The Impact of the EC Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive

During the last two years significant policy and legislative developments have taken place in the UK and in the EC in respect of sewage treatment and disposal and the dumping of sewage sludge at sea. Details of the UK Government's sewage-treatment initiative and its decision to stop the dumping of sewage sludge at sea by 1998 are described. An outline is given of the provisions of the EC urban waste water treatment Directive, in particular those provisions concerned with sewage treatment, trade effluent discharges from prescribed industrial sectors, and the termination of dumping of sewage sludge at sea. The implications of these developments for Scottish sewerage authorities are summarized and provisional estimated costs of meeting these new obligations are given. The opportunities available to contractors and equipment manufacturers are highlighted.     

Environmental Implications of Treatment of Coastal Sewage Discharges

The environmental implications of implementing the requirement for treatment of coastal sewage prior to discharge, which were put forward in an EC draft Directive on municipal waste-water treatment, are examined. In order to establish the current situation, the results of a national survey of coastal and estuarine sewage discharges are presented. A review of the impact of sewage discharges on the marine environment is presented in conjunction with an assessment of the impact of sewage-treatment processes on the land and in the air. These aspects are integrated into overall conclusions about net environmental impact. Finally, a decision-tree approach to the assignment of priority to additional action required at individual locations is developed.     

Effect of the EC Urban Wastewater Treatment Directive on Marine Treatment Practice

The EC Directive on urban wastewater treatment will have a considerable impact on the methods used for the treatment and disposal of sewage at coastal locations. The Directive requires the natural processes involved in marine treatment to be enhanced by the use of land-based treatment to meet the same standards.
This paper discusses the implications of this change, in particular the problems involved in constructing and operating conventional treatment plants at coastal locations. Planning problems, both locally and on a catchment basis, are considered. It is concluded that these difficulties point to a need for new thinking in catchment planning and in the design and construction methods used for treating wastewaters in coastal communities. This is illustrated with UK and continental examples.
In addition, the implications in terms of outfall design are discussed. It is shown that the change of emphasis towards land-based treatment does not necessarily reduce the need for a high degree of dilution and dispersion in the sea in order to meet environmental standards. As a result, sound planning, design and operation of long sea outfalls remain as important as ever.     

Sewage Sludge Production, Treatment and Disposal in the European Union

Sludge production and disposal are entering a period of dramatic change, driven mainly by EC legislation. The urban waste water treatment Directive will result in at least 50% more sludge being produced by the end of 2005 and, during the next decade, sludge disposal to all the established outlets could become increasingly difficult or, in the case of sea disposal, will become illegal. The challenge facing the members of the European Union is how to (a) maintain cost-effective and secure methods of sludge disposal and (b) engender public confidence in all disposal and recycling options. What is required is not so much innovative technology, although this may be essential, but more innovative attitudes and approaches to promotion and defending existing outlets.
This paper describes the likely pattern of sludge production, treatment and disposal which will emerge during the implementation of recent EC directives and other national policies in Europe, and focuses on the areas and issues which require innovative approaches.     

浙江省城市污水处理厂产泥现状与处置对策

目前浙江省污水处理厂的污泥产量为100×104t/a,污泥处置问题日益突出。笔者通过调查和统计,分析了浙江省污水处理厂污泥的产生情况、特点和处置状况,并对未来的污泥处置提出了对策和建议。     

European Environmental Directives - Implications for Northern Ireland

This paper describes the current level of compliance in Northern Ireland with the European Community (EC) Directives on drinking water quality, bathing water quality², sewage sludge to land³ and the draft Directive on the disposal of sewage sludge to sea'. It examines the cost implications of full compliance. taking account of works already programmed, and concludes that additional funding will be required over the next ten years amounting to almost f250 million. A large proportion of this sum will be required for improvements relating to the drinking water Directive.
Compliance with the Directives is a statutory requirement throughout the UK. and there is no choice but to take the measures necessary to achieve full compliance.
An addendum to the paper describes the increase in estimated additional funding to approximately 440 million, due to general inflation and other factors since the paper was prepared. These other factors include the new draft municipal waste water treatment Directive, together with the March 1990 announcement by the UK Environment Minister committing the UK to the cessation of sewage sludge dumping at sea and the provision of sewage treatment for coastal outfalls.     

The EC Bathing Waters Directive as Applied to Scotland

Some monitoring of the bacteriological quality of potential bathing waters has been carried out in Scotland since the publication of the EC bathing waters Directive'14 years ago. However, it is only since 1987 that 23 beaches in Scotland have been officially recognized as having bathing waters which should meet the environmental quality standards (EQS) laid down by the Directive. Results of the first three years'monitoring are outlined and the cost of this work has been estimated. The idea of reviewing the standards presently prescribed by the Directive is welcomed. The need to monitor both indicator and target organisms is questioned, and studies are cited suggesting that the present mandatory coliform standards may not be sufficiently stringent. Possible future requirements, including effects of the proposed Directive on the treatment of municipal waste waters, are briefly considered.     

Potential Impact of Draft Proposals to Revise the EC Directive Controlling Sewage-Sludge Applications to Land

The EC Directive which controls the application of sewage sludge to agricultural land, in particular, the reduction in permitted concentrations of heavy metals in sludge and sludge-amended soils, is being reviewed by the European Commission. The implications for sludge recycling in Scotland are examined, and it is estimated that the available land bank would be reduced to about 50% of its present area. In addition, the land area which is required would have to significantly increase because of the proposed lower application rates. These scenarios cast doubt on the long-term viability of the sludge-recycling option in Scotland.     

浅谈建设污水处理厂的五大问题

针对建设城市污水处理厂的投资来源和运行费用 ,提出解决问题的意见。对污水处理厂的规模大小、污泥处置及设备订货等问题作了分析并提出了建议。     

城市污水工程规划设计探讨

结合株洲市排水工程专项规划的编制工作,提出了污水量预测方法,分析了城市污水处理厂布局、处理工艺及出水水质,局部应用了污水分散处理方法,规划了污泥的处理工艺及处置方法,提出了污水管网及泵站的规划原则与方法,对于类似城市的污水工程规划设计具有重要意义。     

北京市污泥处置现状及生态利用研究

针对北京市污泥处理处置现状及存在的主要问题,介绍了北京市污泥最终处置的发展规划,即热干化/焚烧、堆肥/农用及石灰干化/建材利用等三种模式,研究了污泥制生物炭土用于土地修复的可行性,并提出相应的保障对策,可为污泥的处置及利用提供一定的参考。     

广州珠江河段水质环境保护整治的现状与对策

水环境资源是人类赖以生存的资源。城市污水治理工程是水环境的重要基础设施工作。阐述了广州市水环境状况、排水工程及主要污水处理厂的现状。针对水环境资源存在的问题,提出了在污水处理中,对污泥的处置、臭气污染的控制、河涌的截污和生态修复等对策和措施。     

A Sludge Disposal Strategy for Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council

The Dumfries and Galloway Regional Council's largely rural statutory area extends to 6370 km², with a population of 146 000. During 1988 the Council, mindful of impending legislation likely to affect existing sludge disposal outlets, particularly those to agricultural land, commissioned a detailed study into all aspects of sewage sludge production, treatment, storage and disposal. The prime aim of the study was the production of a regional sludge disposal strategy. Consideration was given to five different options of sludge disposal.     

Sewage Sludge Recycling to Agricultural Land: the Environmental Scientist's Perspective

During the next fifteen years, the recycling of sewage sludge to agricultural land will increase significantly in Scotland as a result of EC regulations. This paper describes how soils and related environmental data around Edinburgh can be interrogated and interpreted to assess (a) the suitability of land for sludge utilization, (b) the risk of water pollution in relation to different soil conditions, (c) the ability of soils to adsorb potentially toxic elements in the sludge to prevent transfer to water or plants, and (d) the operational security and environmental sustainability of sludge recycling. The interpretations can make a valuable contribution to the appraisal of sludge disposal policy and implementation, and provide a framework for technology transfer between engineering, environmental and agricultural interests.     

进一步推进福建省城市污水处理工作的思路与对策

针对福建省污水处理工作进程中存在的建设及运营管理上的问题,本文提出捆绑式招商、分级式、分散式建设三种方式加快污水处理厂的建设步伐;提出加强对建成污水处理厂运行管理的相关对策;并就污泥的合理处置提出方案。     

重庆市城市污水厂污泥处理处置规划及有关问题

对重庆市城市污水厂污泥处理处置规划进行了简要介绍,对规划目标的确定、污泥产率指数的确定方法、污泥处理处置技术路线的选定、污泥处理处置管理体制等进行了探讨.     

上海市污水处理系统战略方案的要点

介绍了上海市污水治理战略方案主要内容和特点。对上海污水处理系统战略方案,从一个中心、二个同步、三个重点、四个结合进行了系统分析。最后重点介绍了污水处理系统总体布局、初期雨水治理、污泥处理处置及农村污水处理思路。     

Treatment and Disposal of Sewage Sludge in the Mid-1990s

The paper reviews the current methods of sludge technology, and compares them with those discussed by Ashton in 1904. The paper also plots the development of some of the current technology over the last century, particularly those methods of treatment which were mentioned by Ashton but were not in existence at the time.
The 1990s have been a most interesting era, and have probably seen more changes in sludge technology than any other decade this century. The most significant impact will be due to the cessation of the sea disposal route which, at the beginning of the 1990s, was used for about 30% of the total sludge production in England and Wales and approximately 76% of the total sludge produced in Scotland.     

Significance and behaviour of heavy metals in waste water treatment processes II. Sludge treatment and disposal

The literature concerning the significance and behaviour of heavy metals in sewage sludge treatment and following sludge disposal is reviewed. Particular attention is given to metal form during anaerobic digestion and following sludge disposal to agricultural land and to sea, and the influence of metal form on toxicity. It is evident that anaerobic digestion results in a strong association between sludge particulates and heavy metals due to the formation of inorganic precipitates, organo-metallic interactions and by association with the biomass. Toxic inhibition of anaerobic digestion by metals is concluded to be a direct result of the free metal ion concentration and thus mechanisms designed to reduce metal toxicity are based on artificial modification of heavy metal speciation in the digester.Guidelines and legislation designed to limit the application of sludge to agricultural land and the disposal of sludge to sea are reviewed and discussed. Following the application of sludge to agricultural land significant changes occur in heavy metal speciation, which ultimately determine metal availability to plants and potential contamination of groundwaters. Guidelines for application to land currently take limited account of metal form, although the importance of metal speciation is being recognised. Sludge disposal to sea has received relatively little attention with efforts being directed towards monitoring rather than more fundamental research. However, it is apparent that significant heavy metal solubilisation may occur following sludge discharge to the marine environment.It is concluded that sludge disposal to agricultural land and sea, which are increasingly becoming subject to more stringent international pressures, should take account of the ultimate forms of heavy metals in the receiving environment and that a more unified approach should be adopted in the formulation of standards for all forms of sludge disposal.     

污水厂污泥处置标准体系研究

我国至今还没有一个较为健全、科学的污水污泥处理处置标准体系,难以指导污泥处置的实践,阻碍了我国污泥处置工作的快速发展。因此,通过对我国和经济发达国家污泥处置标准体系的对比研究,找出了我国在污泥处置标准体系方面存在的差距,提出了我国污泥处置标准规范体系的发展方向。