谈偷拍证据的证据效力

非法证据一般被称为"毒树之果",我们都秉承着"毒树之果"不能用以充饥的理念,将非法证据排除在证据之列。而在司法实践中,以偷拍的手段去取证的案件比比皆是,而且此法也是在民事诉讼中常用的取证手段。然而,"偷"拍回来的证据,是否因"偷"而染上了"毒"却仍有争。因此,本文以一个虚构的案例作为切入点,对偷拍证据的证据效力进行探讨。     

证据推理解读及教学思考——以化学学科为例

证据是人们从未知达到已知的认识过程中用来推定未知事项的既知材料,一般来说,可分为直接证据和间接证据两大类。证据推理包含两个方面的含义:一是根据证据经过推理得出科学的结论;二是利用证据证实或证伪推理。在实际教学中,可寓证据推理于日常教学,塑造新型课堂文化;将证实与证伪相结合,培养尊重事实、敢于质疑的科学精神;将间接证据与直接证据相印证,训练科学研究能力;将推理方法与实验方法相结合,培养严谨的科学态度;将证据推理与模型认知相结合,提高思维概括能力。     

当代信念伦理学的“第四条道路”——论皮尔士的信念规范理论

皮尔士认为信念的对象是命题,信念表现了当事人进行特定行动的倾向。人们为了消除怀疑,意图通过探究来确定信念。一个信念是应当持有的,当且仅当它能够免除怀疑。通过与固执方法、权威方法和先天方法的比较,皮尔士认为科学方法是唯一正确的方法,进而持有信念规范主张:一个信念是应当持有的,当且仅当它是通过科学方法得到的。当代信念伦理学的证据主义、实用主义和兼容主义都面临着理论困境,而皮尔士的外在主义走出了"第四条道路"。出于科学方法的实在性、普遍性与可操作性,皮尔士的主张能够解答普遍性问题。     

我国民事诉讼证据失权制度探析

我国民事诉讼证据失权制度发展至今,经历了由证据随时提出主义到证据适时提出主义,再由法定证据失权模式到酌定证据失权模式的转变。在这个过程中,立法者不断探索和研究,试图建立一个在我国司法环境下能够良性运行的证据失权制度。2012年《中华人民共和国民事诉讼法》对证据失权制度的修改体现了立法者旨在缓和实体公正与程序公正、诉讼公正与诉讼效率之间矛盾冲突的价值考量。但是,立法规定不完善、配套制度不健全、法官释明权的行使缺乏实际指导性等问题使得现行证据失权制度在司法实践中的运行效果不佳。须通过完善立法规定、健全配套制度、强化法官释明义务解决制度运行存在的问题,以期证据失权制度能够在我国真正发挥其功效。     

论我国民事诉讼中电子数据证据的应用

目前,信息技术在不断的发展中,我们的生活也离不开信息技术。在这个时候,电子产品已经成为我们生活中将要接触的工具,为我们的生活带来了极大的便利。电子产品不仅方便了我们的生活,其在各个领域产生的影响也是不可忽视的。近年来,电子证据在民事诉讼中的应用越来越广泛,也带来了一定的麻烦。因为我国民事诉讼中没有对电子证据明确规定,所以这时电子证据的应用就存在着一定的争议。本文主要对民事诉讼法中电子证据的应用进行了探究,并且提出了自己的观点,仅供读者参考。     

试探究刑事诉讼中影响证据证明力大小的因素

在司法实践中,为了证明案件是真实存在的,提高证据证明力是最重要的一个环节之一,这也在刑事诉讼中也具有很重要的地位。从法官的角度出发,其参与一个刑事案件,会从控辩双方处获得不同的证据,因此法官在判决时,则需要依据不同证据的证明力和证明标准作为主要依据。从近几年来看,我国的刑事诉讼程序逐渐变得更加完善,而本文则主要通过对不同证据的性质和证明力来源的分析,探索在刑事诉讼中影响证据证明力度大小的因素。     

当代唯物论的自然主义锚定——评徐英瑾新著《唯物论者何以言规范》

当代唯物论之复兴与自然主义或自然化的哲学密切相关,通过对非还原式物理主义在科学和哲学上的发生及其旨趣的追溯,不难看到作者将唯名论与现代科学相结合以及将非还原式物理主义作为唯物论的升级版等基本立场。但由此也带来了一些需要澄清的问题,如为何选择非还原式物理主义的理由以及在形而上学层面这种立场所强调的是先验性还是后验性等。同时,以"蕴相殊"理论为马克思主义奠定形而上学基础、将规范性建立在随附式物理主义之上等论述也可能会面对一些理论困难,诸如哲学概念与科学事实之间的落差、二个层级以上的随附性关系框架中不同层级之间的随附关系的权重问题等。最后,在信息技术哲学的构建中,倡导节俭理性而拒斥大一统的哲学理论颇富洞见,但问题是,其所倡导的小数据和数据儒家何以应对由知识权力结构与资本控制导致的数据贪婪。     

关于证据法学理论基础的思考

在十九世纪,英国司法部门在其法学体系中构建起了证据法学这一部门法学。相比其他部门法学来说,其研究对象、研究范围都具有一定的特殊性,其主要研究相关法律规范以及诉讼证据的运用方法。具体来说,该理论阐述了刑事、民事、行政等诉讼中证据的运用经验,并且也对各种证据的理论和制度进行了阐述,尤其是对于法律规范中关于证据的相关规定进行了介绍。在证据法学理论基础研究的过程中,我们需要结合国内外的思想理论,结合我国历史情况以及发展现状予以综合的分析,才能真正促进证据法学理论的发展。     

论电子证据特征

当今的电子证据与传统证据相比不再边缘化,而且电子证据正悄声无息的推动着司法证明制度的变革,正走在打击网络犯罪的前线,成为一件必不可少的尖端武器。证据时代正在经历着变迁,也许我们正在走向一个新的司法证明时代——电子证据时代。时代对电子证据提出了新的要求,法律制度也要进行积极的回应。因而,为了切实抑制计算机网络犯罪的多发态势,加强对电子证据的独特特征的理论研究对于电子证据的实际应用是具有积极意义的。     

数字证据法律地位的探讨

在当今以计算机信息技术和网络技术为核心的信息时代,计算机存储设备所储存的数据信息已逐渐成为诉讼证据的一个重要来源,数字证据成为我们不得不面对的法律问题。     

理性的城市设计新策略

本文以英国的两个城市设计项目为例——新城区的大规模开发设计和旧城更新的总体规划，阐释空间句法理论在城市设计中的实践空间句法基于对空间结构与社会活动本质联系的理解，对原设计方案进行理性的分析，最终提出截然不同的空间结构排布。本文通过对案例设计背景、方案评价及修改过程的描述，力图为中国大规模的城市设计提供运作机制上的借鉴。     

重新认识证据和不完全决定性

在证据关系的问题上,持非充分决定性观点者认为,数据不能完全决定假说评价。一部分哲学家认为,非充分决定性可以表达为多重经验等价的不相容理论的可能性问题,而反对者则将问题转换为诸如未被考虑的替代物观点等,但他们都将问题看作是多重理论的有效性。这种解释可被称为对非充分决定性问题的整体论解释,但是这种解释不能完全解决这个问题,而通过对科学知识的社会解释则能提供对非充分决定性问题的一些解决方案。科学哲学家的任务就是去理解,科学共同体如何运作从而最小化由非充分决定性带来的对可靠性威胁,以及能以清楚表达规范的方式发展我们的科学认识论,这些规范可应用于该共同体实践。即使面对新形式的非充分决定性,知识的社会解释也有资源来完成这两项任务。     

Evidence of Central City Revival

There has been much discussion concerning the likelihood of middle- and upper-income groups choosing to locate near the centers of United States cities. One may find case studies documenting the rejuvenation of central city neighborhoods with a discussion of the factors that tended to bring this rejuvenation about. However, there has been little attempt to integrate this rejuvenation with traditional urban theory. In addition, there has been almost no research that looks at more than a few cities and uses comparable measures that tries to formulate and evaluate a theory of central city residential revival. This article is a step in that direction. It summarizes the author's research in center city revival. Twenty of the largest United States cities were studied to see if there was any positive change in the number of census tracts with middle- and upper-income families living within two miles of the CBD during the 1960s. It was found that a number of the cities did show an increase in the number of such tracts. An analysis of the causal factors follows. Upon completion of this analysis, it was concluded that the centers of the nation's largest cities are not destined for decay but in fact hold potential as the sites of middle- and upper-income neighborhoods.     

数学中的证据:哥德尔与胡塞尔

哥德尔的数学哲学从胡塞尔现象学中汲取了重要的洞见。胡塞尔的本质直观方法直接激发了哥德尔对非物质对象的思考。哥德尔将非物质对象把握为经验所与中的结构性因素,但与感性直观类似,这些因素也是被直接给予的,并且是数学证据的来源。哥德尔与胡塞尔都坚持数学证据的可错性,并提出数学中所应有的假设性维度。最后,反思均衡是哥德尔与胡塞尔数学证成观的共同点。     

Evidence for flame extinguishment by thermal mechanisms

This paper presents an analysis of experimental flame and detonation extinguishment data published by a number of authors, including those in a companion paper. The maximum effectiveness observed for each of five common dry chemicals at small particle diameters is shown to be related to heat extraction from the flame by active endothermic sinks—heat capacity, fusion, vaporization, and decomposition. Larger particles are more stable in the flame and the reduced level of effectiveness observed is due principally to the only active sink—heat capacity.Evidence is presented to support two propositions: first, that the strong chemical inhibiting effects exhibited by many substances in flame velocity studies are effectively confined to low-concentration regimes; and second, that regardless of chemical effects, diffusion flames of the type studied are largely extinguished by thermal or heat extraction mechanisms at extinguishant concentrations that are quantitatively predicted by a simple heat balance and a predictable limit temperature.     

Rent Control and Hornelessness The Statistical Evidence

Abstract

American Domestic Priorities: An Economic Appraisal: John M. Quigley and Daniel L. Rubinfeld, editors. University of California Press, Berkeley, 1985. 398 pp. $32.50 (cloth), $9.95 (paperback).

Urban Transit: The Private Challenge to Public Transportation: Charles A. Lave, editor. Pacific Studies in Public Policy. Pacific Institute for Public Policy Research, San Francisco, 1985. 372 pp. $30.00.

The Welfare State and Its Aftermath: S. N. Eisenstadt and Ora Ahirneir. Barnes and Noble, Totowa, N.J., 1985. 340 pp. $27.50.

The Social Production of Urban Space: M. Gottdiener. University of Texas Press, Austin, 1985. 318 pp. $27.50

Basic Methods of Policy Analysis and Planning: Carl V. Patton and David S. Sawicki. Prentice-Hall, Engle-wood Cliffs, N.J., 1986. 450 pp. $20.95 (paperback). Instructor's manual 125 pp.

Planning Games: Case Study Simulations in land Management and Development: Martin Wynn, editor. Methuen, New York, 1985. 239 pp. $35.00.

Basic Dilemmas in the Social Sciences: Hubert M. Blalock, Jr. Sage Publications, Beverly Hills, Calif., 1984. 184 pp. $17.95.

Housing and Neighborhood Dynamics: A Simulation Study: John F. Kain and William C. Apgar, Jr. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass., and London, 1985. 272 pp. $27.50.

Water Management: Technology and Institutions: Warren Viessrnan, Jr., and Claire Welty. Harper and Row, New York, 1985. 616 pp. $38.75.

Silicon landscapes: Peter Hall and Ann Markusen, editors. Allen &; Unwin, Boston, 1985. 160 pp. $25.00 (cloth), $9.95 (paperback).

The Aging Network: Programs and Services: Donald E. Gelfand. 2nd edition. Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1984. 305 pp. $19.95 (paperback).: The Elderly in Rural Society: Every Fourth Elder: Raymond T. Coward and Gary R. Lee, editors. Springer Publishing Co., New York, 1985. 263 pp. $24.95.: The Aging: A Guide to Public Policy: Bennett M. Rich and Martha Baum. University of Pittsburgh Press, Pittsburgh, Pa., 1984. 275 pp. $24.95 (cloth), $8.95 (paperback).

The Rise and Fall of New York City: Roger Starr. Basic Books, New York, 1985. 246 pp. $17.95.: Setting Municipal Priorities, 1986: Charles Brecher and Raymond D. Horton, editors. New York University Press, New York and London, 1985. 464 pp. $50.00 (cloth), $20.00 (paperback).: Political Crisis/Fiscal Crisis: The Collapse and Revival of New York City: Martin Shefter. Basic Books, New York, 1985. 235 pp. $21.95.

Shaky Palaces: Homeownership and Social Mobility in Boston's Suburbanization: Matthew Edel, Elliott D. Sclar, and Daniel Luria. Columbia University Press, New York, 1984. 459 pp. $40.00 (cloth), $18.00 (paperback).

The Urban Millennium: The City-Building Process from the Early Middle Ages to the Present: Josef W. Konvitz. Southern Illinois University Press, Car-bondale, Ill., 1985. 290 pp. $24.95.

Encyclopedia of Community Development and Environmental Management: Marilyn Spiegel Schultz and Vivien Loeb Kasen. Facts on File, New York, 1984. 475 pp. $45.00.

Towards a Subjective Approach to Policy Planning and Evaluation: Common-Sense Structured: Hok Lin Leung. Ronald P. Frye &; Co., Winnipeg, Canada, 1985. 129 pp. $14.95 Canadian.

Protecting Farmlands: Frederick R. Steiner and John E. Theilacker, editors. AVI Publishing, Westport, Conn., 1984. 312 pp. $32.50.

Regions in Question: Space, Development Theory and Regional Policy: Charles Gore. Methuen, London and New York, 1984. 290 pp. $29.95 (cloth), $13.95 (paperback).: Uneven Development: Nature, Capital and the Production of Space: Neil Smith. Basil Blackwell, New York, 1984. 198 pp. $34.95 (cloth), $11.95 (paperback).

This Land Is Your Land: The Struggle to Save America's Public Lands: Bernard Shanks. Sierra Club Books, San Francisco, 1984. 320 pp. $19.95.     

Planning for Small-scale Retailing: Evidence from Scotland

This article aims to discuss whether there is a need to have a fully integrated national spatial planning framework for the UK to: (1) improve the co-ordination of different policy frameworks; (2) provide completed national spatial coverage and consistent monitoring frameworks; (3) develop a national spatial vision of development; and (4) provide more effective national solutions to the pervasive force of changing spatial structure. A test case of housing and employment is used to explore inter-sectoral issues and the spatial impacts brought by their close interactions. Finally, a future policy and research agenda is outlined to shape the continuous debate and development of a UK Spatial Planning Framework.