南疆三地州同一构造背景下三个盆地煤中元素特征及其地质意义

为探讨煤样品中主量元素和微量元素的差异性及其控制因素,以处于同一构造背景下南疆三地州三个盆地内的煤矿为研究对象。通过反射光显微镜、带能谱的扫描电镜(SEM-EDS)等分析测试方法,对比分析长胜(CS)煤矿、克孜库尔安(KZKEA)煤矿和莫木太来克(MMTLK)煤矿煤样品主量元素和微量元素特征的差异性。利用微量元素,如钒/(钒+镍)(V/(V+Ni))、锶/铜(Sr/Cu)和锶/钡(Sr/Ba)等比值,分别探讨了三个煤矿沉积时期的氧化还原特征、古气候和古盐度特征。研究结果表明,泥炭沼泽形成时的沉积环境和构造运动是引起同一构造背景下三个盆地煤中元素差异的主要因素。     

陕南镇巴地区牛蹄塘组页岩沉积环境分析

页岩的形成环境对于页岩储层评价和甜点预测具有重要意义。文章应用元素地球化学分析方法探讨陕西西乡—镇巴地区牛蹄塘组页岩沉积环境。①B含量和Sp值、Fe_2O_3/Ti O_2-Al_2O_3/(Al_2O_3+Fe_2O_3)图解、Mn_O/Ti O_2均指示牛蹄塘组沉积于大陆边缘浅海环境;②Sr/Cu、CIA和高BaXS均反映该区牛蹄塘组沉积期间气候温暖湿润,生物繁盛,水体古生产力高;③V/Cr、V/(V+Ni)、Ni/Co、Th/U、δU及草莓状黄铁矿富集表明牛蹄塘组页岩在缺氧的还原条件下沉积;④红柱石晶体、Si O_2/Al_2O_3比值及高丰度Mo、V表征牛蹄塘组页岩硅质矿物除陆源碎屑外,大部分为生物成因,仅在地层底部有少量热液成因硅。     

贵州岩孔含铀磷块岩矿床元素地球化学及其指示意义

岩孔含铀磷块岩矿床位于毕节北东向构造带变形区中部岩孔背斜的北翼,矿体主要赋存在震旦系灯影组白云岩顶部的侵蚀间断面上,顶板为下寒武统牛蹄塘组底部页岩;矿体呈层状、似层状、透镜状产出,矿物组合主要为碳酸盐和磷酸盐组合、硅酸盐和磷酸盐组合,矿石构造常见为层状、致密块状,结构有泥质—胶状、变胶状、似砂状等;含铀磷块岩常量元素以Ca O、Mg O、P_2O_5、Si O_2为主,铀与Ti O_2、Na_2O、Fe_2O_3、Mn O关系密切。微量元素以Ba、V、U、Cr、As、Mo、Y含量较高,U与Y、Sr、V、Cr关系密切。稀土元素REE较高,轻稀土富集,重稀土亏损。沉积环境参数主要指标δU1,V/(Ni+V)0.46,V/Cr2,U/Th1,反映了含铀磷块岩形成时处于缺氧有热液流体参与作用的还原环境,矿床为同生沉积成岩型含铀磷块矿床。     

唐山滨海湿地表层沉积物类型及环境示踪

沉积物是环境生态系统中重金属污染程度的重要指示剂。其微观上可以为重金属在沉积物中的化学组成及其与环境的关系等方面的机理提供重要的证据;宏观上则是对环境质量现状、污染程度进行正确评价的前提。在前人研究的基础上,对渤海湾唐山滨海湿地表层沉积物基本理化性质及重金属含量、粒度参数的分析,运用Sr/Ba值和沉积物中Sr、Ga、V含量对陆相和海相沉积进行示踪;运用Cu/Zn值,来示踪当时氧化-还原情况;用Sr/Cu比值法,对当时的气候进行恢复。讨论了唐山滨海湿地表层沉积物的主要类型,该沉积相大多数为滨浅海沉积和三角洲沉积,主要为氧化状态,水动力条件处在中高能。     

陆相地层古盐度地球化学研究方法综述

古盐度是某个地质时代的一个水体含盐度。研究古盐度可以更好地了解当时沉积水体与成岩流体的性质,为环境分析、成矿流体分析提供基础。目前广泛应用的方法主要有,Couch法、B的质量分数、Na~+的含量等单元素地球化学方法;Sr/Ca、Sr/Ba、Th/U、B/Ga,Rb/K、(MgO/Al_2O_3)×100、Ca/Mg、ω(K+Na)、沉积磷酸盐法等双元素地球化学方法,B—Ga—Rb三角图法等多元素投图法,~(13)C、~(18)O,~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr,~(11)B/~(10)B等同位素地球化学方法。本文将结合地质实际,简述各方法的原理与其应用范围,旨在更好的应用于沉积地层划分与对比、沉积古地理重建、恢复沉积成岩环境以及沉积矿产的普查与勘探等地质工作。     

关于运用B含量和B/Ga比值划分海、陆相问题的探讨

为了探讨运用B含量和B/Ga比值划分海、陆相存在的问题,对青岛市灵山岛下白垩统莱阳群法家茔组和莱阳市胶莱盆地下白垩统莱阳群水南组的泥页岩进行了微量元素分析。结果表明:B含量和B/Ga比值可以作为古盐度的代理指标,但是内陆咸化湖泊沉积物的B含量和B/Ga比值可以与海相沉积物的相似,在运用这2个指标恢复沉积环境时,不能笼统地将其作为判别海、陆相的决定性证据,需要结合地质背景,并应注意古生物标志等方面的证据,否则会将内陆咸化湖泊环境归为海相沉积环境。该研究可为科学运用B含量和B/Ga比值来恢复沉积环境提供参考。     

微量元素在混源油类型划分及油源对比中的应用

采用微量元素分析三叠系百口泉组和二叠系原油及烃源岩抽提物样品,利用V、Ni、Co、Mo等微量元素含量及其比值将准噶尔盆地玛湖凹陷原油划分为三类单源油(A1、A2、B)和两类混源油(C1、C2),分析烃源岩抽提物微量元素分布特征,建立混源油微量元素识别图版。结果表明:原油中普遍富集V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Mo等过渡金属元素,稀土元素(REE)含量则普遍较低;V/Ni、Co/Ni、Cr/Mo(元素含量比值)等可以作为油源对比的有效指标,A1类原油来源于风城组碳酸盐岩源岩,A2类来源于风城组泥岩类,B类则主要来源于乌尔禾组源岩,C1类为A1及B类混源,C2类为A2及B类混源;该划分方法进一步证明微量元素可以作为复杂高熟条件下原油类型划分及油源对比的有效工具。     

宁夏大峰无烟煤中微量元素地球化学特征

以大峰无烟煤为研究对象,测定煤样的煤质特性、常量和微量元素含量以及矿物组成,利用相关性分析、聚类分析和因子分析相结合的方法分析讨论该采样区煤中微量元素含量水平和赋存特征。结果显示:该采区煤样常量和微量元素相比中国煤背景值整体水平较低;大部分微量元素主要以无机结合态的形式赋存,其中负载在硅铝酸盐矿物中的元素有Cr、Be、Ti、Co、Cu、V、Ga、Sb、Mo、Zn、Ba、Sr和Pb;负载在碳酸盐和磷酸盐矿物中的元素有Ba、Sr、Sb、Cd、Cu和Mn;负载在硫化铁矿物中的元素有Pb、Mn、Tl、Ni、Cr、Zn和Mo。常见的亲黄铁矿元素Cu和Sb,在该分析样品表现出不一样的矿物亲和性。研究结果为大峰无烟煤的洁净化利用提供理论依据。     

河北独石口沸石矿地质特征及找矿方向

独石口沸石矿位于沽源晚侏罗世火山—沉积盆地南缘,赋矿地层主要为张家口组上亚组凝灰岩。矿床沉积古环境为小型陆相淡水盆地,盆地发育受燕山期岩浆岩侵入影响,在一系列同沉积断裂构造控制下形成。含矿层形成至今,矿区始终处于相对下降趋势。矿石矿物组分单一,主要为斜发沸石,矿化均匀,品位稳定,沉积环境稳定持久,矿床类型为内陆淡水湖火山碎屑沉积型矿床。同时代火山—沉积盆地成矿潜力巨大。     

冀北中生代火山沉积盆地锂异常成因初探——以森吉图盆地为例

冀北地区中生代火山盆地中存在多处锂的超常富集,其中的森吉图盆地主要富锂层位为下白垩统九佛堂组,岩性为页岩、粉砂岩等富含黏土矿物的岩石组合,受沉积层位控制明显。通过REE、Sr、Ga、B、Cu/Zn、Ce_anom等微量元素参数进行物源及沉积环境判别认为,锂主要源自下伏地层下白垩统张家口组和大北沟组富锂的火山沉积岩,在白垩纪暖湿气候条件下,经风化淋滤和热液萃取后在还原闭塞的淡水湖相盆地中富集最终形成锂异常。研究成果对沉积型锂矿床的资源潜力预测有指导意义。     

A pristine environment and water quality in perspective: Maliau Basin, Borneo's mysterious world

The chemical characteristics of the surface water of Eucalyptus River, in Maliau Basin, were studied based on its major ion chemistry and its suitability for drinking, domestic use and irrigation. Water samples from the river were collected and analysed for pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), electrical conductivity (EC), total dissolved solids (TDS), turbidity, Cl, SO₄, Ca, Mg, Na and K. Besides major elements, Cu, Zn, Ni, Co, Fe, Mn, Cr, Bi, Cd, Ba, Pb, As, Al, V, Se, Ag, Sr and Li were also determined in this study. The results show that the river water of the area reflects natural factors and is regarded as fresh water and suitable for drinking and domestic use. The calculated values of sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), Mg hazard and salinity hazard indicate that the river water is of high quality and suitable for agricultural and irrigation purposes. This study contributes baseline data for a pristine, forested environment for future reference.     

Heavy-metal pollution of sediments from Szczecin Lagoon and the Gdansk Basin, Poland

Concentrations of Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Cu, Ni, Zn, Sr, Mo, Cd, Sb, Pb, Th, U, REE, Na, K, Mg, Ca, Si, P, S, Ti, Cr and Ba were determined in the <63 microm fraction of bottom sediments of the Szczecin Lagoon and the Gdansk Basin, Baltic Sea, by ICP-MS, ICP-AES and XRF methods. Sediment samples from the Szczecin Lagoon displayed somewhat higher concentrations of P, Mn, Cr, Cu and possibly Cd, Pb and Zn in those collected in October 1997 after the exceptional flooding of the Oder River than in those collected in December 2000. The data suggest that the flood resulted in the enhanced transport of redox-sensitive and anthropogenic elements in the Oder River and their subsequent redeposition mainly in the western part of Szczecin Lagoon. The sediments of the Szczecin Lagoon also appear to be the most polluted with heavy metals within the Polish Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) of the Baltic Sea. Cd, Pb, Zn and Cu are anthropogenically enriched in top layers of sediment cores from the Gdansk Basin, but the decrease of these elements with depth in the core is not systematic. The rare earth element (REE) patterns in sediments from both these areas do not appear to have been greatly modified during transport from their source into the southern Baltic. Factor analysis (FA) of the compositional data shows that sediments from Szczecin Lagoon can be divided into three main groups depending on their composition. It is concluded that clay minerals and organic matter build aggregates and flocs, which effectively concentrate trace metals and sink down to form a 'fluffy layer'.     

Metals contained and leached from rubber granulates used in synthetic turf areas

The aim of this study was to quantify metals contained in and leached from different types of rubber granulates used in synthetic turf areas. To investigate the total content of metals, ca 0.5 g of material was added with HNO₃, HF and HClO₄ and microwave digested with power increasing from 250 W to 600 W. Leachates were prepared by extraction of about 5.0 g of material at room temperature for 24 h in an acidic environment (pH 5). Leaching with deionized water was also performed for comparison. Aluminium, As, Ba, Be, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Hg, Fe, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Tl, V, W and Zn were quantified by high-resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (HR-ICP-MS) and ICP optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES).Results indicated that the developed method was accurate and precise for the multi-element characterization of rubber granulates and leachates. The total amount and the amount leached during the acidic test varied from metal to metal and from granulate to granulate. The highest median values were found for Zn (10,229 mg/kg), Al (755 mg/kg), Mg (456 mg/kg), Fe (305 mg/kg), followed by Pb, Ba, Co, Cu and Sr. The other elements were present at few units of mg/kg. The highest leaching was observed for Zn (2300 μg/l) and Mg (2500 μg/l), followed by Fe, Sr, Al, Mn and Ba. Little As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb and V leached, and Be, Hg, Se, Sn, Tl and W were below quantification limits. Data obtained were compared with the maximum tolerable amounts reported for similar materials, and only the concentration of Zn (total and leached) exceeded the expected values.     

Determination of mineral and trace elements in some medicinal herbs and their infusions consumed in Turkey

Fourteen mineral and trace elements (Al, Ba, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr and Zn) were determined in the herbs and their infusions consumed for medical purposes in Turkey such as chamomile (Matricaria chammomile L.), fennel (Foeniculum vulgare), linden (Tilia vulgaris), nettle (Urtica dioical), rosehip (Fr.Rosa caninae), sage (Salvia officinalis) and senna tea (Cassia anqustifolia). Microwave digestion procedure was applied under optimized conditions for dissolution of medicinal herbs. Element concentrations in the medicinal herbs and their infusions were determined by FAAS and ICP-AES. The accuracy and precision were verified against a GBW 07605 Poplar leaves and Tea certified reference material. The mineral and trace element content of medicinal herbs and their infusions showed a wide variability. However, distribution of the elements in the infusions is not high and it is nil especially for Cd, Co, Cr and Pb.     

浙江省燕山期花岗岩化学元素丰度及特征

本研究从浙江省87个燕山期花岗岩体中系统采集了189件样品,采用等离子体光谱法等11种分析方法,获得了Ag、As、Au、B、Ba、Be、Bi、Br、Cd、Cl、Co、Cr、Cs、Cu、F、Ga、Ge、Hf、Hg、I、In、Li、Mn、Mo、N、Nb、Ni、P、Pb、Rb、S、Sb、Sc、Se、Sn、Sr、Ta、Te、Th、Ti、Tl、U、V、W、Zn、Zr、La、Ce、Pr、Nd、Sm、Eu、Gd、Tb、Dy、Ho、Er、Tm、Yb、Lu、Y、SiO₂、Al₂O₃、TFe₂O₃、MgO、CaO、K₂O、Na₂O共68项主量、微量、稀土元素值以及TC、pH的实测数据,计算了扬子板块东缘与华南造山带燕山期花岗岩的化学元素丰度。岩石地球化学特征显示,这些花岗岩为高硅、富碱、弱过铝质的高钾钙碱性花岗岩,具有较强的Eu负异常,富集Rb、Th、U、K,亏损Sr、Ba、P、Ti、Nb、Ta等元素的特征,其普遍富铝和低MgO含量的岩石化学特征,指示它们的岩浆源区以壳源为主。     

Comparison of the element composition in several plant species and their substrate from a 1500000-km2 area in Northern Europe.

Leaves of 9 different plant species (terrestrial moss represented by: Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi; and 7 species of vascular plants: blueberry, Vaccinium myrtillus; cowberry, Vaccinium titis-idaea; crowberry, Empetrum nigrum; birch, Betula pubescens; willow, Salix spp.; pine, Pinus sylvestris and spruce, Picea abies) have been collected from up to 9 catchments (size 14-50 km2) spread over a 1500000 km2 area in Northern Europe. Soil samples were taken of the O-horizon and of the C-horizon at each plant sample site. All samples were analysed for 38 elements (Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Sc, Se, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, Y, Zn and Zr) by ICP-MS, ICP-AES or CV-AAS (for Hg-analysis) techniques. The concentrations of some elements vary significantly between different plants (e.g. Cd, V, Co, Pb, Ba and Y). Other elements show surprisingly similar levels in all plants (e.g. Rb, S, Cu, K, Ca, P and Mg). Each group of plants (moss, shrubs, deciduous and conifers) shows a common behaviour for some elements. Each plant accumulates or excludes some selected elements. Compared to the C-horizon, a number of elements (S, K, B, Ca, P and Mn) are clearly enriched in plants. Elements showing very low plant/C-horizon ratios (e.g. Zr, Th, U, Y, Fe, Li and Al) can be used as an indicator of minerogenic dust. The plant/O-horizon and O-horizon/C-horizon ratios show that some elements are accumulated in the O-horizon (e.g. Pb, Bi, As, Ag, Sb). Airborne organic material attached to the leaves can thus, result in high values of these elements without any pollution source.     

Concentrations and leachability of chemical elements in estuarine sulfur-rich sediments, W. Finland

Concentrations, distributions and mobility of chemical elements were investigated in reduced sulfur-rich estuarine sediments located in western Finland. The main objective was to determine the possible extent of metal leaching when dredged masses of these sulfur-rich sediments are dumped on the land and thus exposed to air. When dredged, the reduced sulfur in the sediments oxidises resulting in a lowering of pH, which in turn is expected to leach metals. The study area is an artificial lake claimed from the Botnian sea in 1962. In this lake, several mass-kills of fish have occurred, believed partly to be due to dredging. Two sediment samples (0-50 and 50-100 cm) were taken from 39 sampling points in the lake. These samples were leached in aqua regia (2:2:2 HNO3/HCl/H2O1) and analysed for Fe, Al, Mg, Ca, K, P, Na, Mn, Zn, Ba, V, Sr, Cr, Ni, Cu, Co, As, Pb, B, Mo and Cd with ICP-AES. Sulfur and organic carbon were analysed with Leco. In a controlled laboratory experiment, the sediments were allowed to oxidise for 1 year while moisturised with deionised water every month. The pH and conductivity were determined in the beginning of the experiment (reduced state) and in the end (oxidised state). In the supernatants in the oxidised states the amount of leached metals (Na, Al, Mn, Zn, Sr, Co, Ni, Cu, Cd, Cr, Pb, U, Li, Rb and As) were determined with ICP-MS. The sediments were found to contain low levels of toxic metals but, as expected, high concentrations of sulfur. In the experiment, pH was lowered (down to 3.0) and the conductivity increased in all samples due to oxidation and release of metal ions. The extent of leaching varied between 0.03% for As and 12.3% for Na. Critical pH values, at which high amounts of metals begin to leach, were obtained graphically. These values varied between 4.8 (Ni) and 3.3 (Cr). Not all elements were controlled by pH, e.g. Mn correlated well with its aqua regia leachable concentration. In a planned dredging operation in the area some 23,300 t (10,500 m3) (dry wt.) of sediments will be dredged. The amounts of metals likely to be leached, according to the results from this study, are as follows (kg): Al (1710), Mn (1230), Zn (59), Sr (39), Co (13), Ni (12), Cu (2) and less than 1 kg of Cd-Cr-As-Pb.     

Concentration and fate of trace metals in Mekong River delta

In the Mekong River delta and its associated coastal zone trace elements concentrations (Cd, Cu, Ni and Pb) were measured in the dissolved phase (DP) during dry (March 1997) and wet (October 1997) seasons. As, Co, Cr, Ni, Pb, and Al were also measured in suspended matter (SM) and total and organic carbon, trace elements (Cd, Cr, Cu, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) and macro elements in superficial sediments (S). Trace metal concentrations in DP and SM during the contrasting hydrological conditions were generally found within the range observed for uncontaminated environment. The average DP concentrations (nM) in the river for March and October are: Cd 0.03 and 0.09, Cu 15 and 14, Ni 7.8 and 8.4, Pb 0.51 and 0.50, respectively. In general there is no significant difference between the concentrations observed during dry and wet season. The evolution of the DP trace metal concentration in the surface water within the salinity gradient suggests no noticeable exchange between the particulate and dissolved phase. This result is in good agreement with those observed in most plume structures studied so far. The average concentrations in the SM (microg/g) (March, October) at the river end-member are: As (24; 11), Co (17; 9), Cr (49; 29), Ni (32; 18), Pb (42; 19) and Al (113,000; 67,000), respectively. All trace elements show higher concentrations in March than in October, with an average increase of two times. This is essentially related to grain size effect since smaller particles were supplied during dry season. These differences are not reflected in the mixing zone, which integrates the seasonal variations. The concentration of major elements (C total, C organic, Si, Al, Ca, K, Fe, Mg, Ti), trace elements (Pb, Zn, Cu, Ni, Mn, Cr, Cd, Hg) in superficial sediments, show similar values during the two seasons and does not show any important variation with depth, indicating either a very fast sedimentation rate and/or the absence of any significant contamination.