再生水紫外-氯组合消毒与单一氯消毒比较分析

利用准平行光束仪对再生水进行了紫外灭活大肠杆茵试验,并考察了紫外-氯组合消毒与单一氯消毒的消毒效果.结果表明,与单一氯消毒相比,紫外-氯组合消毒可有效降低氯的投加量.在组合消毒试验条件下,大肠杆菌完全灭活,紫外剂量从3mJ/cm2提高到5mJ/cm2,加氯量可降低1mg/L;灭活率相同条件下,紫外剂量与加氯量的关系符合...     

紫外线对自来水中微生物的灭活作用

选取大肠杆菌和枯草芽孢杆菌分别代表自来水中易被灭活和不易被灭活的微生物,研究了紫外线的灭菌效果。结果表明:紫外消毒对大肠杆菌具有良好的灭活作用,当紫外剂量为10 mJ/cm2时,可以达到4.66个对数级的灭活效果;在相同的紫外剂量下,紫外强度对灭活效果也有一定的影响,在紫外强度较高时会取得较好的灭活效果;原水浊度对紫外灭活大肠杆菌有一定的影响,当浊度>4 NTU时会明显降低紫外线的灭菌效果,浊度物质的存在降低了水的透光率,从而使灭活效果降低。氯对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活效果很差,在CT值为300(mg/L).m in时的灭活率也仅为0.53个对数级,紫外线对枯草芽孢杆菌灭活效果要明显高于氯,紫外剂量为40 mJ/cm2时对枯草芽孢杆菌的灭活率可达3.3个对数级。     

紫外线及联合工艺对水中微生物的灭活效果

通过使用微生物对数灭活率(MIC)和灭活率常数(k)两项指标,考察了紫外线消毒对不同种类微生物的灭活效果,建立了微生物对数灭活率达到1 lg～ 4lg时所需紫外剂量表,分析了紫外线对耐氯性微生物的灭活特点.由于单独采用紫外线消毒技术对水中部分病毒、噬菌体和芽孢型细菌的灭活效率较低,故又考察了UV/C12、UV/H202以及UV/03等紫外线相关工艺对耐紫外线微生物的灭活效果.对紫外线消毒目前存在的问题以及今后的发展方向作了总结与展望.     

紫外线和氯组合方式对大肠杆菌灭活效果的影响研究

系统地比较了紫外线和氯不同的组合方式对大肠杆菌的灭活效果.结果表明,紫外线和氯联合顺序消毒在一定程度上提高了消毒效果,但不同的组合方式以及两者不同的剂量对灭活效果都有影响.紫外线和氯先后作用的消毒效果优于紫外线和氯同时消毒.先氯后紫外线消毒时,加较高浓度的氯且短时间接触即可达到较好的消毒效果;先紫外线后氯消毒时,氯剂量越大则灭活率越高,若氯浓度相同而接触时间不同,则灭活效果差别不大.     

紫外线消毒反应器的生物验证试验研究

紫外线消毒技术存在无持续消毒效应、不能在线监测等缺点,因此为了保证紫外线消毒的安全可靠,必须对所设计的紫外反应器进行生物验证试验,以确保反应器的消毒效果和剂量。通过对加拿大紫外消毒反应器在不同透光率下的消毒效果和剂量进行研究,建立了该反应器所对应的紫外线剂量-灭活率曲线。结果表明,该反应器对MS-2噬菌体具有良好的灭活效果。     

紫外线消毒对光复活时大肠杆菌活性的影响

以大肠杆菌为研究对象，考察了紫外线消毒对大肠杆菌的灭活效果及紫外线消毒后大肠杆菌在可见光下发生光复活的情况，同时考察了紫外线消毒和光复活过程中大肠杆菌电子传递体系（ETS）活性的变化。结果表明，大肠杆菌的灭活率随着紫外线剂量的增加而提高，在相同剂量下高强度的紫外线对大肠杆菌的灭活效果好于低强度的紫外线。经紫外线灭活后的大肠杆菌在可见光下会发生光复活，紫外线剂量对大肠杆菌的光复活有一定影响，高剂量下大肠杆菌发生光复活的能力比低剂量下的差；相同剂量下，较高强度的紫外线有利于控制大肠杆菌的光复活。对大肠杆菌ETS活性的研究表明，随着紫外线强度和剂量的增加，大肠杆菌的活性不断降低；紫外线消毒后的大肠杆菌经可见光照射后发生光复活时，其活性有所增加，在较高的紫外线剂量和强度下大肠杆菌的活性增加较少，而在较低剂量和强度下大肠杆菌的活性恢复能力较强。     

紫外线辐照对四环素耐药细菌及基因的消毒特性

采用紫外线辐射处理市政污水,考察紫外消毒对市政污水厂中耐四环素的总异养菌、粪大肠菌群和单一大肠杆菌以及tetA和tetO两种耐药基因的消毒特性。结果表明:随紫外线剂量的提高,对耐四环素总异养菌的杀灭效果显著增强,当消毒剂量为10 m J/cm~2时,灭活率高于99%;紫外线对耐四环素粪大肠菌群和大肠杆菌K12的杀灭趋势和总异养菌类似;耐药基因tetA随消毒剂量的增加而不断降低,在消毒剂量为5 m J/cm~2时已基本被完全灭活;低消毒剂量下(5m J/cm~2)耐四环素细菌尤其是某些革兰氏阴性耐药细菌,一定程度上对紫外消毒具有耐受性,它们对水体的生态风险需要引起重视。     

紫外线消毒应对小规模供水单元突发性微生物污染研究及工程实例

结合B市M单位自备井微生物污染事件及应对过程,以小规模供水单元突发性微生物污染为背景,将紫外线消毒作为应对手段,考察了紫外强度、紫外线穿透率对紫外线消毒效果的影响,并研究了大肠杆菌可见光复活.结果表明:较大剂量时,紫外强度对消毒效果的影响会减弱甚至不产生影响;在相同紫外强度条件下,紫外线穿透率对紫外线消毒效果的影响显著...     

紫外线处理排泥水的试验研究

采用紫外线处理水厂排泥水并进行了经济分析。结果表明,紫外处理技术对排泥水有很好的杀菌灭藻效果,并能避免氯消毒带来的消毒副产物问题;静态试验下,灭活水中剑水蚤需要较大的紫外辐射剂量,且照射时间较长;浊度会影响紫外透光率,应尽量降低原水浊度,以保证紫外对生物的灭活效果。     

自由氯、氯胺和顺序氯化对饮用水消毒效果的试验研究

研究了自由氯、氯胺和顺序氯化三种消毒方式对大肠埃希氏菌和粪肠球菌的灭活效果.结果表明,自由氯浓度越高,对细菌的灭活速率和最终灭活率越大;氯胺浓度越高,对细菌的灭活速率和最终灭活率越大;顺序氯化消毒效果优于单独使用自由氯或氯胺时的消毒效果.同时,还探讨了pH和温度对三种消毒方式的影响.     

Ultraviolet and ionizing radiation for microorganism inactivation

The impacts of UV irradiation, gamma irradiation, and a combination of both on Escherichia coli inactivation in primary and secondary wastewater effluents were investigated. UV doses of 35 and 62 J/m(2) were required for a 1-log inactivation of E. coli in the primary and secondary wastewater samples, respectively. A gamma dose of 170 Gy (J/kg) was required for a 1-log inactivation of E. coli in both wastewater samples. Variation in gamma radiation dose rates did not have a significant impact on the extent of inactivation at a given total dose. Gamma irradiation of previously UV-irradiated samples indicated that particle-associated microorganisms, which are protected from UV, can be inactivated by ionizing radiation at a rate similar to that for free microorganism inactivation. An estimation of the energy required for disinfection indicated that, in general, the required energy and the energy cost for E. coli inactivation using ionizing radiation are considerably higher than those for UV radiation.     

Evaluation of data from the literature on the transport and survival of Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms in aquifers under saturated conditions

Escherichia coli and thermotolerant coliforms are of major importance as indicators of fecal contamination of water. Due to its negative surface charge and relatively low die-off or inactivation rate coefficient, E. coli is able to travel long distances underground and is therefore also a useful indicator of fecal contamination of groundwater. In this review, the major processes known to determine the underground transport of E. coli (attachment, straining and inactivation) are evaluated. The single collector contact efficiency (SCCE), eta0, one of two parameters commonly used to assess the importance of attachment, can be quantified for E. coli using classical colloid filtration theory. The sticking efficiency, alpha, the second parameter frequently used in determining attachment, varies widely (from 0.003 to almost 1) and mainly depends on charge differences between the surface of the collector and E. coli. Straining can be quantified from geometrical considerations; it is proposed to employ a so-called straining correction parameter, alpha(str). Sticking efficiencies determined from field experiments were lower than those determined under laboratory conditions. We hypothesize that this is due to preferential flow mechanisms, E. coli population heterogeneity, and/or the presence of organic and inorganic compounds in wastewater possibly affecting bacterial attachment characteristics. Of equal importance is the inactivation or die-off of E. coli that is affected by factors like type of bacterial strain, temperature, predation, antagonism, light, soil type, pH, toxic substances, and dissolved oxygen. Modeling transport of E. coli can be separated into three steps: (1) attachment rate coefficients and straining rate coefficients can be calculated from Darcy flow velocity fields or pore water flow velocity fields, calculated SCCE fields, realistic sticking efficiency values and straining correction parameters, (2) together with the inactivation rate coefficient, total rate coefficient fields can be generated, and (3) used as input for modeling the transport of E. coli in existing contaminant transport codes. Areas of future research are manifold and include the effects of typical wastewater characteristics, including high concentrations of organic compounds, on the transport of E. coli and thermotolerant coliforms, and the upscaling of experiments to represent typical field conditions, possibly including preferential flow mechanisms and the aspect of population heterogeneity of E. coli.     

Linear correlation between inactivation of E. coli and OH radical concentration in TiO2 photocatalytic disinfection

The biocidal action of the TiO2 photocatalyst has been now well recognized from massive experimental evidences, which demonstrates that the photocatalytic disinfection process could be technically feasible. However, the understanding on the photochemical mechanism of the biocidal action largely remains unclear. In particular, the identity of main acting photooxidants and their roles in the mechanism of killing microorganisms is under active investigation. It is generally accepted that reactive oxygen species (ROS) and OH radicals play the role. The aim of this study is to determine how the OH radical, acting either independently or in collaboration with other ROS, is quantitatively related to the inactivation of E. coli. The steady-state concentrations of OH radicals ([*OH]ss) in UV-illuminated TiO2 suspensions could be quantified from the measured photocatalytic degradation rates of p-chlorobenzoic acid (a probe compound) and its literature bimolecular rate constant with OH radicals. The results demonstrated an excellent linear correlation between [*OH]ss and the rates of E. coli inactivation, which indicates that the OH radical is the primary oxidant species responsible for inactivating E. coli in the UV/TiO2 process. The CT value of OH radical for achieving 2 log E. coli inactivation was initially found to be 0.8x10(-5) mg min/l, as predicted by the delayed Chick-Watson model. Although the primary role of OH radicals in photocatalytic disinfection processes has been frequently assumed, this is the first quantitative demonstration that the concentration of OH radicals and the biocidal activity is linearly correlated.     

Pulsed ultra-violet inactivation spectrum of Escherichia coli

Inactivation of Escherichia coli is examined using ultra-violet (UV) radiation from a pulsed xenon flashlamp. The light from the discharge has a broadband emission spectrum extending from the UV to the infrared region with a rich UV content. The flashlamp provides high-energy UV output using a small number of short-duration pulses (30 micros). The flashlamp is used with a monochromator to investigate the wavelength sensitivity of E. coli to inactivation by the pulsed UV light. Using 8 nm wide pulses of UV radiation, the most efficient inactivation is found to occur at around 270 nm and no inactivation is observed above 300 nm. A pyroelectric detector allows the energy dose to be determined at each wavelength, and a peak value for E. coli population reduction of 0.43 log per mJ/cm(2) is measured at 270 nm. The results are compared with the published data available for continuous UV light sources.     

Photoreactivation of Legionella pneumophila after inactivation by low- or medium-pressure ultraviolet lamp

Photoreactivation of Legionella pneumophila after the inactivation by low-pressure (LP) or medium-pressure (MP) UV lamp was investigated in comparison with that of Escherichia coli. An endonuclease sensitive site (ESS) assay was used to determine the number of UV-induced pyrimidine dimers in the genome DNA of L. pneumophila or E. coli, while the survival ratio of each bacterium was also investigated by cultivation methods. L. pneumophila performed photoreactivation with almost complete repair of pyrimidine dimers associated with the quick recovery of survival ratio. A 3 log inactivation of L. pneumophila by LP or MP UV lamp was, respectively, resulted in 0.5 log or 0.4 log inactivation when photoreactivation was completed. Interestingly, L. pneumophila performed equivalent photoreactivation after LP and MP UV lamp exposures while photoreactivation of E. coli was significantly repressed after the inactivation by MP UV lamp. This study indicated that an attention would be required to design and operate a UV disinfection system targeting L. pneumophila. It was further implied that E. coli would not correctly indicate the fate of L. pneumophila in UV disinfection systems when photoreactivation takes place.     

Enhanced inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions combined with UV-A and visible light irradiation

Silver ions have been widely used as an effective water disinfectant or antimicrobial material for many decades. In addition, the application of silver ions in combination with other biocides, especially UV(254) (UV-C) irradiation, was reported to be effective in enhancing its germicidal activity. However, it is not yet known how UV-A (300-400 nm) or visible light irradiation, which have little or no antimicrobial activities, affect microorganism inactivation by silver ions. This study newly reports that the inactivation efficiencies of Escherichia coli and MS-2 phage by silver ions were significantly enhanced by UV-A or visible light irradiation. UV-A irradiation enhanced the inactivation of E. coli and MS-2 phage by 3.0 and 2.5 log/30 min, respectively, as compared with the simple summated value of individual applications of silver ions and UV-A. A similar trend was observed with visible light irradiation (>400 nm) although the level of enhancement was lessened. The photochemical reaction of silver-cysteine complex was suggested as a possible mechanism for this enhancement. Spectrophotometric and MALDI-TOF mass analyses support the fact that silver ions coupled with light irradiation causes critical cell damage through the complexation of silver ions with thiol (-SH) groups in structural or enzymatic proteins of the microorganisms and their subsequent photochemical destruction.     

Inactivation of enteric microorganisms with chemical disinfectants, UV irradiation and combined chemical/UV treatments

The relative disinfection efficiencies of peracetic acid (PAA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) against Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis, Salmonella enteritidis and coliphage MS2 virus were studied in laboratory-scale experiments. This study also evaluated the efficiency of combined PAA/ultraviolet irradiation (UV) and H2O2/UV treatments to determine if the microbial inactivation was synergistic. Microbial cultures were added into a synthetic wastewater-like test medium and treated by chemical disinfectants with a 10 min contact time, UV irradiation or the combination of chemical and UV treatments. A peracetic acid dose of 3 mg/l resulted in approximately 2-3 log enteric bacterial reductions, whereas 7-15 mg/l PAA was needed to achieve 1-1.5 log coliphage MS2 reductions. Doses of 3-150 mg/l hydrogen peroxide achieved below 0.2 log microbial reductions. Sodium hypochlorite treatments caused 0.3-1 log microbial reductions at an 18 mg/l chlorine dose, while 2.6 log reductions of E. faecalis were achieved at a 12 mg/l chlorine dose. The results indicate that PAA could represent a good alternative to chlorine compounds in disinfection procedures, especially in wastewaters containing easily oxidizable organic matter. Hydrogen peroxide is not an efficient disinfectant against enteric microorganisms in wastewaters. The combined PAA/UV disinfection showed increased disinfection efficiency and synergistic benefits with all the enteric bacteria tested but lower synergies for the coliphage MS2. This suggests that this method could improve the efficiency and reliability of disinfection in wastewater treatment plants. The combined H2O2/UV disinfection only slightly influenced the microbial reductions compared to UV treatments and showed some antagonism and no synergies.     

Degradation of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate in water by ultrasonic irradiation

The potential of using ultrasonic irradiation for the removal of sodium dodecylbenzene sulfonate (SDBS) from aqueous solutions has been investigated. Experiments were performed at initial concentrations of 15, 30 and 100 mgl(-1), ultrasonic frequencies of 20 and 80 kHz, applied power values of 45, 75 and 150 W and liquid bulk temperatures of 20, 40 and 60 degrees C. At the conditions in question, SDBS conversion was found to decrease with increasing temperature and initial solute concentration and decreasing power and frequency. Investigations using the radical scavengers 1-butanol and KBr revealed that SDBS degradation proceeds through radical reactions occurring predominately at the bubble-liquid interface and, to a lesser extent, in the liquid bulk. Addition of NaCl or H(2)O(2) had little or even an adverse effect on SDBS conversion. Conversely, addition of Fe(2+) either alone or in conjunction with H(2)O(2) (Fenton reagent) had a positive effect on degradation. Finally, shake flask tests with activated sludge were performed to assess the aerobic biodegradability before and after sonochemical treatment. At the conditions under consideration, the use of ultrasound enhanced the aerobic degradability of the substrate in question.