Modeling water consumption and flow rates for flushing water systems in high-rise residential buildings in Hong Kong

The probable maximum flow rates and flushing water consumption of a residential development are two crucial design factors for flushing water plants and evaluation of the risk of overloading them. Flushing water demands are transient and influenced by occupant load variations, occupant usage patterns, installed appliances and system commissioning. This study proposes mathematical expressions to determine the water consumption and flow rates for flushing water systems of residential buildings in Hong Kong. The model parameters were identified from a recent survey on the water closet (WC) usage patterns of 14 high-rise residential buildings. The occupant load factor, diurnal variation of flushing, discharge and refilling durations and volume of the WC cistern recorded from 597 households were used to determine the uncertainties of consumption and flow rates, and hence the risk of overloading a plant. Predictions were made for two typical residential buildings in Hong Kong. Good agreement between the predicted and the measured flushing water consumption was found. This model would be useful in calculating the capacity of a flushing water plant and the associated risk of overloading it.     

高层住宅小区生活给水方式的选择和能耗分析

分析了高层住宅小区生活给水的特点和不同给水方式的投资及能耗情况。通过工程实例，重点分析了屋顶水箱给水方式和变频泵给水方式下给水系统的投资和能耗情况，论证了屋顶水箱给水和变频泵给水相结合是高层住宅小区最佳的给水方式。     

高层建筑燃气供应系统的设计与建造

根据澳门的工程实践,对高层建筑燃气供应系统的设计建造准则进行了分析。燃气立管安装在专用管井内,用户燃气表集中安装在住宅楼层的燃气表房内,用户调压器置于燃气表前,将输送压力调到适合用户燃具使用的范围,燃气由暗埋敷设管道输送至室内的燃具。     

Epistemic water consumption benchmarks for residential buildings

Identified as one of the key issues in sustainable building designs, freshwater consumption is of primary importance to the design of water systems in buildings. Various benchmarks of water consumption have been developed for the indication and promotion of building sustainability; however, a simple normalization might require precise regional and timing adaptation while a complicated benchmarking model could impose extra adaptation difficulties. In this study, a simple epistemic benchmarking model for residential buildings was formed from existing domestic water consumption patterns and the latest regional survey results. In particular, with various prior estimates from reported water consumption worldwide, a water consumption survey of 60 apartments in Hong Kong was used to formulate a likelihood function for assessing the model validity. The posterior average consumption was compared with the Hong Kong global freshwater consumption patterns to derive the water consumption benchmarks for residential buildings in the region. This epistemic approach would be useful for evaluating the benchmarks of water consumption that is under continuous monitoring. The study also presented a template for formulating epistemic water consumption benchmarks for residential premises elsewhere.     

昆明地区高层住宅太阳能热水系统设计

太阳能热水系统在多层居住建筑中已得到了广泛推广和运用,但在高层住宅中,采用太阳能热水系统的并不多见。结合实践工程,介绍了在高层住宅中应用太阳能热水系统的两种方式以及辅助热源的选择,并重点介绍一种新型热水系统循环方式——套管自循环技术,该技术解决了集中热水供应系统的一些弊端,优化了供水系统,既充分利用了太阳能,又满足了用户对热水的高品质要求,并极大地节约了循环系统的能耗。     

探析高层建筑消防给排水设计中的若干问题

介绍了高层公共建筑及住宅建筑的定义,阐述了高层建筑消防给水排水系统的组成要素,着重对高层建筑消防用水的给排水系统设计方法进行了分析探讨,并归纳了高层给排水工程建设的特点,为类似工程的设计提供参考。     

高层住宅太阳能热水系统建筑设计思路

通过分析目前国内太阳能热水系统的优缺点,从建筑师的角度,探讨高层住宅建筑太阳能热水系统如何与建筑设计结合,实现太阳能热水系统与建筑一体化的途径。     

高层建筑生活给水系统方案的探讨

本文着重阐述高层建筑的划分与特点,高层建筑生活给水系统的技术要求,高层建筑给水系统给水方式等。     

高层建筑给排水消防设计方法研究

近年来,高层建筑火灾事故频发,对人们生活造成严重危害,同时也暴露出高层建筑结构内部消防系统设置不合理的问题,无法第一时间对火情予以控制,造成火势不断蔓延。基于此,文章以高层建筑给排水消防设计的重要性为切入点,阐述给排水消防系统的设计基准,指出当前给排水消防系统设计中存在的问题,并对实际设计方法进行研究。     

Design, construction and performance testing of a new system for energy saving in rural buildings

Drying fruit, heating residential buildings and providing a hot water supply in villages all consume energy. Using fossil fuel for these purposes creates pollution and costs too much. In contrast, the use of solar energy in these applications leads to a noticeable decrease both in pollution and investment costs. In this study, a new solar system was designed and tested in order to reduce energy usage in rural residential buildings and the food drying industry. As the peaks of energy consumption in the proposed system are not simultaneous, this new system is very effective in reducing energy consumption, controlling energy peaks and reducing environmental pollution. This system has the ability to provide the required energy in both summer and winter modes. In the summer mode, the energy supply is used for providing hot water and drying agricultural products, while in winter mode it is used for rural residences heating and hot water supply. Drying time has been varied between 51.23 and 42.45 h according to type of application, and average temperature difference between room and ambient is almost nearly 10 °C with different air heaters. The system includes energy supply and storage equipment, solar dryers, water collectors and rectangular, triangular, trapezoidal and double-pass with longitudinal fins air heaters. The system was tested in Iran for drying apricots, heating rural residential buildings and supplying hot water for domestic use, meanwhile, the energetic and exergetic efficiency of the system was calculated 37.3-61.3 and 3.2-9.7 respectively for different types of installations.     

高层商住楼给水技术应用特点分析

在介绍当前高层商住楼各种分区加压给水方式的基础上,通过对两个项目给水技术特点的分析与比较,总结出根据不同建筑功能与楼层选择特定给水技术的重要性,并提出高层商住楼建设过程中给水技术应用的诸多注意事项。     

不高于150m的高层住宅给排水设计

本文就不高于150m的高层住宅给排水设计,包括给排水系统的设计、消防系统的设计、设计中出现的问题以及管材和配件的使用等方面进行了简单的探讨。     

高层和超高层建筑天然气附加压力解决方案

分析高层和超高层居住建筑天然气附加压力,结合典型案例,对高层和超高层居住建筑天然气附加压力解决方案进行对比,提出了推荐方案:使用低-低调压器,高区户内调压或全部户内调压。     

居民生活热水供应的经济与技术分析

对居民住宅中央生活热水供应系统的组成与形式、经济性、供热管网敷设方式、冷凝水回收方式、供热自动控制、热计量以及管道选材等方面进行了分析,提出了拓展居民住宅中央生活热水供应的途径.     

超高层住宅的居住模式研究——华南区超高层住宅居民调研分析与启示

本文通过分析超高层住宅居住模式的特点,并结合华南区超高层住宅调研结果揭示超高层住宅居住模式存在的问题,针对超高层住宅居住模式提出设计上的建议。     

Simulation of hybrid ground-coupled heat pump with domestic hot water heating systems using HVACSIM+

A hybrid ground-coupled heat pump (HGCHP) with domestic hot water (DHW) supply system has been proposed in this paper for space cooling/heating and DHW supply for residential buildings in hot-climate areas. A simulation model for this hybrid system is established within the HVACSIM+ environment. A sample system, applied for a small residential apartment located in Hong Kong, is hourly simulated in a typical meteorological year. The conventional GCHP system and an electric heater for DHW supply are also modeled and simulated on an hourly basis within the HVACSIM+ for comparison purpose. The results obtained from this case study show that the HGCHP system can effectively alleviate the imbalanced loads of the ground heat exchanger (GHE) and can offer almost 95% DHW demand. The energy saving for DHW heating is about 70% compared with an electric heater. This proposed scheme, i.e. the HGCHP with DHW supply, is suitable to residential buildings in hot-climate areas, such as in Hong Kong.     

住宅小区生活给水系统节能方案优选

介绍了某高层住宅小区生活给水系统的节能方案,通过分析比较各备选方案的能耗情况,得出了屋顶水箱给水和变频泵给水的节能效果,论证了屋顶水箱给水和变频泵给水相结合的给水方式是较好的节能方式,同时进一步比较了各方案寿命期内的投资和运行总费用,得出了最优的给水方式。     

细水雾控制高层住宅烟道火灾的有效性及参数优化

为了有效控制高层住宅厨房烟道火灾,构建细水雾控制厨房食用油火和带分支烟道的高层住宅厨房烟道油垢火的FDS数值模型,分析高层住宅厨房烟道细水雾灭火系统有效性的影响因素及最佳设计参数。结果表明,如果未能即时扑灭高层住宅底层厨房食用油火,在强烈的烟囱效应作用下,高温火焰和烟气会引燃烟道内油垢,造成火势的迅速蔓延。本文所建的30 m高厨房烟道火模型中,最佳细水雾灭火系统运行模式为关闭厨房抽油烟机,即时开启厨房灶台上方和主烟道内分段设置的细水雾喷头,雾流量分别为0.6,10 L/min,细水雾最佳参数为喷射流速10 m/s、喷射角度60°、水雾粒径500 μm。     

Simultaneous peak load on drainage system in multistorey residential buildings for intermittent system of water supply

The design of water supply and drainage systems in developing countries is accomplished on the basis of simultaneous peak flow and discharge unit relationships as presented in the British Standard Code of Practice or the U.S. National Plumbing Code. Since the use patterns of sanitary appliances are markedly different in the respective countries, this often leads to inefficient designs.The present work addresses itself to the task of developing similar relationships for the intermittent system of water supply most widely practised in developing countries like India, with recourse to a field survey under Indian conditions of usage so as to reflect design hydraulic load in similar tropical countries.     

浅谈高层建筑给水系统分区设计

从高层建筑给水系统分区的现状出发,接着详细阐述了给水系统分区设计的节能新理念,并结合新疆乌鲁木齐某高层普通住宅楼的技术经济分析实例深层次的探讨了优化设计的重点,突出了以节能发展为主题的今天,高层建筑给水系统分区设计的重要作用,引发读者对这一主题的探讨。