on a slope subjected to rainwater infiltration. The effects of various parameters reflecting the initial condition, such as relative density, principal stress ratio, degree of saturation and infiltration rate, on the development of deformation during the infiltration process were investigated. The test results confirmed that the development of pore water pressure within the soil is the main reason for the failure of slopes during heavy rainfall. The results obtained can serve as guidelines in developing warning systems against impending rainfall-induced slope failures.     

Clarifying the hydrological mechanisms and thresholds for rainfall-induced landslide: in situ monitoring of big data to unsaturated slope stability analysis

The development of early warning systems for landslide hazards has long been a challenge because the accuracy of such systems is limited by both the complicated underlying mechanisms of landslides and the lack of in situ data. In this study, we implemented a multivariate threshold criterion that integrates in situ monitoring data and data from unsaturated hydro-mechanical analyses as an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides in the Wenchuan earthquake region of China. The results indicate that rainfall intensity is closely correlated with the probability of landslide occurrence. Variations in matric suction and suction stress were obtained from in situ measurements and used to quantify the soil water retention curve, which presented clear hysteresis characteristics. The impacts of rainfall infiltration on slope failure in post-earthquake landslide areas under transient rainfall conditions were quantified by hydro-mechanical modelling theories. Variations in the suction stress of unsaturated soil were used to calculate the safety factor. The influence of hydrological hysteresis processes on the slope failure mechanism was analysed. Multivariate threshold criteria that include the intensity–probability (I-P) threshold, soil moisture and matric suction based on in situ big data and unsaturated slope stability analysis benchmarks are proposed for use in an early warning system for rainfall-induced landslides.

     

Instrumented model slopes to investigate the effects of slope inclination on rainfall-induced landslides

Rainfall infiltration is considered as one of the most significant factors triggering slope instability as a number of slope failure occurrences have been documented during or immediately after a rainfall. The rainfall-induced slope instability is governed by a complex interaction of topographical, hydrological and geological conditions of the slopes. Hence slope inclination is vital in determining slope stability under rainfall. Although studies have been carried out to investigate the mechanism of rainfall-induced slope failure, limited compelling experimental studies have been conducted on the factors influencing the initiation of slope failure. In this study, instrumented model slopes were subjected to artificial rainfalls to investigate the effects of the slope inclination on slope stability, and a validated numerical model was developed using the test results from the instrumented model slopes. The outcomes of the study prove that the slopes become more susceptible to sudden collapse during rainfall as the slope angle increases. Further, the results highlight that when the slope inclination is 1.2 times greater than the friction angle of the soil, the failure is initiated by the loss of soil suction, and when it is smaller than or equal to 1.2 times the friction angle of the soil, the failure is initiated by the positive pore water pressure developed at the toe of the slope.     

降雨诱发粉土边坡失稳的离心模型试验及雨强-历时警戒曲线的验证

中国东南沿海山地丘陵地区气候湿润,每年梅雨季和台风侵袭时都伴随有大量土质滑坡,研究降雨诱发土质滑坡的失稳模式和机理对该类滑坡预警预报及防治具有重要意义。笔者自行研制了离心机机载降雨模拟装置,在50g条件下模拟和再现了非饱和粉土边坡在不同强度降雨条件下的失稳破坏过程,揭示了降雨诱发粉土边坡的失稳模式为坡脚局部失稳—向上扩展—整体浅层滑动,滑动面深度介于1~3 m。3组试验获得了降雨强度与边坡失稳时降雨历时关系数据,与李鹤等针对东南沿海地区残积土边坡提出的雨强-历时警戒曲线（I-D曲线）最为接近,验证了该降雨量警戒曲线的有效性。对离心模型试验结果进行反分析表明：非饱和土渗流分析能有效模拟边坡降雨入渗过程,而现有极限平衡分析方法难以准确捕捉降雨诱发边坡由局部向整体发展的失稳过程。基于所揭示的失稳模式,指出了该类降雨诱发滑坡的有效防治措施主要包括坡脚加强排水和支护、坡面防渗和防护。     

不同颗粒组分下泥石流离心机模型试验研究

采用自主研发的离心机可视化试验装置,在坡度和降雨强度不变的条件下,进行降雨诱发泥石流离心机模型试验,研究不同颗粒组分对泥石流形成形态的影响。通过配置五组不同细颗粒含量的土样进行20g加速度下的离心机试验,分析宏观位移场、水分迁移、孔隙水压力等,研究不同颗粒组分下泥石流的形成机理。研究结果表明:随着细颗粒含量由10%增大至70%,泥石流破坏形态由分层滑动型破坏向整体流滑型破坏转变;不同颗粒组分下渗透系数的不同,是泥石流不同破坏形态的主要原因。     

降雨特性对土质边坡失稳的影响

 通过降雨诱发土质边坡失稳的模型试验及已有研究成果来探讨降雨特性对边坡失稳的影响,并以此来选取出合适的雨量预警参数。研究结果表明：高强度降雨较易使边坡产生流滑破坏且冲蚀现象较为明显;而低雨强长历时的降雨较易使边坡深层土体的孔隙水压力增加,因此较易产生滑动型破坏且滑坡体的规模也较大;此外,降雨型滑坡存在“门槛累积雨量”。该研究成果揭示了降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的作用机制,并以此建议采用降雨强度与累积雨量作为雨量预警基准所需的参数,其中降雨强度参数可用时雨量表示,时雨量可用以衡量流滑型滑坡和泥石流灾害,而累积雨量则有助于评估滑动型滑坡的灾害。     

Performance of Horizontal Drains in Residual Soil Slopes

In tropical and subtropical regions, shallow landslides often occur in residual soil slopes. Short-duration, high-intensity rainfall will increase the pore-water pressure. As a result, the shear strength of the soil in the slopes decreases and the stability of the slopes is affected. In this study, horizontal drains were installed in a residual soil slope in Singapore in order to improve the stability of the slope. The slope was instrumented with tensiometers and piezometers to investigate the effectiveness of the horizontal drains as a slope stabilization method against rainfall-induced slope failures. The variations in water table elevation and matric suction in the slope due to rainfall events were monitored. In addition, numerical analyses of the seepage into the slope brought about by the rainfall were carried out, and the results showed a reasonably good agreement with the data obtained from field measurements. The field measurement results indicated that horizontal drains were indeed effective for lowering the water table and for increasing the stability of the investigated slope. Therefore, horizontal drains are considered to be a useful and economical method for improving the stability of residual soil slopes against rainfall.