An examination of residential location behavior in the Seoul metropolitan area

In this study, the determinants of residential choice, along with the intra-urban movement pattern and the frequency of residential mobility, have been investigated. The important issues are the following: (1) The traditional residential location models, based on a trade-off assumption between housing and transportation costs, are more relevant to the young and small low-income households; (2) Both the analysis of the correlation coefficients and the principal component analysis show that the high income group tends to relate residential location to the quality of schools and neighborhood; and (3) Residential mobility decreases consistently with age of household head and household size. These findings give valuable implications for urban modelling and housing policy as well.     

A simulation model of residential mobility and housing choice

Residential mobility is the outcome of housing market search. Mobility rates depend on the search intensity of the household, the arrival rate of opportunities in the market, and the rates of acceptance of these opportunities by the households. Micro-analytical models of overt mobility fail in decomposing the compound rate into its constituent parts and can therefore not distinguish between demand- or supply-driven changes in the housing market. Micro-analytical models of stated preferences are only partial and do not reflect the actual behaviour of households in a specific housing market context. Simulation models of residential mobility and housing market search offer a potential advantage over micro-analytical models, due to their flexible nature. By simulating demand, supply, and the actual match of households to vacancies, a full representation of the housing market can be given. TheLocSim model presented here is a micro simulation model of a local housing market and is illustrative of the potential for modelling residential mobility. This includes:

-the variation in search intensities of households, dependent on the motive for moving, including dependence on events in other than the housing career;

-the generation of supply, as an unintended outcome of the residential mobility of households that move to another dwelling;

-the adjustment of initial preferences, as households become aware of the opportunities and constraints in the local housing market during their search;

-the public choice, with respect to the creation of opportunities by stimulating the construction of dwellings and with respect to imposing constraints on the accessibility of social rented housing.

The application of this model to the specific group of young people in the process of household formation illustrates the sensitivity of the rates of residential mobility and out-migration to shortages and other constraints in the local housing market.     

Subtenures and Housing Outcomes for Low Income Renters in New York City

New York has devised a variety of policy approaches to improve the housing status of low‐income households, including public housing, publicly subsidized private housing, rent vouchers, welfare shelter allowances, rent regulation, and tax incentives to landlords. Little systematic attention has been paid to how these various subtenures compare when judged by the housing outcomes they produce for low‐income households in the city. Using data from the 1996 New York City Housing and Vacancy Survey, this article compares New York City’s rental subtenures in terms of the following outcomes: housing quality, crowding, affordability, residential mobility/stability, and various indicators of neighborhood quality. Adjusting for differences in household and housing stock characteristics, we find that the tenant‐based Section 8 program seems to produce the best set of overall outcomes for low‐income renters in the city.     

The effect of market conditions on the housing outcomes of subsidized households: the case of the US voucher programme

Abstract

Since being created in the 1970s, housing vouchers have become the primary mode of federal housing support for low-income households in the US. The voucher programme was designed to provide recipients with the mobility needed to secure higher quality housing in neighbourhoods of their choice. Decades of analysis suggest that the programme has failed to produce the favourable outcomes envisioned by policymakers. To add to our understanding of the outcomes of this important federal programme, this paper seeks to underscore the importance of context-dependent policy analysis. In particular, this study analyses the impact of housing market conditions on the outcomes achieved by voucher recipients. Using neighbourhood and housing outcome data from the American Housing Survey, and median rent and rental market vacancy data, this paper demonstrates the important role that market conditions play in programme outcomes. The results from this study suggest that voucher recipients are successful at improving housing unit quality outcomes regardless of market conditions, but the ability to move to a better neighbourhood is a function of vacancy rates.     

Residential Mobility and Neighbourhood Outcomes

When households move they obviously weigh both the quality of the house and the quality of the neighbourhood in their decision process. But, to the extent that housing quality and neighbourhood quality are inter-twined it is difficult to disentangle the extent to which households are more focused on one or another of these two components of the choice process. This paper uses both cross-tabulations of the neighbourhood choices, and logit models of the actual choices, to examine the relative roles of neighbourhoods and houses in the choice process. The research is focused on the question of the extent to which households trade up in house quality, or neighbourhood quality or both, as outcomes of residential mobility. The research measures neighbourhood quality in both socio-economic and environmental dimensions. The study shows that many households not only move up in housing quality, but quite consistently also make gains in neighbourhood quality, often independently of gains in housing quality. Not surprisingly, the largest gains in neighbourhood quality are related to households who make the city/suburban transition in their housing moves. The research adds another dimension to the growing and extensive literature on neighbourhoods and their role in residential choice.     

Households in the reduction stage: Implications for the Netherlands housing market

Because mobility and housing choices vary as households progress through the life‐cycle, it follows that with significant demographic changes in the structure of the population as a whole, there will be important impacts on the functioning of the housing market. As the Dutch population ages, there will be increasing numbers of people in the later stages of the life‐cycle, a group with consistently lower mobility rates than the population as a whole. The analysis in this article focuses on the relationship between the life‐cycle and progress through the housing career. The paper shows that the housing market behaviour of households in the later stages of the life‐cycle is quite different from those in the earlier stages. It seems that the growing number of households in the reduction stages of the life‐cycle, that is in the child‐launching, post‐child, and widowhood stages will cause increasing inertia in the housing market. The low turnover in these submarkets can be expected to block the opportunities for upward filtering in the existing stock.     

Residential mobility of Chinese immigrants: An analysis of housing conditions and tenure structure

For a long period of time, immigrants have played an important role in the development of Hong Kong. With an influx of over 50,000 immigrants from mainland China on a yearly basis, this is truer than ever in Hong Kong. The behavior of these immigrants is a worthwhile topic for researcher. This study focuses on various aspects of housing, ranging from the tenure choices and housing conditions to the residential mobility of new Chinese immigrants in Hong Kong. Thus far, the literature has rarely explored situations that arise when immigrants have the same racial background as the people in the host cities. This research is intended to fill this gap in knowledge. Our findings reveal that Chinese immigrant households tend to start off overwhelmingly as private renters in the housing market. They also tend to live in inferior housing. However, as the duration of their residence in Hong Kong lengthens, the types of tenure become more diverse and the quality of their housing improves, indicating an upward mobility in terms of housing conditions.     

Towards a fuller understanding of residential mobility: a case study in Northampton,England

"This paper, which reports the results of two questionnaire surveys of residential mobility amongst owner-occupiers in Northampton [England,] is concerned with the reasons why households change their place of residence within an urban area.... The major focus of interest is the importance of changes in the family life cycle in promoting mobility as a consequence of changing housing needs."     

Residents' Sense Of Control And Ownership In A Mutual Housing Association

ABSTRACT: This paper presents results from a survey of residents of a self-managed mutual housing association for older people. Specifically, it explores the relationship between residents' actual level of participation in the management and ownership of low income housing and their perceptions of control and ownership over their living environment. The model of mutual housing studied here appears to contribute to overall high levels of perceived control over decision making and moderately strong feelings of ownership. However, results suggest that these experiences are influenced by a number of factors in addition to direct participation. In particular, the quality of relations with resident leaders, satisfaction with the social and physical environment, and gender differences all significantly affect perceptions of control and ownership. This analysis suggests that researchers, policy makers, and program administrators must pay careful attention to the influence of social dynamics in a residential community and overall housing quality when evaluating the effectiveness of resident-controlled housing programs.     

中国住房改革的社会影响--基于计算机技术的社会形态分析

市场经济体制改革以来,中国城市的外在形象和内部结构都发生了巨大的变化。住房市场化为普通居民提供了选择住房的机会。但是,并不是所有的百姓都从住房再分配中受益。中国城市中的住房再分配与居民在政府再分配和市场回报之间的位置联系密切,这种联系超过了成熟市场中因生活圈及其改变衍生出的住房需求。本文研究了宁波老城再开发地段当地居民的满意度,着重从社会方面分析,主要涉及住房再分配对居民的影响及其导致的潜在住房问题。研究以一份调查问卷为基础,调查了在过去15年内三个不同时期进行改造的社区。调查数据表明三个社区的满意度都不高。由于各阶层人们的努力,保护老城内综合环境的同时也要提高当地居民生活质量的新策略被采纳。然而,为改变人们的观念还有很多工作要做:通过报纸获得信息和教育,通过学术旅行和会议进行学术讨论,对决策人进行汇报,进行小规模改善的实践。住宅搬迁正在成为有争议的话题。因此,住宅再分配是市场体制下城市空间改变的一种过程。     

Contributions of the Usage and Affective Experience of the Residential Environment to Residential Satisfaction

The existing literature has documented that housing conditions, neighborhood characteristics, and socioeconomics are important determinants of residential satisfaction. However, the contribution of the actual usage of the residential environment to residential satisfaction has rarely been studied. To help fill in this gap, this study examines the contribution of the usage of housing and neighborhoods as well as the affective residential experience to residential satisfaction. We apply a subjective well-being framework and consider residential satisfaction and residential affective experience as two constituent components of the residential domain subjective well-being. Data were collected in Beijing from November 2011 to June 2012. The results show that home and neighborhood activities significantly affect residential satisfaction; higher levels of valence and activation of daily activities at home and in the neighborhood lead to more residential satisfaction.     

The population make-up of residential areas: Structure and changes (Douai, France)

In a given social environment, what is theimpact of housing status, of the socialperception and identification of residentialareas on its actual population make-up? Underwhat conditions do these perceptions change?These questions have led us to determine foursynthetic variables of residential space:the socio-residential status of housingtypes (symbolic links between thecharacteristics of the housing unit and theposition of its occupant in society); the ``housing zones'' (impact of the composition ofthe housing stock on the social markersdefining a residential area); the residential areas (actual ``social marker'');and the local impact (social markers thatare not directly linked to the nature of thehousing stock).This article describes the methods and modelsused to construct these variables. They areused to understand the links betweenresidential movements and changes in thepopulation make-up in the area of Douai (inNorthern France), located in a formercoal-mining field which was gradually closed,beginning in the 1970s. We used secondaryprocessing of the 1990 partial census surveysof one-quarter of the French population, and wecarried out 1,344 surveys with households whichhad moved in 1994.Results show that mobility is often linked to``crisis'' situations: these are moves which donot aim to improve one's socio-residentialstatus. In the end, most households remainwithin the same housing category, in the sameresidential area, and in the same housingzone.     

Assessment of barriers to public rental housing exits: Evidence from tenants in Beijing,China

Public rental housing (PRH) exits exert a profound influence on turnover rates, which further impact the public housing principles of fairness and efficiency. However, very few studies have attempted to investigate the tenant's barriers to exit PRH units in Chinese studies. In this paper, using data drawn from a randomly sampled survey of tenants in Beijing during the March 2017, we employ structural equation modeling (SEM) to examine the factors influencing tenant's barriers to exit. We find that housing availability is the most influential factor in determining the tenant's barriers to leave PRH, and residential satisfaction is also considered as a motivation against PRH exits. In addition, residential satisfaction transfers the impact of tenant's perceptions of housing and neighborhood to exit barriers. Especially, the effects of housing availability on exit barriers are higher in some groups, such as elderly, high income households, large-sized families and respondents with long spell of residence. Any program aimed at getting tenants to leave public housing sector needs to reduce their barriers to access to the private rental market and take into consideration the various characteristics of the tenants.     

The immobility of social tenants: is it true? Does it matter?

The low level of residential mobility in England, particularly in the social sector, has been a continuing topic both in the literature and among policy makers. The period 1995–2007 was one of relatively rapid tenure change as well as sustained economic growth which could be expected to have increased mobility across tenures but also the costs of immobility in both the labour and housing markets. It was also a period where allocations to the social sector were increasingly concentrated among more vulnerable households. Given these trends does social housing continue to stand out as particularly immobile? If so is the relative immobility an outcome of who lives in social housing rather than how the sector is managed? And do low levels of mobility have significant negative impacts generating labour market inefficiencies and poor use of social housing? This paper uses Survey of English Housing data for the decade of growth from the mid 1990s to examine the drivers of mobility across tenures and how these have changed over the period, with particular emphasis on outcomes in the social sector. These drivers are described and modelled for the study period and suggest that social sector tenants with similar characteristics are much less mobile than households in other tenures but that the costs of this immobility, while difficult to quantify may well be quite limited.     

Moving House,Creating Home: Exploring Residential Mobility

This paper begins with a review of the residential mobility literature that arose out of housing and planning policy aimed at decreasing the negative effects of urban transience. The literature identified the range of factors influencing residential mobility, but Rossi's (1955) claim that mobility was a 'natural' outcome of life stage changes became the basis for the majority of this work. Most of this literature arose out of quantitative research approaches but writers drew attention to the inability of these approaches to capture the increasing complexity of family life and residential mobility. Drawing on data from the Christchurch, New Zealand, house and home study, this study argues that the qualitative ethnographic method used provides a more holistic approach to, and understanding of, the events and issues which influence household mobility over time. Within this context, the paper presents excerpts from interview data framed as ontological narratives and related stories embedded in social and economic contexts. Some of the themes identified are those of identity, home and place attachment, change and social differentiation, and the impact of gender relations on mobility decisions and experiences. These findings, like those in previous literature, are relevant to housing and planning policy making given the increasing diversity of residential developments and issues of access to social, financial and environmental resources. Understanding how individuals and families establish relationships between themselves and the places in which they live is important given increasingly divided and differentiated experiences of contemporary urban life.     

中国城市单位居民的迁居：生命历程方法的解读

本文运用生命历程研究方法,基于深度质性访谈资料,从微观层面研究了中国城市单位居民的迁居历程。通过宏观社会变迁和徽观个人特征的结合,探讨单位居民在再分配体制下的迁居特征,以及在住房市场化后自由迁居的动机和变化。研究发现,单位居民的迁居历程从高度同构性逐渐演变到异质多元化,自1980年代开始的一系列经济体制改革,使单位居民的住房轨迹开始分化。在单位导向下的迁居过程中,单位掌控住房分配权,居民所隶属的单位行政级别、经济效益等因素决定个人迁居机会和住房质量的上限,居民的实际迁居能力以身份级别、个人绩效行良的住房资格为取向,受非规范性的因素影响。在市场化下的自由迁居过程中,引致单位居民迁居的需求因素包括家庭变化、居住环境、居住通达性和社区交往。另外,住房市场政策的完善,一方面加强了普通单位居民的货币支付能力,另一方面也提供了多层次化的住房市场、加大了单位居民的迁居机会。     

NEIGHBORHOOD SATISFACTION,EXPECTATIONS, AND URBAN REVITALIZATION

This study examines the role of residential satisfaction and expectations as determinants of neighborhood revitalization in a working class neighborhood. An extensive set of background and social-psychological factors are identified, and their effects on housing renovation and the wish to move are assessed. The findings suggest that renovation is a more complex activity than often portrayed with neither the objective characteristics of the neighborhood or the residents adequate as explanations for explaining revitalization. Only when combined with subjective indicators do they provide reliable guides for policy decisions.     

基于特征价格法的学区房价格外溢效应探讨——以厦门岛为例

已有研究表明,教育资源质量和住宅价格存在显著的正相关关系。本文利用特征价格分析法对厦门岛住宅市场进行实证分析,并引入差分回归法处理特征价格模型中的遗漏变量,更深入挖掘教育资源对于住宅价格的影响,为建立适合我国实际情况的城市住宅市场的分析模型和分析方法提供支持。     

The housing careers of black middle-class residents in a South African metropolitan area

Under apartheid, black African households could not own land or homes in most major urban centres in South Africa. This limited residential mobility and locked many households into state rental accommodation in townships. Homeownership for all South Africans was restored in the mid-1980 s and the Group Areas Act was repealed in 1991. Democracy opened up economic opportunities previously unavailable to black people. This paper investigates the effect on black middle-class South African households’ residential mobility and housing careers. A retrospective cross-sectional survey of 244 such homeowners in the Mangaung Metropolitan Municipality determined their last five housing states. Changes in housing state indicated a steady improvement in housing quality, but tenure changes were not necessarily unidirectional—some had reverted to rental. More than 85% of the study participants had used mortgages to finance their housing career. Very few had financed their housing using own savings, an inheritance, or sale of a previous house, and not many had used the government subsidy. We found that housing careers are bridging the historical spatial racial divide in this municipality.     

HOMEOWNERSHIP AND NEIGHBORHOOD SATISFACTION AMONG LOW‐ AND MODERATE‐INCOME HOUSEHOLDS

ABSTRACT: Most research on homeownership is conducted on nationally representative samples of homeowners and fails to isolate the unique experience of low‐ and moderate‐income (LMI) homeowners. Given the interest of policymakers in promoting homeownership among LMI households over the past 20 years, along with the apparent role played by risky borrowers—many of whom are low‐income—in the current housing market crisis, it is important to evaluate both economic and social outcomes for this subgroup of homeowners. Using a matched set of LMI owners and renters in the 2007 Community Advantage Program (CAP) panel, we assess the effect of homeownership on neighborhood satisfaction. By including various individual and neighborhood characteristics as covariates, we employ multilevel modeling and propensity score matching to address the nested structure of the data and endogeneity issues. Findings indicate that homeownership is an important predictor of neighborhood satisfaction among LMI households, even when controlling for a host of socioeconomic, demographic, and neighborhood characteristics. This may suggest that homeownership can serve as a viable way to improve neighborhood satisfaction among LMI households. This is important as neighborhood satisfaction is highly associated with overall quality of life.