妙峰山林场针阔枯叶可燃物地表火行为影响因素研究

为了解火行为指标影响因素,采用点烧试验方法,对妙峰山林场可燃物油松和栓皮栎枯叶地表火行为进行了研究。结果显示：火焰蔓延速率、火焰长度和火线强度的显著影响因素均为风速和坡度（P<0.05）;而可燃物厚度和针阔叶比例对火焰蔓延速率、火焰长度和火线强度影响较小,未达到显著性水平（P>0.05）,且在风速、坡度、可燃物厚度和针阔叶混合比例4 个因素中,风速是最主要影响因素。在以风速4 m/s 进行试验时,最大蔓延速率、火焰长度和火线强度分别可以达到：2.357 m/min、67.329 cm和119.622 kW/m。     

长白落叶松人工林采伐迹地燃烧特性研究

设置燃烧床燃烧实验,研究不同风速、坡度和燃料含水率实验条件下长白落叶松人工林采伐迹地的燃烧特性指标的变化。结果表明:火蔓延速度和火线强度随风速、坡度增加而增大,随燃料含水率增大而减小;燃烧床最高燃烧温度可接近650℃,相同土壤深度下伐根附近较远离伐根处的土壤温度高;坡度和燃料含水率增大会使火前锋滞留时间增加,而风速增大时,滞留时间减小。     

斜面角度对聚丙烯表面火蔓延的影响

在30°、45°、60°和90°的倾角条件下对热塑性材料聚丙烯进行燃烧实验,研究角度对可熔融材料表面火蔓延行为的影响,主要分析了火蔓延速率、火焰长度、质量损失速率、下表面温度等参数。研究表明:火蔓延速率、质量损失速率、下表面温升速率随角度增加而增大,角度对火焰长度影响较小。角度较小时燃烧受池火影响较大,这使火焰长度呈波动性增长,下表面最高温度反而高于大角度时。     

受限距离影响下竖向顺流火蔓延规律研究

以长45.0 cm、宽5.0 cm、厚2.0 mm的广告画布作为研究对象,开展了受限距离为3.0~9.0 cm的竖向顺流火蔓延实验,定量分析受限距离对火焰长度、火蔓延速度、点燃时间等参数的影响。结果表明：受限距离3.0~8.0 cm时,受限侧火焰长度明显大于未受限侧火焰长度;受限距离超过8.0 cm时,两侧火焰长度基本一致。随受限距离增加,火焰长度与火蔓延速度均表现为先增加后减小,最终趋于稳定,而点燃时间则表现为先减小后增加,最终趋于稳定值。建立了材料表面接收热流与点燃时间的关系式,分析了材料表面接收热流随受限距离的变化趋势,阐释了火蔓延速度随受限距离非单调变化的原因。     

阴角夹角构型对聚氨酯保温材料火蔓延影响试验探究

摘 要：通过开展小尺寸试验研究,分析了阴角夹角构型对聚氨酯保温材料向下火蔓延特性的影响,分析不同夹角构型对聚氨酯保温材料火蔓延典型特征参数的影响,主要包括火焰形态、质量损失速率、近域场温度和火蔓延速率。研究结果表明：在边墙的约束条件下,阴角夹角为30°时试样的燃烧程度明显大于150°;对于阴角夹角构型形成的受限空间,小角度夹角构型下聚氨酯试样燃烧程度大于较大夹角构型;受侧边墙体限制效应的影响,聚氨酯保温材料火蔓延过程中质量损失率和火蔓延速率均随阴角夹角的增大呈先减小后增大的趋势;由于烟囱效应的拉伸作用,火蔓延会形成两个温度峰值,且第一个温度峰值大于第二个温度峰值。     

典型热塑性材料竖直逆向火蔓延研究

以典型的热塑性材料聚丙烯(PP)和聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)为研究对象,实验分析了不同宽度的试样竖直贴壁向下燃烧的温度、火蔓延速率等参数,并给出火蔓延速率、未燃区表面接收的对流传热和辐射传热的计算公式。试样长度为20cm,厚度为3 mm,宽度分别为1、2、3、4、5cm。实验表明:燃烧中PP材料会受热熔融生成液滴并发生卷落现象,火焰主要呈蓝色且温度较低,卷落时出现火焰高度和温度增加。PMMA材料流动性差,不产生熔融液滴并在试样上方有稳定的黄色火焰。火蔓延速率受试样宽度与流动性的综合影响。在实验范围内,随着宽度的增加,PP的火蔓延速率呈先减小后增大的趋势,PMMA的火蔓延速率呈单调递增的趋势。     

硬质聚氨酯板材贴壁逆流火蔓延燃烧特性实验研究

针对典型热固性有机保温材料硬质聚氨酯泡沫(RPU),自行搭建了一种大尺寸实验装置,开展存在外界稳定辐射情况下硬质聚氨酯保温材料逆流火蔓延特性实验研究,观察比较此种材料存在外界辐射源辐照和无辐射条件下实验现象的异同,并获得平均质量损失速率和火蔓延速度等火焰特征参数。实验结果表明:较之无辐射情况下,板材受到外界辐射辐照,火蔓延过程后期会出现加速现象,质量损失速率通过线性拟合后呈二段式分布,厚度方向的热流增加,未燃层厚度减小,板材碳化层区域面积变大;质量损失速率和火蔓延速度与外界辐射强度呈正相关的关系。     

受限距离对薄型PMMA竖向火的影响

利用小尺寸燃烧特性实验,控制薄型聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(PMMA)与墙体的水平距离,研究薄型PMMA在受限距离分别为7、13、19 mm时的表面火竖向蔓延特征。给出不同受限距离下PMMA样品正面、背面火焰高度的拟合公式。实验结果表明:火焰高度和火焰传播速率随着受限距离的增大而增大,当达到临界值13mm之后,随着受限距离的增大而减小。受限距离小于13 mm时背面火焰高度低于正面火焰高度,大于13mm时背面火焰高度高于正面火焰高度。通过分析和计算发现,火焰长度(xff-xfb)和热解长度(xp-xb)随时间的延长而增大。引入火焰加速因子(FAF)讨论受限距离对火蔓延的影响。     

燃料间距对PMMA竖向火蔓延行为的影响

以PMMA（聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯）板（8 cm×10 cm×1 cm）为实验材料,开展不同燃料间距（0~10 cm）的竖向火蔓延实验,分析火焰高度、燃烧速率、热解前锋位置及点燃滞后时间的变化规律。结果发现,随着燃料间距增加,固体表面的净火焰高度与燃烧速率均呈现先增大后减小的趋势。此外,火焰在相邻固体燃料表面的蔓延过程中出现“点燃滞后”现象,点燃滞后时间随着燃料间距的增加呈指数级增长。     

窗口溢流火条件下聚氨酯硬泡火蔓延特性

利用自主设计的大尺寸实验台,研究窗口溢流火条件下未阻燃和阻燃聚氨酯硬泡材料的火蔓延特性。结果表明,阻燃RPU的火蔓延受溢流火焰高度和热流强度的影响;溢流火焰的热穿透能力和材料的完整性是影响RPU燃烧强烈程度的重要因素;溢流火焰对RPU的热反馈作用将显著影响火蔓延速度。建立了窗口溢流火条件下聚氨酯硬泡竖直火蔓延的数值模型,对火焰热反馈、火焰高度等输入参数进行了探讨。对比分析可知,数值模型能较好地预测聚氨酯硬泡的火蔓延趋势。     

燃料覆盖率对非连续分布固体竖向火蔓延的影响

非连续分布固体燃料是指多个固体可燃物非常靠近但被气隙隔开的状态,与连续分布燃料相比,非连续分布燃料更能够代表一些现实的火灾情况,以往的研究中较少涉及.笔者通过实验的方法分析不同燃料覆盖率下固体燃料竖直向上火焰蔓延的特点.所选用的浇筑型聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯(简称"PMMA")材料广泛应用于高层建筑外立面中,呈现出一种非连续分...     

Experimental Study on Downslope Fire Spread over a Pine Needle Fuel Bed

The downslope fire represents a percentage of wildland fireline while the heat transfer mechanism of this process is poorly understood. In this study, the experiments were carried out in a fuel bed of dead pine needles with the slopes of ??30°, ??20°, ??10° and 0° for 0.4 and 0.8 kg/m² fuel loads. Flame length, flame angle, temperatures over the fuel bed, flow speed at the fuel bed surface, radiation heat flux near the end of the fuel bed were measured. The rate of spread shows a parabolic shape which decreases firstly and then increases from 0° to ??30°. The combustion interface, reconstructed from the temperature histories of two vertical thermocouples, was perpendicular to the fuel bed under all slope conditions for two fuel loads. The measured radiation heat flux is higher at ??30° slope than level ground, which is attributed to higher flame emissivity. A quasi-physical model was developed to describe the heat transfer mechanism of downslope fire spread. The calculation results show that the flame radiation dominated the downslope fire spread process and the combustion zone radiation should not be neglected in the near flame region.     

Fire development in a 1/3 train carriage mock-up

To study what parameters that control the initial fire spread and the development to local flashover in a metro carriage, a total of six fire tests were conducted in a mock-up of a metro carriage that is about 1/3 of a full wagon length. They were carried out under a large scale calorimeter in a laboratory environment. The focus was on the initial fire development in a corner scenario using different types of ignition source that may lead to a fully developed fire. The ignition sources used were either a wood crib placed on a corner seat or one litre of petrol poured on the corner seat and the neighbouring floor together with a backpack. The amount of luggage and wood cribs in the neighbourhood of the ignition source was continuously increased in order to identify the limits for flashover in the test-setup. The tests showed that the combustible boards on parts of the walls had a significant effect on the fire spread. In the cases where the initial fire did not exceed a range of 400–600 kW no flashover was observed. If the initial fire grew up to 700–900 kW a flashover was observed. The maximum heat release rate during a short flashover period for this test set-up was about 3.5 MW. The time to reach flashover was highly dependent on the ignition type: wood cribs or backpack and petrol. A full developed carriage fire was achieved as a result of intense radiation from the flames and ceiling smoke layer. This was mostly dependent on the amount of fire load nearby the ignition source and how strong the vertical flame spread on the high pressure laminate boards mounted to walls and ceiling above the ignition source was, leading to a ceiling flame. In such cases, the seats alone did not contain sufficient fuel for the fire to spread within the train, and additional fuel (luggage) is required near the seats. For fully developed carriage fires, the fire starting on the seat in the corner spread to the opposite seat on the same side of the aisle, then horizontally spread to seats on the other side of the aisle, and finally a longitudinal flame spread along the carriage was observed. When and where the fire stopped or whether it reached a fully developed stage was mostly dependent on the amount of fire load nearby the ignition source and how strong the vertical flame spread on the high pressure laminate boards mounted to walls and ceiling above the ignition source was.     

Metrological Tool for the Characterization of Flame Fronts Based on the Coupling of a Heat Flux Approach with Image Processing Data

The aim of this paper is to present some improvements in the metrology of forest fire flames by coupling image processing and radiative heat flux measurement. A new metrological tool using a visual video camera and a specific multiple thermal sensors is proposed. By means of an appropriate segmentation algorithm and the Direct Linear Transformation, the image processing methodology gives the forward or the backward fire front positions as input data to a radiative heat flux approach. Using a simplified flame model, this technique provides fire front positions versus time, and average values for the flame length, flame depth, flame tilt angle, apparent flame temperature and flame emissivity. The rates of spread, obtained by a linear regression of the determined fire front positions, as well as the thermal and radiative properties of the flame, are compared favorably to those given in the literature.     

环境风作用下聚氨酯泡沫水平火蔓延行为实验研究

为探究环境风速对聚氨酯泡沫水平顺流火蔓延的影响,开展多组工况对比实验,分析不同侧向风速对火蔓延典型特征参数（火焰形态、质量损失和近域场温度及辐射）影响。实验结果表明：侧向风速会缩短热解前锋预热角形成时间,且预热角度大小与风速呈负相关,预热角减小会增大火焰前锋对预热区热反馈面积,使火蔓延速度增加;火焰前锋受侧向风速拉伸效应主导下的空气卷吸作用,火蔓延过程中熔融滴落频率增大,加大次生火灾危险性;同时火蔓延过程中材料的质量损失率随风速增加而增加;风速的冷却效应在火蔓延前期占主导地位,但仍会促进火蔓延速度,且水平板材上下两侧辐射峰值差逐渐增大。     

典型变压器油燃烧特性及烟气危害性研究

利用锥形量热仪及傅里叶变换红外光谱仪,测试了典型变压器油在3种不同外加热辐射通量下的燃烧特性和烟气危害性。重点对比了凝固点不同的KI25X和KI50X变压器油的燃烧过程和火灾危险性。结果表明,外加热辐射通量和变压器油的类型均会对燃烧特性和火灾危险性产生影响。随着外加热辐射通量的增加,两种变压器油的点燃时间均缩短,HRR、生烟率及CO的浓度峰值随之增加。当外加热辐射通量提高至35 kW/m²时,KI50X变压器油火灾的蔓延速度更快,释放出的毒性气体浓度更大,此时其火灾热危险性和烟气危害性相较更大。     

喷涂油漆在薄金属表面燃烧特性研究

摘 要：通过锥形量热仪研究了喷涂油漆在薄金属表面的燃烧特性。选用35,50,65,80 kW/m2共4种热辐射强度,得到点燃时间、热释放速率、CO释放速率等参数。结果发现：薄金属表面油漆为典型的热薄型固体,点燃时间的倒数与热辐射强度呈线性关系。喷涂层数越多,引燃所需的热辐射强度越小,火灾危险性也越高,试验得到1层喷涂、2层喷涂和3层喷涂的临界热流强度分别约为30.8,10.0,5.0 kW/m2。热释放速率呈现出双峰特性,第一峰值和第二峰值随热辐射强度呈线性增长关系,且峰值随喷涂层数的增加而增加。CO释放速率则呈现出3个峰值。随着热辐射强度增加,各样品的火灾性能指数不断降低,火灾蔓延指数不断升高,火灾危险性增加。     

华南地区森林地表可燃物火蔓延速度特性的实验研究

摘 要：华南地区植被丰富,人类活动频繁,一旦发生森林火灾,后果严重。为探究华南地区森林地表可燃物种类和燃料床特性对火蔓延速度的影响规律,给扑救森林火灾提供参考数据,通过实地采样与室内燃料床火蔓延速度测量实验,定量分析了森林地表可燃物火蔓延速度特性。实验结果表明,桉树叶燃料床在5种燃料床中蔓延速度最快,加上其在该地区的种植情况,具有较高的火灾危险性。得到了桉树叶燃料床特性对火蔓延速度影响的规律,发现含水率开始增加阶段,蔓延速度衰减很少,含水率超过14%后,蔓延速度快速衰减,到18%后蔓延速度衰减再次减少;蔓延速度与厚度成幂函数关系,厚度增加使蔓延速度增加;堆积密度、宽度对火蔓延速度影响不大。     

侧向喷射条件下细水雾扑灭水平表面流淌火研究

为探讨侧向喷射条件下细水雾扑灭流淌火的技术可行性,针对水平表面流淌火,在考虑火焰辐射、燃料与垫层之间的对流换热基础上,建立细水雾在开敞空间扑灭流淌火理论模型,实验研究细水雾喷头排数、倾斜角度对火焰形状、火焰温度、灭火机理和灭火时间的影响。结果表明：细水雾冲击燃料加快其流淌时可以增强灭火能力;采用单排喷头水平喷射时可有效抑制一侧火焰且对火焰拉伸作用最强;采用双排喷头水平喷射时,可有效抑制两侧火焰且灭火速度最快;当喷头向上倾斜15°时,细水雾冷却燃料能力减弱并使灭火时间变长。