柱失效方程中荷载相关特性对承载力抗震设计可靠度的影响

以竖向荷载和水平地震作用组合下的钢筋混凝土柱和钢柱为对象,研究了失效方程中荷载相关特性对柱承载力抗震可靠性的影响。根据现行《混凝土结构设计规范》和《钢结构设计规范》分析了不同柱弯矩轴力相关曲线的特性。结合多个框架结构实例,对比了柱失效方程中荷载相关曲线与规范考虑情形的异同。实例分析表明:水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,小偏压RC柱和工字型钢柱的荷载相关曲线与规范考虑的情形较为符合,均近似为负相关的直线;水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下,大偏压RC柱的荷载相关曲线则与规范考虑的情形有较大出入,存在明显的正相关段部分。在此基础上,考虑失效方程复杂特性,依据已有的荷载和抗力变量概率模型,采用Monte Carlo法分析了水平地震和竖向荷载组合作用下柱的可靠性。结果表明:钢柱和小偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化幅度较小,与规范模式计算结果较接近;大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度随轴压力荷载效应比值的变化会有较大幅度波动,与规范模式计算结果差异较大;当轴压力荷载效应比值为负时,大偏压RC柱的承载力抗震可靠度会低于规范计算值较多,现行柱可靠性设计方法会偏于不安全。     

钢筋砼矩形截面对称配筋偏心受拉构件的简化计算与配筋设计

本文按构件变形后平截面保持为平面的假定,计算了对称配筋矩形截面偏心受拉构件在各种配筋率和相对保护层厚度时的正截面强度,绘制了弯矩-轴力相关图。得到和文献[4]从试验研究所得的相同结论:其弯矩-轴力相关图可取直线简化。并从而推导出已知荷载时直接求配筋的公式。     

起重机弹性约束杆挠度影响系数及稳定性计算

起重机结构压弯构件的稳定性计算与轴压构件稳定性计算的重要区别在于压弯构件不仅要考虑一类分支失稳 ,还要考虑由于压弯效应引起的边缘屈服。由于轴压力的作用 ,使压弯构件中产生附加弯矩和附加挠度。因此承受轴力的梁比无轴力梁的挠度与弯矩要大 ,通常我们用轴力影响系数ｆ来描述压弯梁跨中挠度与弯矩的放大倍数。铁摩辛柯曾就承受端弯矩Ｍ ,跨中集中力Ｑ ,均布力ｑ三种不同荷载情况时的两端简支压弯梁的跨中挠度放大系数ｆ提出了一个统一的近似表达式〔1〕:ｆ=11-Ｐ/Ｐｃｒ(1)式中 :Ｐ———轴压力 ;Ｐｃｒ———轴压临界力 ,Ｐｃｒ=π2…     

加腋大板设计方法研究

加腋大板作为一种经济合理的结构形式,正在逐步推广,但相关设计方法并不完善。采用ABAQUS程序进行三维实体有限元分析,得出了跨度、加腋宽度、荷载、板厚等因素影响下构件的弯矩分布规律。结果表明,加腋大板在竖向荷载作用下产生了较大的轴力,使得弯矩显著降低,宜采用更合理的办法来估算构件的弯矩进行设计。结合有限元计算结果,拟合得到了加腋大板跨中和支座弯矩的计算公式,具有较高的计算精度。     

全装配式混凝土墙板结构的竖向接缝研究

目前国内装配式混凝土结构规程和标准中对于竖向接缝荷载效应的计算方法都少有提及,而竖向接缝承载力计算公式的研究却比较多。对于竖向接缝而言,只知道其承载力而未知其荷载效应,则无法判断其是否安全。根据组合梁荷载效应的计算方法来研究全装配式混凝土结构竖向接缝荷载效应的计算方法,在弯矩作用下,根据平截面假定,两片墙体不仅受到按其各自刚度分配得到的弯矩的作用还受到附加轴力的作用,分配得到的弯矩和附加轴力共同作用下的应力图与总的弯矩作用下的应力图一致;竖向接缝的荷载效应为弯矩以及轴力作用的效应之和。建立一种新的竖向接缝连接形式,并通过对相关内容的研究,提出一个承载力计算公式。     

高层建筑结构分析与设计

一方面，因为楼房自重和楼面使用荷载在竖构件中所引起的轴力和弯矩的数值，仅与楼房高度的一次方成正比；而水平荷载对结构产生的倾覆力矩，以及由此在竖构件中引起的轴力，是与楼房高度的两次方成正比；另一方面，对某一定高度楼房来说，竖向荷载大体上是定值，而作为水平荷载的风荷载和地震作用，其数值是随结构动力特性的不同而有较大幅度的变化。     

钢筋混凝土框架柱和轻钢拱结构失效方程复杂特性与设计可靠度

以全跨永久荷载和半跨雪荷载组合作用下的轻钢拱结构与重力荷载和水平地震组合作用下的钢筋混凝土框架柱两类典型情形为研究对象,采用现行相关设计规范中的承载力计算式推导其失效方程。采用相应结构实例对两类典型情形下的失效方程复杂特性进行分析,表明轻钢拱结构具有较大的雪荷载效应比值和钢筋混凝土大偏压柱失效方程具有较高程度非线性。考虑以上特性,对两类典型情形进行可靠度校准分析,结果表明:雪荷载组合作用下轻钢拱结构的可靠度较低,建议雪荷载分项系数值取为1.75;钢筋混凝土框架柱在不同抗震承载力设计情形下其失效概率会有较大的差异,且无法通过将柱端弯矩增大系数简单增大到某一值而消除,同时在轴压力荷载效应比值为负的情形下现行设计方法会偏于不安全。     

Q420双角钢组合截面偏压构件弹塑性弯曲屈曲

通过试验研究了特高压输电塔塔身主材规格为L160×12、L160×14、L160×16的3种Q420高强双角钢十字组合截面偏压构件的破坏模式,试验结果表明此种构件均以整体弹塑性弯曲屈曲破坏为主.基于改进逆算单元长度法编制相应程序,计算得到了这3种角钢规格在不同长细比并考虑残余应力情况下截面的弯矩轴力相关曲线,提出适用于此类截面形式的弯矩作用平面内稳定的建议计算公式及柱子曲线.引用的非线性幂函数模型能较好的反映此类偏压构件在等端弯矩受力作用下杆件端部弯矩与杆端转角的弯矩转角关系.     

矩形钢管混凝土不等端弯矩偏压柱力学性能研究

通过改变端弯矩比、荷载偏心率等参数,对矩形钢管混凝土不等端弯矩偏压柱的力学性能进行了试验研究,并在此基础上对其受力全过程进行了有限元模拟计算。结果表明,由于构件细长比较小,其最终破坏形态为端部鼓曲破坏;刚度和极限荷载随构件荷载偏心率增大而减小,延展性增加;有限元计算结果与试验结果吻合。     

混凝土斜拉桥主梁剪力滞研究

针对处于压弯状态的混凝土斜拉桥主梁剪力滞效应问题,从新的角度指出剪力滞系数是弯矩和轴力分别产生的剪力滞系数的叠加,其大小与断面所受的弯矩与轴力的比值有关,并给出了剪力滞系数随弯矩轴力比变化的分布规律.采用平面与空间分析相结合的方法,研究了漂浮体系混凝土斜拉桥主梁剪力滞系数分布规律,指出:主梁剪力滞系数主要受轴力影响,并随着轴力的增大而趋于1;当活载弯矩占总弯矩的比例较大时,总剪力滞系数将向弯矩剪力滞系数靠拢,由此导致主梁不均匀应力将很大.设计时应引起注意.     

Effect of small axial force on flexural ductility design of high‐strength concrete beams

Small axial forces may appear in beams in a reinforced concrete (RC) structure. The presence of compressive axial force, even at a low level, has an adverse effect on the flexural ductility of RC beams, which is a key attribute for seismic design. For example, Eurocode EN1998‐1 explicitly specifies such minimum flexural ductility, whereas Chinese code GB50011 limits the depth of equivalent rectangular stress block at peak resisting moment to achieve indirectly a certain nominal flexural ductility. Therefore, ignoring the presence of compressive axial force may be risky. In this study, the effect of small compressive axial force on the flexural ductility performance of both normal‐strength and high‐strength concrete beams is evaluated on the basis of a rigorous full‐range moment–curvature analysis. An effective strategy for flexural ductility design of RC beams with small compressive axial force is identified so that various flexural ductility requirements can be satisfied. The essential control parameter proposed is the maximum difference of tension and compression reinforcement ratios. Empirical formulae and tables are developed for convenient implementation. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effect of relative intensity of wind load on the RC column reliability in tall buildings

Wind loads are very important in the design of tall buildings as often the load combinations containing the wind load govern the design. As for reliability, however, because of the higher inherent uncertainty in the wind load in comparison to the gravity load, safety indices decrease as the ratio of wind load to gravity load increases. The safety indices in RC columns depend on the nominal wind to gravity load ratios. Due to the interaction between bending moment and axial force, a single ratio cannot be defined, because the eccentricity is not similar for wind and gravity loads. In this paper, the ratio of wind to gravity loads is considered separately for axial force and bending moments. Unlike conventional approach, here it is assumed that the wind and gravity loads' eccentricities are not equal, and the final load eccentricity used in either the design or the reliability analysis is a function of applied loads. The results demonstrate that the sensitivity of RC columns' safety indices to bending moment ratios is higher than that of axial force ratios. Furthermore, the variation of RC columns' safety indices with a low rebar percentage is very different from RC columns with high rebar percentages. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢管约束钢筋混凝土压弯构件滞回性能试验研究与分析

进行了4个圆钢管约束钢筋混凝土(CTRC)和4个方钢管约束钢筋混凝土(STRC)压弯构件滞回性能的试验研究,并进行了两个钢筋混凝土(RC)对比试件的试验研究。试验中的主要参数为轴压比(0.34、0.65和0.80)和混凝土强度等级(C30和C60)。试验结果表明,由于钢管对核心混凝土的有效约束,核心高强混凝土柱的承载力、延性和耗能能力得到了显著提高。随轴压比和混凝土强度的提高,CTRC压弯构件的受弯承载力提高;但轴压比和混凝土强度对试件的延性无明显影响。随轴压比和混凝土强度的提高,STRC压弯构件的受弯承载力提高,但延性下降。相同轴压比条件下,CTRC压弯构件的受弯承载力和延性明显优于STRC构件。根据试验结果,建议了钢管约束钢筋混凝土柱截面受弯承载力的计算方法。建立了钢管约束钢筋混凝土压弯构件的纤维模型数值计算方法,计算中采用随荷载的增加而不断增大钢管对核心混凝土的约束效应的方法,数值计算结果与试验结果吻合良好。     

Flexural ductility design of high‐strength concrete columns

In the seismic design of a structure, it is necessary to provide not only sufficient strength, but also a minimum level of flexural ductility for reinforced concrete (RC) columns. Eurocode EN1998‐1 directly specifies such minimum flexural ductility, while Chinese code GB50011 limits the normalized design axial force to achieve a nominal minimum flexural ductility. American code ACI 318‐08 uses the tension steel strain at peak resisting moment to control the failure mode. To provide the required flexural ductility, a much lower axial strength reduction factor is assigned to compression‐controlled failure than to tension‐controlled failure. To develop an effective strategy for flexural ductility design of RC columns, it is necessary to identify the essential parameters and control them properly. This is particularly important to those cast of high‐strength concrete that is inherently more brittle. The essential parameters identified include the maximum normalized axial force and maximum normalized neutral axis depth at peak resisting moment, as they help to guarantee various flexural ductility requirements. Their relationship with the flexural ductility is studied using a rigorous full‐range moment‐curvature analysis procedure. Empirical formulae and tables are also developed to facilitate flexural ductility design of RC columns. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

钢筋混凝土柱弯矩-转角骨架线特征点及性能点转角研究

基于不同抗震等级钢筋混凝土（RC）柱拟静力试验研究,建议了RC柱四折线弯矩 转角(M-θ)骨架线。采用规范公式计算得到的RC柱的正截面承载力作为M-θ骨架线的峰值弯矩M_p,0.8M_p作为M-θ骨架线名义屈服点弯矩,下降至0.8M_p及0.75M_p（不考虑P-Δ效应）分别作为M-θ骨架线极限点的弯矩及失效点的弯矩,根据继续使用性能点IO及生命安全性能LS的转角表达式,分别确定其弯矩为0.9M_p及下降至0.925M_p。基于由OpenSEES数值计算得到的按规范最小配箍特征值配置箍筋的22根RC柱的水平荷载 位移（F-Δ）滞回曲线得到的M-θ骨架线,确定了RC柱四折线M-θ骨架线特征点及性能点的转角,确定的转角与试验值符合较好;对于生命安全性能点LS、避免倒塌性能点CP及失效点的转角,当轴压比为0.5时,其与美国标准的规定基本一致,当轴压比为0.9时,其大于美国标准的规定。提出了RC柱的损坏程度与其M-θ骨架线特征点及性能点转角的关系,可用于判别地震作用下RC框架柱的损坏程度以及是否达到其预定的抗震性能目标。     

具有端部约束的碳纤维布加固混凝土梁耐火性能试验研究

在ISO834标准升温条件下,开展了具有端部约束的7根碳纤维布加固混凝土梁和1根未加固混凝土梁的耐火性能试验,考察了梁端轴向和转动约束、防火涂料厚度、荷载比等参数对约束梁高温变形及内力的影响。试验结果表明:约束梁的轴向变形最大值随轴向约束刚度比和防火涂料厚度增大而减小,附加轴力最大值随轴向约束刚度比增加或防火涂料厚度减小而增大,梁端附加弯矩最大值随防火涂料厚度减小而增大,但防火涂料厚度在10~20mm范围内变化时影响幅度有限;降温后约束梁的附加轴力仅少量恢复,梁端附加弯矩却较大幅度回落;与非加固梁相比,加固梁的梁端附加弯矩最大值不仅数值更小,而且出现时刻明显偏晚。     

A numerical study of the behaviour of restrained RC beams at elevated temperatures

By using the virtual work principle, a beam-element model for reinforced concrete at elevated temperature is established. Based on the beam-element model, an analytical programme for reinforced concrete structures subjected to high temperature is proposed. After validating the feasibility of the programme against available experimental results of fire tests for RC frame structures, a RC beam with elastic axial and rotational restraints at beam ends was selected for numerical parametric study. The parameters investigated include different beam spans, different levels of applied load, different load types and different levels of axial and rotational stiffness at beam ends. Through the parametric analysis, the following conclusions can be drawn: (1) axial restraint may induce axially compressive force and increase the mid-span deflection when temperature is rising; the higher the axial restraint stiffness, the larger the compressive force generated and also the larger the beam deflection. (2) The effect of the rotational restraint on the generated axial force is very limited, if the same value of axial restrained stiffness is added at the beam ends, the generated axial forces are almost the same, irrespective of the levels of rotational restrained stiffness and the load types. (3) If the same value of axial restrained stiffness is added at beam ends with an increase in the rotational restraint, there will be a reduction in the mid-span deflection. (4) When the rotations of beam ends are restrained, the rising temperature will induce an increase in hogging moment at the beam ends.     

变轴力下钢筋混凝土柱的抗震性能分析

准确预测地震作用下钢筋混凝土(RC)柱的受力特性,对评估混凝土结构的抗震性能具有重要意义。地震作用下,混凝土结构中的RC柱除承受水平荷载外,还由于地震作用引起的倾覆力矩影响承受变轴力作用。因此,往复荷载下RC柱受力及变形特性的研究应该考虑变轴力的影响。首先通过恒轴力和变轴力下RC柱滞回性能的模拟,验证了本研究基于纤维模型程序开发的数值分析模型的准确性。然后,利用该数值模型和分析程序,对一RC柱进行了不同变轴力模式下滞回性能的分析研究。分析结果表明,轴力的变化对RC柱的滞回性能有很大影响。由于非耦合型变轴力变化过程的随机性,为便于变轴力下RC柱的抗震性能分析和试验研究,提出了等代定轴力的概念及其确定方法。     

钢筋混凝土构件正截面内力改进的条带法计算

在钢筋混凝土构件非线性分析，以及不规则形状截面和任意加载方向的梁柱正截面承载力计算中，由截面曲率、中和轴位置求解正截面内力，一般采用网格法和条带法。对这两种方法进行了分析，提出了改进的条带法，将二重积分化为定积分，使之能够使用各种成熟的定积分数值求积公式计算，从而在保证一定的计算精度的前提下提高了计算效率。