软弱围岩大断面隧道大拱脚台阶法施工技术

针对大断面浅埋隧道穿越围岩破碎、节理发育、围岩完整性差的复杂地质,简述了V级围岩大拱脚台阶法施工工艺、施工质量控制要求,总结了大拱脚台阶法在软弱围岩地质隧道中取得的成功经验和良好的实践效果,以期指导工程实践。     

岩石地基上扩展基础破坏模式

研究了岩石地基上扩展基础的破坏模式和承载性能，现场试验和数值模拟分析表明，岩石地基上扩展基础破坏模式为明显的受弯破坏，基底反力分布非线性特征较强，基底反力分布呈现中间大、两边小、边缘又有点增大的趋势。     

Failure surface for shallow foundations in sand using a classical bearing capacity

Much effort has been made to elucidate the ultimate capacity of shallow foundations under the general cases of vertical (V), lateral (H), and moment (M) loads in soils. The nature of the dependency of the ultimate capacity of shallow foundations on the combination of V, H, and M loads, the ratio of embedment to diameter, and soil properties has has not yet been analytically revealed. In this paper, an analytical investigation into failure effect of V, H, and M loads applied to shallow foundations in nonhomogeneous sand is made using a classical bearing capacity theory. Of the bearing capacity equations proposed thus far, the most appropriate bearing capacity equation which can predict experimental results of shallow foundations in sand is presented. A no-tension interface between a foundation base and a soil and an effective diameter of the foundation are used to analyze the base failure produced by the vertical stress of the soil below the foundation base when vertical and moment loads are applied. For shallow foundations with various embedment ratios in sand under the two different loading ways, the displacement-load curves and failure envelopes in the H-M, H-V, and M?V planes and in the H-M?V space are presented. For failure envelopes in the H-M plane under a constant vertical load for shallow foundations in sand, the results obtained from experiments are well predicted by the present method.     

Numerical simulation and sensitivity analyses of full-scale test embankment with reinforced lightweight geomaterials on soft Bangkok clay

A full-scale test embankment was constructed on soft Bangkok clay using rubber tire chip–sand mixture as a lightweight geomaterial reinforced with geogrid under working stress conditions. The facing of the embankment was made of segmental concrete blocks with rock filled gabion boxes as the facing to the sloping sides. This paper attempts to simulate the behavior of the full-scale test embankment using PLAXIS finite element 2D program by means of undrained analysis in the construction stage and thereafter consolidation analysis was performed during the service stage. The settlement predictions of the soft clay foundation mostly depended on the assumed thickness of the weathered crust and the OCR values of the soft clay layer. The predicted excess pore water pressures were sensitive to the OCR values of the soft clay layer. The lateral wall movements were overpredicted by the analysis due to the partially drained consolidation process at the early stage of the construction. The FEM computed geogrid movements were smaller than the observed field data due to the use of lightweight tire chips-sand backfill. The maximum tension line agreed reasonably well with the coherent gravity bilinear failure plane. The sensitivity analyses of settlements, excess pore water pressures, lateral wall movements, geogrid movements and tensions in geogrid were performed by varying the weathered crust thickness, the OCR values of soft clay, the permeability values of the soft clay and the interface coefficient of the geogrid. The settlements and the excess pore water pressures changed significantly when the OCR and the permeability values of soft clay were varied. The interface coefficient of the geogrid reinforcements affected the lateral wall movements, geogrid movements and tensions in the geogrids. The higher interface coefficient yielded less wall/geogrid movement and resulted in higher tensions in geogrids as expected. The results of analyses show that the FEM analysis using 2D plane strain conditions provided satisfactory predictions for the field performance.     

Case history on failure of geosynthetics-reinforced soil bridge approach retaining walls

Six geosynthetic-reinforced soil (GRS) retaining walls supporting bridge approach roads of an overpass bridge in China exhibited a series of structural problems after 18 years of service. Field investigations demonstrated that the major structural problems consist of excessive lateral facing displacement, settlement and damage of facing panels, and pavement cracks above the GRS retaining walls. The structural problems were mainly caused by inadequate backfill compaction behind the facing, rain water infiltration, the settlement of foundation soil, and reinforcement ageing. Among the six GRS walls, a 22-m-long section collapsed after mild rain in July 2016, and the failure surface in the collapsed zone was mainly located 0.5–0.9 m away from the back of facing panels along the wall height. The field investigation found that external water filtration into the backfill behind the facing panels, and the breakage of connection between reinforcement and facing panels were the main causes of the failure. The connection breakage resulted from the ageing of PP reinforcement strips, and the critical issue of PP reinforcement ageing in complex backfill environment was pinpointed. Remedial measures of the failed section and reinforcing techniques of the remaining GRS walls were briefly presented in the end.     

深埋长大泰宁隧道现场监控量测及分析

结合泰宁隧道的工程实践,通过拱顶沉降、围岩收敛、围岩压力和钢拱架内力的现场监控量测工作,研究复杂地质条件下上下台阶法施工时围岩的稳定性。研究的方法、分析过程和结论可为类似条件下隧道工程的设计、施工、监测和进一步的理论研究提供参考和借鉴。     

软硬互层岩体力学及变形特性的离散元模拟

采用离散元软件PFC2D模拟软硬互层岩体渐进破裂过程,研究倾角、软硬层厚比和围压对其力学特性及变形特性的影响。研究结果表明:(1)软硬互层岩体抗压强度、黏聚力、内摩擦角和弹性模量随岩层倾角的增加先减小后增大,随围压的增加逐渐增大,随软层厚度的增加逐渐减小;(2)软硬互层岩体强度与其单结构面理论强度分布规律大致相同,但实际强度没有保持不变的倾角范围,且在最不利破坏倾角α=π/4+φ_j/2附近的变化幅度也没有单结构面理论强度明显;(3)硬层中生成贯穿层理面裂隙所需应变随软层厚度增大,增大岩体裂隙数量发展速度随岩体倾角的增加先增加后减小,在45°或60°时达到峰值,围压增大,岩体裂隙发展越充分;(4)软硬互层岩体在岩层倾角0°时为贯穿层理面的张剪破坏,在30°~60°时为沿层理面的剪切滑移破坏,90°时为沿层理面和局部贯穿层理面的复合张剪破坏;(5)围压的增大会诱发岩体发生剪切破坏,而软层厚度的增加可增强岩体破坏时的完整性。     

Stability of concrete retaining structures and their interface with rock foundations

Three failure mechanisms of concrete retaining structures situated on rock foundations: sliding, overturning and limit turning, are discussed. Investigations have shown that sliding is possible only in specific cases when weakened subhorizontal surfaces with low shear parameters are present near the interface between the structure and foundation. If these conditions are not present, then failure due to sliding does not occur. The classical overturning mode, which involves turning of the structure relative to the downstream toe, is not possible, as it requires unrealistic conditions of infinitely strong rock or concrete. The limit turning mode, which seems to be the most likely of the three, involves partial turning of the structure and is accompanied by downstream crushing and upstream rupture of the foundation. Finally, a practical method to analyze a structure's resistance to limit turning is presented, and preparation of the interface between a concrete retaining structure and its rock foundations, taking into account the specific characteristics of limit turning failure is discussed.     

陡倾角沉积岩地层中大型地下厂房开挖围岩 变形失稳特征和反馈分析

 介绍彭水水电站地下主厂房洞室施工过程中高边墙围岩的变形破坏特征、相应的加固处理措施以及围岩监测成果等;在此基础上,开展主厂房围岩施工期的动态反馈分析。研究结果表明：对于陡倾角层状岩体中开挖的大型地下洞室群,围岩中分布的软弱结构面和岩层层面对上、下游边墙的变形与稳定起着控制性作用,陡倾角、顺向岩层组合的高边墙其变形失稳模式以典型的滑移破坏为主;而陡倾角、逆向岩层组合的高边墙则以沿层面的张裂、折断、倾倒变形后的坍塌破坏为主。通过开展施工期围岩监测反馈分析,为彭水水电站地下厂房的动态设计和信息化施工提供了重要依据。     

Stability analysis of stratified rock slopes with spatially variable strength parameters: the case of Qianjiangping landslide

Jurassic strata prone to slope failure are widely distributed in the Three Gorges Reservoir region. The limit equilibrium method is generally used to analyze the stability of rock slopes that have a single failure plane. However, the stability of a stratified rock mass cannot be accurately estimated by this method because different bedding planes have variable shear strength parameters. A modified limit equilibrium method is presented with variable water pressure and shear strength used to estimate the stability coefficient of a sloping mass of stratified rock and to identify the potential sliding surface. Furthermore, an S-curve model is used to define the spatial variations of the shear strength parameters c and ? of the bedding plane and the tensile strength of the rock mass. This model can also describe the variation of strength parameters with distance from the slope surface, which depends on the reservoir water level. Also, it is used to evaluate the stability of the Qianjiangping landslide, located at Shazhenxi Town, Zigui County, Three Gorges Reservoir area, China. The results show the most probable sliding surface is the interface between a slightly weathered layer and subjacent bedrock. When reservoir water rises above the elevation of the slide mass toe, the stability coefficient of the slope declines sharply. When the reservoir water level is static at 135 m, the stability coefficient decreases gradually as the phreatic line changes as a result of heavy rainfall.     

三峡库区奉节县新城区T2b3泥质灰岩斜坡变形破坏模式的现象学研究

三峡库区奉节县新城区边坡,由于其变形破坏的成因机制和破坏堆积体的特殊性质,成为三峡库区地质灾害防治和边坡防护工程的重中之重,其主要地层“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩也成为学术界和工程界多年来争论的焦点问题之一。通过现象学的研究方法,对泥质灰岩边坡变形破坏成因机制得到如下认识:(1)“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩岩性脆且易碎,“渗入性”风化导致了大范围岩体强度降低并形成“酥松”结构;(2)边坡岩层通过切层压裂和沿陡倾和中倾节理的重力滑移剪切破坏,形成岩层的结构松动和逐级错动的重力弯曲现象,使边坡岩体的结构强度显著降低;(3)“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩边坡破坏所形成的堆积物成分均一、完全无规则排列、无滑坡滑动面(带),不是滑坡和崩塌堆积物,而是边坡一定范围结构崩溃解体的产物;(4)“巴东组”第3段泥质灰岩边坡的变形破坏过程是由于风化引起岩石力学性质弱化和重力变形导致岩体结构松动,直至整体结构崩溃的复合过程。     

节理面对千枚岩物理力学性状的影响

节理面对岩体物理力学性状具有显著影响。以千枚岩为例,开展常规三轴压缩试验,讨论节理面与最大主应力夹角、围压对岩石破坏模式的影响。结果表明:1)节理面与最大主应力夹角在5°~45°,破坏模式有张拉-剪切复合型破坏、横交节理面剪切与沿节理面滑动的复合型破坏以及沿节理面间的剪切滑动破坏三种;2)随节理面与最大主应力夹角增大,峰值强度逐渐降低,破坏模式发生由复合型向单一型的转变;3)千枚岩变形、强度参数具有明显"夹角效应",节理面与最大主应力夹角对弹性模量和黏聚力影响较为显著;4)围压增大会降低岩石节理面的力学效应。     

Partially saturated flow from sand into a discrete smooth open vertical fracture at the soil–rock interface: experimental studies

The two proposed conceptual models explaining partially saturated flow from soil into fractured rock in the intermediate fractured vadose zone have not been confirmed due to the difficulty involved in observing the soil–rock interface in situ. To address that challenge, this paper presents a series of newly developed physical experiments using a geotechnical centrifuge model of sand overlying a single dry clean smooth vertical fracture. The model shows the development of a perched water system and a saturated wetting front that progresses transversely along the interface, while breaching through the interface occurs via multiple point sources. The dominant flow mechanisms within the fracture comprise droplets, discontinuous rivulets with droplet formation, and continuous rivulets. A maximum drainage area of 30% of the width of the fracture contributes to the flow in the model, and this drainage area decreases with depth due to the merging of oscillating rivulets in the upper regions of the fracture. The presence of evidence supporting both conceptual models shows that a combined conceptual model is required to accurately explain partially saturated flow at the soil–rock interface.

     

Dynamic compression characteristics of layered rock mass of significant strength changes in adjacent layers

Layered rock mass of significant strength changes for adjacent layers is frequently observed in underground excavation,and dynamic loading is a prevalent scenario generated during excavation.In order to improve the driving efficiency and reduce engineering accidents,dynamic compression characteristics of this kind of rock mass should be understood.The dynamic properties of a layered composite rock mass are investigated through a series of rock tests and numerical simulations.The rock mass is artificially made of various proportions of sand,cement and water to control the distinct strength variations at various composite layers separated by parallel bedding planes.All rock specimens are prefabricated in a specially designed mould and then cut into 50 mm in diameter and 50 mm in height for split Hopkinson pressure bar(SHPB)dynamic compression testing.The test results reveal that increasing strain rate causes the increases of peak strength,σ_p,and the corresponding failure strain,ε_p,while the dynamic elastic modulus,E_d,remains almost unchanged.Interestingly,under the same strain rates,Ed of the composite rock specimen is found to decline first and then increase as the dip angle of bedding plane increases.The obtained rock failure patterns due to various dip angles lead to failure modes that could be classified into four categories from our dynamic tests.Also,a series of counterpart numerical simulations has been undertaken,showing that dynamic responses are in good agreement with those obtained from the SHPB tests.The numerical analysis enables us to Iook into the dynamic characteristics of the composite rock mass subjected to a broader range of strain rates and dip angles than these being tested.     

Consideration of soil-failure zones beneath foundation edges in analyzing a “bed-foundation-structure” system

An engineering method is developed for determination of the depth of failure zones beneath the edges of a foundation on the basis of the soil-strength parameters c and φ in analyzing a “bed-foundation-structure” system (BFSS). The formation of these zones must be considered in order to obtain reliable values of internal forces within the foundation, and its tilts. It is recommended to conduct additional research to determine c and φ at a depth to 1/4 the width of the foundation along its periphery. Translated from Osnovaniya, Fundamenty i Mekhanika Gruntov, No. 1, pp. 5–10, January–February, 2009.     

Behaviour of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall with concrete-rigid facing

Monitoring was carried out during construction of a cast-in-situ concrete-rigid facing geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall in the Gan (Zhou)-Long (Yan) railway main line of China. The monitoring included the vertical foundation pressure and lateral earth pressure of the reinforced soil wall facing, the tensile strain in the reinforcement and the horizontal deformation of the facing. The vertical foundation pressure of reinforced soil retaining wall is non-linear along the reinforcement length, and the maximum value is at the middle of the reinforcement length, moreover the value reduces gradually at top and bottom. The measured lateral earth pressure within the reinforced soil wall is non-linear along the height and the value is less than the active lateral earth pressure. The distribution of tensile strain in the geogrid reinforcements within the upper portion of the wall is single-peak value, but the distribution of tensile strain in the reinforcements within the lower portion of the wall has double-peak values. The potential failure plane within the upper portion of the wall is similar to “0.3H method”, whereas the potential failure plane within portion of the lower wall is closer to the active Rankine earth pressure theory. The position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face during construction is within portion of the lower wall, moreover the position of the maximum lateral displacement of the wall face post-construction is within the portion of the top wall. These monitoring results of the behaviour of the wall can be used as a reference for future study and design of geogrid reinforced soil retaining wall systems.     

An example of estimating rock mass deformation around an underground opening using numerical modeling

In rock engineering, rock strength is regarded as an important rock mass parameter and it is widely estimated using the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) test. A UCS test in laboratory requires sampling and preparation of core samples, which necessitates time consuming and expensive studies. Furthermore, preparation of cores is almost impossible for a weak rock material taken from foliated, laminated or thinly bedded rock masses of low Rock Quality Designation (RQD) values (0–20%). In this case, determination of UCS by laboratory test may be impossible in compliance with ISRM or ASTM standards. To overcome this difficulty, indirect tests, such as Point Load Index (PLI), Schmidt Hammer (SH) Rebound Number tests are often employed to predict the UCS. However, indirect tests are likely to yield UCS values with large standard deviations depending on the geological origin of the rock mass.The Block Punch Index (BPI) has recently been developed to overcome the drawbacks of UCS and indirect tests and to minimize the errors arisen from the structural deficiencies and large standard deviations. In this study, determination of rock mass behavior in laminated–foliated Bornova Melange (yellowish-brown flysch and grayish-black flysch) and well-jointed Yamanlar Volcanics–Altindag Formation, where the second phase of the Izmir Metro tunnels was excavated is aimed. The BPI ratings were directly used in RMR calculations and indirectly used to estimate the UCS values of rock materials. Then, the obtained results were input into numerical models along with the rock mass strength (UCS_RM) and deformation modulus of rock mass (E_RM). The results obtained from the numerical models agreed with that obtained results from inner tunnel convergence and ground settlement measurements.     

Ultimate bearing capacity of an anisotropic discontinuous rock massPart II: Determination procedure

The existence of a transverse strength isotropy concerning the strength in rock media due to the presence of a family of planes of weakness superimposed within an isotropic rock mass is considered. Six different mechanisms of failure are possible under a foundation depending on the boundary conditions and the orientation of the transverse isotropy. The theoretical bases for the determination of the ultimate load of a strip foundation on a rock mass are obtained, respectively, for the six different mechanisms. The following assumptions are adopted: (a) a non-linear behaviour through the rock mass, defined by the Hoek and Brown model (parameters m, s and the unconfined compressive strength, respectively) and (b) a linear strength behaviour along the planes of weakness, defined by their cohesion and angle of internal friction.     

逆层岩质边坡地震动力破坏离心机试验研究

使用相似材料分别制作了只含有非连续的层面和同时含有非连续的层面和非贯通的次级节理逆层岩体边坡小比例物理模型,进行离心机动力试验,研究边坡的动力响应和破坏机理以及非连续层面和次级节理对其的影响。试验结果证明：逆层岩体边坡地形放大效应受地震动力输入频率和振幅影响显著;次级节理对逆层边坡动力稳定性影响很大,含有次级节理的逆层岩体边坡动力稳定性明显低于不含次级节理的逆层岩体边坡;两种逆层边坡的破坏模式存在很大的区别,不含次级节理的边坡破坏从坡脚开始依次向后产生岩层的弯折破坏,而含有次级节理的边坡破坏从坡体中后部开始依次向坡脚岩层产生贯通破坏,贯通破坏面倾角明显高于不含次级节理边坡,并且呈明显的台阶状。     

岩溶区含溶洞岩石地基稳定性分析

地质构造、结构面、岩层性质、溶洞洞体形态、地下水等,是定性评价溶洞地基稳定性的重要因素。利用弹性理论,推导了岩石地基中溶洞周围的应力状态,利用格里菲斯强度理论,对含溶洞岩石地基的稳定性进行了定量计算判别。并且发现基础底面尺寸、溶洞顶板厚度、溶洞跨度(直径)及溶洞的断面形状对地基稳定性的影响很大,而地下水产生的"真空吸蚀作用"对地基稳定性的影响很小,洞内充填物对地基稳定的作用不明显。