粤东桃源铀矿床矿物组合特征及其地质意义

桃源矿床是位于长塘火山盆地西侧的中型热液铀矿床。对其开展铀矿物组成研究对探究矿床成因具有重要的意义。在野外和显微镜观察基础上,利用电子探针分析手段对矿床成矿元素铀赋存状态和矿物共生组合进行研究。结果显示,铀的存在形式以独立铀矿物为主,主要为沥青铀矿、铀石,其次为钛铀矿。铀矿石具有5种不同的矿物组合类型:沥青铀矿-赤铁矿-微晶石英组合、沥青铀矿-铀石-紫黑色萤石组合、沥青铀矿-铀石-黄铁矿组合、钛铀矿-金红石-绿泥石组合、铀石-钠长石组合。这种矿物组合的多样性,反映了该矿床热液流体活动的长期性和复杂性,即成矿热液流体作用具有多阶段性。结合铀矿物的相互穿插关系和矿物组合特征,该矿床至少存在两期铀矿化,且铀矿化与硅化、赤铁矿化、紫黑色萤石化、黄铁矿化、方解石化等关系密切。铀矿物共生组合特征以及沥青铀矿元素含量特征表明该矿床形成于中低温偏还原环境。     

硅质脉型铀矿床地质特征及成矿机制探讨——以甘肃革命沟矿床为例

文章在介绍革命沟矿床区域地质成矿环境、矿床特征、热液蚀变、元素地球化学、含铀矿物学特征的基础上,分析了成矿物质来源、热液活动及成矿物质迁移途径,论述了硅质脉型铀矿床成矿机制。认为革命沟矿床的形成是地层-岩体-构造-热液活动共同控制的特定时空域内的客观产物,区域含铀建造是成矿的物质基础,成矿热液源自幔汁(HACONS),岩浆及期后热液是铀迁移的载体,铀成矿模式强调了硅质脉后期热液沉淀过程是成矿物质的富集过程。     

航空伽玛能谱数据在突泉地区铀成矿预测中的应用

受森林分布广、覆盖厚及矿体隐伏等因素制约,大兴安岭成矿带突泉地区铀找矿进展缓慢。航空伽玛能谱数据蕴含有丰富的铀矿化信息,除地表矿化信息外,亦含有部分深部铀矿化弱信息。在典型铀矿点地质特征及伽玛能谱特征分析的基础上,利用K、U、Th元素含量之间的地球化学特征差异,构建了3个航放参数模型(U高场、△U高值晕、N高值晕),增强航放微弱异常信息。在航放异常信息提取、优选的基础上,结合地质、化探等找矿有利信息,预测铀成矿远景区9处。其中4处远景区成矿地质条件优越,异常线索丰富,尚属铀矿空白区,在进一步工作中应引起重视。     

江西相山济河口地区铀成矿规律及找矿方向

济河口地区位于江西省相山矿田西部,邹家山和居隆庵矿床的中间过渡部位。前人认为该区的矿体主要以"邹家山"式规律赋存,重点对NE向断裂进行揭露。近年来随着钻探揭露,笔者首次提出济河口地区矿体赋存规律更倾向于"居隆庵式",即铀矿化受断裂和火山岩组间界面变异部位控制但基底并未扰动,矿体集中分布在碎斑熔岩与流纹英安岩界面"S"型凹兜底部。NW向济河口断裂是区内重要的控矿断裂,该断裂与火山岩岩性界面联合控制铀矿化的产出,两者复合处是第一有利成矿部位,而流纹英安岩与基底片岩界面与济河口断裂复合部位是第二有利成矿部位。第二有利部位将是相山西部未来深部找矿的主要方向,其内外侧的花岗斑岩是有利找矿标志。     

滇西龙川江盆地团田地区砂岩型铀矿元素地球化学特征

本文通过系统的取样分析,详细研究龙川江盆地团田地区新获砂岩型铀矿床的元素地球化学特征,以期为初步揭示区域铀成矿模式提供有效信息。分析表明:矿段岩石成熟度较差,岩性为长石砂岩;矿段定位于氧化-还原过渡带且存在含氧地下水二次氧化破坏可能;U元素与Mo的双峰富集式样可以作为该区砂岩型铀矿化元素模型;本次见矿层位(芒棒组下段下亚段)古铀量较低,存在沉积期后铀元素预富集作用,且本身也可作为盖层铀源供给铀元素;该区铀成矿过程为表生来源,不具备深部热液作用特征,该区芒棒组各含矿层具有较统一的物质来源、沉积环境和构造背景;稀土元素与铀元素离子在该区地下水水溶液中主要呈REE(CO_3)⁰、UO_2(CO_3)0、UO_2(CO_3)⁰、[REE(CO_3)_20、[REE(CO_3)_2^(-2)]、[UO_2(CO_3)_2(-2)]、[UO_2(CO_3)_2^(-2)]四种形式的络离子共迁移,并在适当的Eh和pH条件下与有机碳、Fe(-2)]四种形式的络离子共迁移,并在适当的Eh和pH条件下与有机碳、Fe⁽²⁺⁾等还原剂发生反应而沉淀富集于矿物颗粒裂隙中。     

安徽庐枞地区富铀矿成矿特征及形成环境浅析

庐枞地区富铀矿床位于安徽省庐枞火山岩盆地南东的大龙山岩体及黄梅尖岩体北缘外带侏罗系中统罗岭组地层中,铀矿化受构造、岩性、岩体接触带和热液蚀变联合控制,铀矿体品位高.文章阐述了该地区富铀矿的成矿特征:矿体主要产于断裂构造夹持或交汇处,主要赋存于靠近岩体外带中粗粒砂岩中,其规模、厚度、品位和形态变化大;富铀矿以角砾状构造和黑色脉体产出,均以沥青铀矿的形式存在;富铀矿是多次叠加致富的产物等.依据该区多年来的铀矿找矿资料综合分析结果,初步认为庐枞地区富铀矿形成于碱性介质、还原环境、为低压、中低温度和快速沉淀的地球化学环境.     

安徽北淮阳地区金矿化相关火山岩的形成年代和源区特征:锆石U-Pb定年和Hf同位素的制约

安徽北淮阳地区发育中酸性陆相火山岩相关的金矿化,本次研究选取金矿化相关的新店河英安岩开展锆石LA-ICP-MS U-Pb年代学及LA-MC-ICP-MS Lu-Hf同位素研究。结果显示锆石Th/U比值为1.21~2.57,明显高于Th/U比值小于0.1的变质成因的锆石,为典型岩浆成因锆石。英安岩年龄加权平均值为(130±2)Ma(n=13,MSWD=1.4);结合锆石自形、发育岩浆环带等特点,该年龄是新店河英安岩的成岩年龄。锆石Hf同位素研究显示,新店河英安岩的ε_(Hf)(t)在-31.6~-26.3之间,两阶段模式年龄变化范围为2.82~3.15 Ga,为中—新太古代的基底部分熔融而成。新店河英安岩有较好的金矿化潜力,因此北淮阳地区金矿化可能形成于早白垩世后碰撞伸展环境,是大别造山带构造垮塌导致的大规模岩浆作用的产物。结合前人资料,北淮阳地区矿化可以划分为两个阶段:早期火山热液型金矿化(130 Ma)和晚期斑岩型钼矿化(114 Ma)。     

东昆仑那更康切尔沟银多金属矿床晚二叠世流纹斑岩年代学和地球化学特征研究

位于东昆仑造山带的那更康切尔沟银多金属矿床是近年来发现的一大型热液脉型矿床。本文研究发现矿区深部流纹斑岩中存在斑岩型Cu矿化,且获得该流纹斑岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为253.2±1.7 Ma,形成于晚二叠世。赋矿流纹斑岩SiO_2含量为75.56%～76.01%,Na_2O+K_2O含量为4.09%～7.68%,K_2O/Na_2O为0.92～11.78,A/CNK为1.05～2.41,属高硅、高钾钙碱性过铝质岩石。该流纹斑岩明显富集Rb、K等大离子亲石元素(LILE),亏损Nb、Ti、P等高场强元素(HFSE);稀土总量(∑REE)为245×10~(-6)～265×10~(-6),轻重稀土元素分馏明显((La/Yb)_N=7.76～9.96),并表现出Eu负异常(δEu=0.03～0.38)。综合分析认为那更康切尔沟矿区可能存在多期岩浆活动,形成斑岩型和热液脉型叠加成矿,该认识对本矿区乃至区域上寻找与火山-次火山热液有关的多金属矿床,尤其是深部找矿工作具有重要的指导意义。     

河北省半壁店铀矿点成矿地质特征研究

通过对半壁店铀矿点的成矿地质特征进行综合研究,分析了铀矿点的形态规模、赋矿主岩、主要控矿构造、围岩蚀变和成矿阶段等铀矿化特征,初步构建了铀成矿模式。半壁店铀矿点产于沽源火山盆地南缘的半壁店塌陷型破火山口,受火山岩地层、断裂构造及破火山口构造复合控制。铀矿点受区域性北西向半壁店—富山断裂带的次级断裂控制,铀矿体或铀矿化呈带状、脉状产于北西向断裂构造带中,矿化类型为铀-赤铁矿化,矿石矿物主要为硅钙铀矿、钙铀云母等次生铀矿物,铀以分散吸附形态为主。赋矿主岩具富硅、富钾、富铀、富铝、贫钙等地球化学特征,可能形成于陆缘板内环境,成岩岩浆可能来自上地幔,与破火口塌陷作用有关。围岩蚀变具上酸下碱的垂向分带特征,上部发育硅化、高岭石化、褐铁矿化、萤石化等酸性蚀变;下部发育赤铁矿化、水云母化、绿泥石化、钾长石化、蒙脱石化等偏碱性蚀变。矿前期蚀变主要为水云母化、蒙脱石化等;成矿期蚀变主要发育赤铁矿化,其次为硅化、萤石化、水云母化、绿泥石化等。铀成矿经历了赤铁矿化阶段和金属硫化物阶段,赤铁矿化阶段主要形成于流纹斑岩侵入时期,是铀元素初步富集阶段;金属硫化物阶段主要形成于花岗斑岩侵入时期,是主要的铀成矿阶段,是铀元素二次富集阶段,铀矿脉呈细脉状、网脉状胶结或切割赤铁矿化阶段形成的铀矿化。半壁店铀矿点的形成经历了太古宙—元古宙铀预富集、早中生代铀二次富集、晚中生代铀成矿和新生代铀矿次生改造等四个阶段。     

异化铁还原菌介导的硝酸盐还原亚铁氧化过程

中性厌氧的富铁环境中,微生物驱动硝酸盐还原亚铁氧化(NRFO)过程和异化铁还原过程,然而异化铁还原菌能否介导NRFO仍未知。选取异化铁还原菌(Klebsiella pneumoniae L17、Shewanella oneidensis MR-1、Shewanella putrefaciens strain CN32)、亚铁和硝酸盐,构建厌氧NRFO体系。结果表明:亚铁氧化、硝酸盐还原同步发生,主要是因为硝酸盐还原产物亚硝酸盐可以直接氧化亚铁;亚铁抑制了硝酸盐还原,且该抑制作用随亚铁浓度升高而增强;亚铁对亚硝酸盐的竞争性还原导致了铵根大量减少;亚铁氧化生成的次生矿物沉淀在细胞表面,阻碍硝酸盐进入细胞进行还原。在低浓度亚铁条件下,亚铁的毒害和氧化成矿作用抑制L17还原硝酸盐;亚铁氧化成矿作用是抑制CN32还原硝酸盐的主要原因;而亚铁的毒害是抑制MR-1还原硝酸盐的主要原因。在高浓度亚铁条件下,亚铁氧化导致细胞结壳是抑制微生物硝酸盐还原的主要原因。     

Biological reduction of uranium in groundwater and subsurface soil

Biological reduction of uranium is one of the techniques currently studied for in situ remediation of groundwater and subsurface soil. We investigated U(VI) reduction in groundwaters and soils of different origin to verify the presence of bacteria capable of U(VI) reduction. The groundwaters originated from mill tailings sites with U concentrations as high as 50 mg/l, and from other sites where uranium is not a contaminant, but was added in the laboratory to reach concentrations up to 11 mg/l. All waters contained nitrate and sulfate. After oxygen and nitrate reduction, U(VI) was reduced by sulfate-reducing bacteria, whose growth was stimulated by ethanol and trimetaphosphate. Uranium precipitated as hydrated uraninite (UO2 x xH2O). In the course of reduction of U(VI), Mn(IV) and Fe(III) from the soil were reduced as well. During uraninite precipitation a comparatively large mass of iron sulfides formed and served as a redox buffer. If the excess of iron sulfide is large enough, uraninite will not be oxidized by oxygenated groundwater. We show that bacteria capable of reducing U(VI) to U(IV) are ubiquitous in nature. The uranium reducers are primarily sulfate reducers and are stimulated by adding nutrients to the groundwater.     

基于SVM过渡环境下热感觉分类模型的研究

人体在局部微环境与背景环境之间过渡时,热感觉是随着环境参数的变化而发生相应变化的。以往的各种方法总是试图寻找热感觉的精确预测,但由于热反应本身的复杂性,建立的模型往往不是很理想。本文提出一种基于支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）的热感觉自动分类方法,将热感觉的预测转化成模式分类问题。通过提取环境空间中的6个参数及其不同组合方式,对不同过渡方案后的热感觉进行分类,经验证此分类模型能够取得较好的分类效果。结果还表明工位区与背景区的黑球温度、工位区的送风速度对分类效果基本不产生影响,背景区温度、工位区的送风温度、过渡后的时间对分类效果影响较大。     

Anaerobic bioremediation of hexavalent uranium in groundwater by reductive precipitation with methanogenic granular sludge

Uranium has been responsible for extensive contamination of groundwater due to releases from mill tailings and other uranium processing waste. Past evidence has confirmed that certain bacteria can enzymatically reduce soluble hexavalent uranium (U(VI)) to insoluble tetravalent uranium (U(IV)) under anaerobic conditions in the presence of appropriate electron donors. This paper focuses on the evaluation of anaerobic granular sludge as a source of inoculum for the bioremediation of uranium in water. Batch experiments were performed with several methanogenic anaerobic granular sludge samples and different electron donors. Abiotic controls consisting of heat-killed inoculum and non-inoculated treatments confirmed the biological removal process. In this study, unadapted anaerobic granular sludge immediately reduced U(VI), suggesting an intrinsic capacity of the sludge to support this process. The high biodiversity of anaerobic granular sludge most likely accounts for the presence of specific microorganisms capable of reducing U(VI). Oxidation by O₂ was shown to resolubilize the uranium. This observation combined with X-ray diffraction evidence of uraninite confirmed that the removal during anaerobic treatment was due to reductive precipitation. The anaerobic removal activity could be sustained after several respikes of U(VI). The U(VI) removal was feasible without addition of electron donors, indicating that the decay of endogenous biomass substrates was contributing electron equivalents to the process. Addition of electron donors, such as H₂ stimulated the removal of U(VI) to varying degrees. The stimulation was greater in sludge samples with lower endogenous substrate levels. The present work reveals the potential application of anaerobic granular sludge for continuous bioremediation schemes to treat uranium-contaminated water.     

Radioecological survey at selected sites hit by depleted uranium ammunitions during the 1999 Kosovo conflict.

A field study, organised, coordinated and conducted under the responsibility of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), took place in Kosovo in November 2000 to evaluate the level of depleted uranium (DU) released into the environment by the use of DU ammunition during the 1999 conflict. Representatives of six different scientific organisations took part in the mission and a total of approximately 350 samples were collected. During this field mission, the Italian National Environmental Protection Agency (ANPA) collected water, soil, lichen and tree bark samples from different sites. The samples were analysed by alpha-spectroscopy and in some cases by inductively coupled plasma-source mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The 234U/238U and 235U/238U activity concentration ratios were used to distinguish natural from anthropogenic uranium. This paper reports the results obtained on these samples. All water samples had very low concentrations of uranium (much below the average concentration of drinking water in Europe). The surface soil samples showed a very large variability in uranium activity concentration, namely from approximately 20 Bq kg(-1) (environmental natural uranium) to approximately 2.3 x 10(5) Bq kg(-1) (approximately 18000 mg kg(-1) of depleted uranium), with concentrations above environmental levels always due to DU. The uranium isotope measurements refer to soil samples collected at places where DU ammunition had been fired; this variability indicates that the impact of DU ammunitions is very site-specific, reflecting both the physical conditions at the time of the impact of the DU ammunition and any physical and chemical alteration which occurred since then. The results on tree barks and lichens indicated the presence of DU in all cases, showing their usefulness as sensitive qualitative bio-indicators for the presence of DU dusts or aerosols formed at the time the DU ammunition had hit a hard target. This result is particularly interesting considering that at some sites, which had been hit by DU ammunition, no DU ground contamination could be detected.     

Effect of uranium (VI) on two sulphate-reducing bacteria cultures from a uranium mine site

This work was conducted to assess the impact of uranium (VI) on sulphate-reducing bacteria (SRB) communities obtained from environmental samples collected on the Portuguese uranium mining area of Urgeiriça. Culture U was obtained from a sediment, while culture W was obtained from sludge from the wetland of that mine. Temperature gradient gel electrophoresis (TGGE) was used to monitor community changes under uranium stress conditions. TGGE profiles of dsrB gene fragment demonstrated that the initial cultures were composed of SRB species affiliated with Desulfovibrio desulfuricans, Desulfovibrio vulgaris and Desulfomicrobium spp. (sample U), and by species related to D. desulfuricans (sample W). A drastic change in SRB communities was observed as a result of uranium (VI) exposure. Surprisingly, SRB were not detected in the uranium removal communities. Such findings emphasize the need of monitoring the dominant populations during bio-removal studies. TGGE and phylogenetic analysis of the 16S rRNA gene fragment revealed that the uranium removal consortia are composed by strains affiliated to Clostridium genus, Caulobacteraceae and Rhodocyclaceae families. Therefore, these communities can be attractive candidates for environmental biotechnological applications associated to uranium removal.     

Measurements of daily urinary uranium excretion in German peacekeeping personnel and residents of the Kosovo region to assess potential intakes of depleted uranium (DU)

Following the end of the Kosovo conflict, in June 1999, a study was instigated to evaluate whether there was a cause for concern of health risk from depleted uranium (DU) to German peacekeeping personnel serving in the Balkans. In addition, the investigations were extended to residents of Kosovo and southern Serbia, who lived in areas where DU ammunitions were deployed. In order to assess a possible DU intake, both the urinary uranium excretion of volunteer residents and water samples were collected and analysed using inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). More than 1300 urine samples from peacekeeping personnel and unexposed controls of different genders and age were analysed to determine uranium excretion parameters. The urine measurements for 113 unexposed subjects revealed a daily uranium excretion rate with a geometric mean of 13.9 ng/d (geometric standard deviation (GSD)=2.17). The analysis of 1228 urine samples from the peacekeeping personnel resulted in a geometric mean of 12.8 ng/d (GSD=2.60). It follows that both unexposed controls and peacekeeping personnel excreted similar amounts of uranium. Inter-subject variation in uranium excretion was high and no significant age-specific differences were found. The second part of the study monitored 24 h urine samples provided by selected residents of Kosovo and adjacent regions of Serbia compared to controls from Munich, Germany. Total uranium and isotope ratios were measured in order to determine DU content. (235)U/(238)U ratios were within +/-0.3% of the natural value, and (236)U/(238)U was less than 2 x 10(-7), indicating no significant DU in any of the urine samples provided, despite total uranium excretion being relatively high in some cases. Measurements of ground and tap water samples from regions where DU munitions were deployed did not show any contamination with DU, except in one sample. It is concluded that both peacekeeping personnel and residents serving or living in the Balkans, respectively, were not exposed to significant amounts of DU.     

The distribution of depleted uranium contamination in Colonie, NY, USA

Uranium oxide particles were dispersed into the environment from a factory in Colonie (NY, USA) by prevailing winds during the 1960s and '70s. Uranium concentrations and isotope ratios from bulk soil samples have been accurately measured using inductively coupled plasma quadrupole mass spectrometry (ICP-QMS) without the need for analyte separation chemistry. The natural range of uranium concentrations in the Colonie soils has been estimated as 0.7-2.1 μg g^− 1, with a weighted geometric mean of 1.05 μg g^− 1; the contaminated soil samples comprise uranium up to 500 ± 40 μg g^− 1. A plot of ²³⁶U/²³⁸U against ²³⁵U/²³⁸U isotope ratios describes a mixing line between natural uranium and depleted uranium (DU) in bulk soil samples; scatter from this line can be accounted for by heterogeneity in the DU particulate. The end-member of DU compositions aggregated in these bulk samples comprises (2.05 ± 0.06) × 10^− 3235U/²³⁸U, (3.2 ± 0.1) × 10^− 5236U/²³⁸U, and (7.1 ± 0.3) × 10^− 6234U/²³⁸U. The analytical method is sensitive to as little as 50 ng g^− 1 DU mixed with the natural uranium occurring in these soils. The contamination footprint has been mapped northward from site, and at least one third of the uranium in a soil sample from the surface 5 cm, collected 5.1 km NNW of the site, is DU. The distribution of contamination within the surface soil horizon follows a trend of exponential decrease with depth, which can be approximated by a simple diffusion model. Bioturbation by earthworms can account for dispersal of contaminant from the soil surface, in the form of primary uranium oxide particulates, and uranyl species that are adsorbed to organic matter. Considering this distribution, the total mass of uranium contamination emitted from the factory is estimated to be c. 4.8 tonnes.     

Modeling of geochemical processes related to uranium mobilization in the groundwater of a uranium mine

This paper describes the processes leading to uranium distribution in the groundwater of five boreholes near a restored uranium mine (dug in granite), and the environmental impact of restoration work in the discharge area. The groundwater uranium content varied from <1 microg/L in reduced water far from the area of influence of the uranium ore-containing dyke, to 104 microg/L in a borehole hydraulically connected to the mine. These values, however, fail to reflect a chemical equilibrium between the water and the pure mineral phases. A model for the mobilization of uranium in this groundwater is therefore proposed. This involves the percolation of oxidized waters through the fractured granite, leading to the oxidation of pyrite and arsenopyrite and the precipitation of iron oxyhydroxides. This in turn leads to the dissolution of the primary pitchblende and, subsequently, the release of U(VI) species to the groundwater. These U(VI) species are retained by iron hydroxides. Secondary uranium species are eventually formed as reducing conditions are re-established due to water-rock interactions.     

Airborne emission of enriched uranium at Tokai-mura, Japan

A new strategy for characterisation of airborne uranium contamination based on elemental/isotopic analysis of tree bark is described. Bark samples collected at Tokai-mura (Japan) were subjected to high sensitivity ICP mass spectrometric analysis; for control purposes, samples from the remote Yakushima island (Southern Japan) and central Tokyo were also analysed. The uranium contents of tree bark for Tokyo and Yakushima were of similar magnitude to that at Tokai-mura (U, 0.01-1.0 microg/g - all samples), however, there were marked differences in isotope ratio values between the sites. Whereas natural uranium isotope ratio values (235U/238U, 0.0072) were observed for Yakushima and Tokyo, non-natural and natural signatures (235U/238U, 0.00697-0.01448) were realised at Tokai-mura. These findings are consistent with the release of enriched uranium at Tokai-mura.