住宅夏季空调行为对空调能耗的影响研究

本文针对北京地区的城镇住宅,采用问卷调查的方式,从居住者使用的角度分析了住宅空调行为在空调设定温度、空调运行时间、空调同时运行台数及空调运行时门窗开关状况等方面的分布,研究发现了住宅空调行为的变化特点以及不同住户空调行为模式的差异。在此基础上,采用模拟分析的方法,计算确定了空调行为模式对住宅空调能耗的影响程度。最后,对空调实际耗电量与模拟计算结果进行了比较,验证了空调行为调查统计结果的可靠性。     

夏季空调器设定温度对耗电量影响的实测研究

夏季房间空调器的使用能耗在住宅总能耗中占有相当的比例,空调节能是住宅节能工作的重要内容。通过广东省茂名市某卧室房间空调器使用的现场实测,研究了空调设定温度对空调耗电量的影响,结果表明,在湿热地区,空调设定温度对耗电量影响很大,实验日条件下,空调设定温度由26℃降低为25℃时,耗电量上升了47.89%,而空调设定温度由27℃降低为25℃时,耗电量上升了134.35%。实验分析指出,若能改善房间空调器的除湿特性,避免出现因湿度问题而降低室内设定温度的情况,将有效节省房间空调器的使用能耗。     

农村住宅雨水回收利用系统及其节能效果分析

本文提出了一种基于雨水回收利用的农村住宅节能系统,可实现对夏季丰沛雨水的收集并将其应用于对空调室外机与住宅屋面的喷淋,以降低住宅能耗。选取南京市一典型农村住宅为研究对象,对其节能效益开展评估研究,结果表明:对于常规农村住宅,在夏季典型设计日(干球温度30℃,相对湿度65%)时,经雨水喷淋后空调室外机的冷凝温度可降低9.5℃,机组COP提高24.7%,该系统在整个制冷期可节省空调耗电量17.8%。将收集到的雨水用于屋面喷淋降温,整个制冷季可节省空调耗电量3.6%。研究结果可为夏热冬冷地区农村住宅的节能设计提供参考。     

环境参数与空调行为对住宅空调能耗影响调查分析

通过对北京市一栋住宅楼夏季空调能耗的调查测试,分析了室外气候环境、空调行为模式与住宅空调能耗的关系,以及住宅空调行为节能的效果,得到室外环境参数与全楼耗电量的关系。测试结果表明,室内空调温度对空调能耗的影响较大,空调室温从25℃提高到26℃,空调能耗减少约23%,空调运行期间开启内门可使空调能耗增加1.4倍,因此住宅空调行为节能的潜力很大。     

我国城镇住宅夏季空调能耗状况分析

根据调查和计算,利用模拟归纳法对我国城镇住宅夏季空调能耗状况进行了定量分析.结果表明,目前我国城镇住宅夏季空调的总体能耗水平较低,但增速较快,且不同气候区之间差异较大.2005年全国城镇住宅夏季空调总耗电量约为285亿kwh,平均耗电指标约为2.65 kWh/m2.我国城镇住宅空调能耗前4位的地区是:广东、浙江、江苏和湖北,它们的空调总能耗约占全国城镇住宅空调总能耗的51.8%,广东、福建、重庆、浙江、上海、湖北、江苏和广西的空调能耗指标较高,它们是我国城镇住宅空调节能的重点地区.     

住宅夏季空调能耗调查方法分析

对住宅夏季空调能耗调查和数据处理方法进行对比分析,发现不同数据处理方法的计算结果相差较大。认为在对住宅空调能耗调查数据处理的过程中,应考虑电风扇等家用电器耗电量变化的影响,并提出了新的调查数据处理方法和提高调查结果准确性的一些建议。     

湖北地区住宅热环境与能耗调查

对城乡住宅进行了抽样调查 ,给出了室内热环境与能耗的部分调查结果。城乡夏季热舒适问题比冬季严重 ,夏季城镇热舒适问题比农村严重 ;被调查住宅的耗电量和空调耗电量分别为 9.0～ 36.9kWh/(m2 ·a)和 1 .0～ 9.8kWh/(m2 ·a)     

长沙市住宅建筑室内外VOC浓度的实测与分析

根据10户住宅建筑的VOC浓度现场测试及问卷调查结果，分析了长沙市住宅室内外VOC浓度及个人暴露量的状况。分析了环境温湿度、住宅装修时间、空调气流组织方式等对住宅VOC散发及分布的影响。     

重庆农村住宅热环境调查与能耗模拟分析

通过对重庆地区农村住宅的实地调研和对农村典型住宅室内外温度的连续监测,获得农村住宅的主要围护结构类型及典型农村住宅供暖季与空调季的室内、外热环境状况,利用重庆地区自然通风适应性热舒适性评价模型进行分析。在现有农村住宅围护结构热工性能条件下,供暖季室内温度达到舒适范围的有0 d,空调季有73 d;室内热环境状况差,冬季保温要求比夏季隔热要求更高。在供暖空调设备典型运行模式下,以调研数据为基础,借助DeST-h软件对农村典型住宅供暖空调能耗进行模拟,获得了农村住宅单位建筑面积供暖空调设备耗电量。     

基于实测数据的列车车载空调器能耗分析

基于广州地铁6号线,在夏季最热的7—8月期间,在某列车车底的电气箱内安装测试电表,对列车车载空调器的耗电量进行了监测。通过数据分析发现:列车空调耗电量占列车辅助设备耗电量的比例为86%左右,占列车总耗电量的比例为21%左右;列车空调耗电量与牵引耗电量之比约为2∶8,单位里程列车空调平均耗电量为2.90 kW·h/km;短期内开、关轨道排热系统对列车空调耗电量影响较小。     

上海市空中救援中心及系统初探

空中救援中心是现代化特大城市防灾减灾必不可少的环节，加快成立上海市空中救援中心并将其纳入上海市救灾应急指挥中心是当务之急。需做好《上海市防灾减灾综合规划》，加强上海市空中救援中心与城市规划、消防规划、医疗系统规划及相关辅助产业规划的结合，强化城市防灾减灾的综合管理，提高全体公民的城市防灾意识。     

Association of ambient air pollution with hospital outpatient and emergency room visits in Shanghai, China

Few studies exist in China examining the association of ambient air pollution with morbidity outcomes. We conducted a time-series analysis to examine the association of outdoor air pollutants (PM₁₀, SO₂, and NO₂) with hospital outpatient and emergency room visits in Shanghai, China, using 3 years of daily data (2005-2007). Hospital and air pollution data were collected from the Shanghai Health Insurance Bureau and Shanghai Environmental Monitoring Center. Using a natural spline model, we examined effect of air pollutants with different lag structures including both single-day lag and multi-day lag. We examined effects of air pollution for the warm season (from April to September) and cool season (from October to March) separately. We found outdoor air pollution (SO₂ and NO₂) was associated with increased risk of hospital outpatient and emergency room visits in Shanghai. The effect estimates varied for different lag structures of pollutants’ concentrations. For lag 3, a 10 μg/m³ increase in concentration of PM₁₀, SO₂ and NO₂ corresponded to 0.11% (95%CI: −0.03%, 0.26%), 0.34% (95%CI: 0.06%, 0.61%) and 0.55% (95%CI: 0.14%, 0.97%) increase of outpatient visit; and 0.01% (95%CI: −0.09%, 0.10%), 0.17% (95%CI: 0.00%, 0.35%) and 0.08% (95%CI: −0.18%, 0.33%) increase of emergency room visit. The associations appeared to be more evident in the cool season than in the warm season. In conclusion, short-term exposure to outdoor air pollution was associated with increased risk of hospital outpatient and emergency room visits in Shanghai. Our analyses provide evidence that the current air pollution level has an adverse health effect and strengthen the rationale for further limiting air pollution levels in the city.     

Low-carbon energy policy and ambient air pollution in Shanghai, China: a health-based economic assessment

Energy and related health issues are of growing concern worldwide today. To investigate the potential public health and economic impact of ambient air pollution under various low-carbon energy scenarios in Shanghai, we estimated the exposure level of Shanghai residents to air pollution under various planned scenarios, and assessed the public health impact using concentration-response functions derived from available epidemiologic studies. We then estimated the corresponding economic values of the health effects based on unit values for each health outcome. Our results show that ambient air pollution in relation to low-carbon energy scenarios could have a significant impact on the future health status of Shanghai residents, both in physical and monetary terms. Compared with the base case scenario, implementation of various low-carbon energy scenarios could prevent 2804-8249 and 9870-23,100 PM10-related avoidable deaths (mid-value) in 2010 and 2020, respectively. It could also decrease incidence of several relevant diseases. The corresponding economic benefits could reach 507.31-1492.33 and 2642.45-6192.11 million U.S. dollars (mid-value) in 2010 and 2020, respectively. These findings illustrate that a low-carbon energy policy will not only decrease the emission of greenhouse gases, but also play an active role in the reduction of air pollutant emissions, improvement of air quality, and promotion of public health. Our estimates can provide useful information to local decision-makers for further cost-benefit analysis.     

医疗建筑设计理念比较--从上海市第一人民医院松江新院投标方案谈起

医疗建筑在近几年进入了一个从未有过的迅速发展期,无可避免地发生了原有的医疗建筑设计理念和薪的设计理念及发达国家的设设计理念之间的冲突和融合,本文以上海市第一人民医院松江新院的三个有代表性的投标方案为例,试着对不同的医疗建筑设计理念进行了比较,并对其基本的由来及对我国的适用性作了探索.     

Ambient carbon monoxide and daily mortality in three Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES)

Ambient carbon monoxide (CO) is an air pollutant primarily generated by traffic. CO has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity in developed countries, but few studies have been conducted in Asian developing countries. In the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES), the short-term associations between ambient CO and daily mortality were examined in three Chinese cities: Shanghai, Anshan and Taiyuan. Poisson regression models incorporating natural spline smoothing functions were used to adjust for long-term and seasonal trend of mortality, as well as other time-varying covariates. Effect estimates were obtained for each city and then for the cities combined. In both individual-city and combined analysis, significant associations of CO with both total non-accidental and cardiovascular mortality were observed. In the combined analysis, a 1 mg/m³ increase of 2-day moving average concentrations of CO corresponded to 2.89% (95%CI: 1.68, 4.11) and 4.17% (95%CI: 2.66, 5.68) increase of total and cardiovascular mortality, respectively. CO was not significantly associated with respiratory mortality. Sensitivity analyses showed that our findings were generally insensitive to alternative model specifications. In conclusion, ambient CO was associated with increased risk of daily mortality in these three cities. Our findings suggest that the role of exposure to CO and other traffic-related air pollutants should be further investigated in China.     

Coarse particles and mortality in three Chinese cities: the China Air Pollution and Health Effects Study (CAPES)

Evidence concerning the health risks of coarse particles (PM_10-2.5) is limited. There have been no multi-city epidemiologic studies of PM_10-2.5 in developing Asian countries. We examine the short-term association between PM_10-2.5 and daily mortality in three Chinese cities: Beijing, Shanghai, and Shenyang. PM_10-2.5 concentrations were estimated by subtracting PM_2.5 from PM₁₀ measurements. Data were analyzed using the over-dispersed generalized linear Poisson models. The average daily concentrations of PM_10-2.5 were 101 μg/m³ for Beijing (2007-2008), 50 μg/m³ for Shanghai (2004-2008), and 49 μg/m³ for Shenyang (2006-2008). In the single-pollutant models, the three-city combined analysis showed significant associations between PM_10-2.5 and daily mortality from both total non-accidental causes and from cardiopulmonary diseases. A 10-μg/m³ increase in 1-day lagged PM_10-2.5 was associated with a 0.25% (95% CI: 0.08 to 0.42) increase in total mortality, 0.25% (95% CI: 0.10 to 0.40) increase in cardiovascular mortality, and 0.48% (95% CI: 0.20 to 0.76) increase in respiratory mortality. However, these associations became statistically insignificant after adjustment for PM_2.5. PM_2.5 was significantly associated with mortality both before and after adjustment for PM_10-2.5. In conclusion, there were no statistically significant associations between PM_10-2.5 and daily mortality after adjustment for PM_2.5 in the three Chinese cities.     

上海清代晚期戏园研究

清道光二十三年（1843年）后,上海开放为商埠,并很快发展成为国际性商业大城市。与之相应的是,各种戏曲剧种也纷纷涌入上海,在社会生活中发挥着极为重要的影响力。随着戏曲的发展,以商业赢利为目的的戏园逐渐兴起,成为上海清代晚期最为重要的演出场所。清代晚期的上海戏园达百余座,数量居全国之首,在中国剧场史上具有重要的意义。该文根据大量文献史料以及当时的写实性画报中的形象资料,分析了上海清代晚期戏园的历史沿革、空间特征、建筑形式、观演形式等。     

近代上海教堂建筑平面形制的演变与模式

介绍了上海近代教堂主要的平面形制,阐释了这些平面形制的变迁历程,尤其是从拉丁十字向巴西利卡的转变,以及后者最终成为最主要的平面形制的动因。进而又介绍了巴西利卡在近代上海的地域性特征和转变,尤其是如何针对基地的不同情况对巴西利卡进行调整,以协调功能与形式的矛盾,并最终呈现出地域化的教堂特征。     

上海地区锅炉供暖节能技术的优势分析与应用研究

从上海地区的气候类型、当地居民的生活习惯以及人体生理特点出发,通过对上海地区应用低温热水辐射采暖系统现状的长期调查,结合国内外最新研究成果,采用实际使用过程中的对比实验,提出了行之有效的运行模式和操作方法,并从理论性和经济性两个方面,探讨了采用该系统来尽快改善夏热冬冷地区居民室内热环境的可行性和迫切性。     

依靠科技促进发展加快发展诚邀合作

上海于2003年获得园林城市称号.新一轮的城市绿化将按照建设现代化国际大都市的目标,以2010年上海承办世博会为契机,创造良好的生态环境,实现"城市,让生活更美好"的办会主题,为此,上海绿化管理局诚邀国内外专家参与上海的新一轮绿化科研工作.