Effect of vertical structural irregularity on seismic design of tall buildings

Many tall buildings are practically irregular as an entirely regular high‐rise building rarely exists. This study is thus devoted to assessing the approach and coefficients used in the seismic design of real‐life tall buildings with different vertical irregularity features. Five 50‐story buildings are selected and designed using finite element models and international building codes to represent the most common vertical irregularities of reinforced concrete tall buildings in regions of medium seismicity. Detailed fiber‐based simulation models are developed to assess the seismic response of the five benchmark buildings under the effect of 40 earthquake records representing far‐field and near‐source seismic scenarios. The results obtained from a large number of inelastic pushover and incremental dynamic analyses provide insights into the local and global seismic response of the reference structures and confirm the inferior local response of tall buildings with severe vertical irregularities. Due to the significant impacts of the severe irregularity types on the seismic response of tall buildings, the conservative code approach and coefficients are recommended for design. It is also concluded that although the design coefficients of buildings with moderate irregularities are adequately conservative, they can be revised to arrive at more consistent safety margins and cost‐effective designs.     

Critical building separation distance in reducing pounding risk under earthquake excitation

A separation distance between adjacent buildings is provided to reduce the risk of pounding of adjacent buildings under seismic excitations. It should be recognized that the evaluation of the critical separation distance is a one-sided barrier crossing problem while the problem of structural design under seismic excitations is a two-sided crossing problem. A procedure for assessing the required separation distance with or without considering possible uncertainty in structural properties was presented based on the reliability methods and random vibration theory. The procedure was used to carry out parametric analyses. It is shown that use of the complete quadratic combination (CQC) rule with the modal responses employed for designing structures may over- or underestimate the critical separation distance, depending on the damping ratios and the closeness of the natural vibration periods of adjacent buildings. This is due to not only one-sided versus two-sided crossing problem but also the approximation in the CQC rule. Further, the effect of the uncertainty in structural properties on the estimated separation is investigated. The results indicate that this uncertainty tends to increase the required critical separation distance.     

A novel lifetime cost-benefit analysis method for seismic retrofitting of low-rise reinforced concrete buildings

This article presents a novel simplified method for assessing seismic damage to low-rise reinforced concrete (RC) buildings by using the hazard curve of response spectral acceleration. Moreover, the occurrence of an earthquake is assumed to follow a Poisson process when analysing the occurrence probability of a specified damage state in the remaining service life and expected losses induced by seismic damage. Then, a novel procedure for estimating lifetime costs and benefits of seismic retrofitting is proposed. In the case study, 16 practical design projects for seismic retrofitting of RC school buildings in Taipei are subjected to lifetime cost-benefit analysis using the proposed method. It can be found that not only lifetime cost-benefit ratios but also the financial return period for each dollar invested seismic retrofitting can be identified conveniently. Additionally, they are useful information for making decisions about whether to retrofit a building or not.     

中国大陆建筑物地震灾害风险分布研究

宏观掌握我国建筑物分布和抗震能力现状,震前对政府指导建设规划、建筑物抗震加固和民众提高防灾意识,震时指挥地震应急、损失评估等工作有重要指导意义。该文在对我国各地区建筑物抗震能力开展大量抽样调查的基础上,研究经济、土地利用、设防情况、人口密度和行政区划属性等因素与区域建筑物抗震能力的相关性,建立中国大陆区域建筑物抗震能力综合分区分类方法;利用实际地震震害资料、震害预测资料及建筑物群体震害预测方法,建立不同地区各种结构类型的建筑物地震易损性矩阵;结合不同区域内所具有的各类建筑物存量,基于GIS软件平台,计算并绘制在基本设防烈度地震作用下中国大陆地震灾害风险损失分布图。文中提出一套评估区域建筑物地震灾害风险损失较为完整的思路和方法,可为生命线地震灾害风险损失和人员伤亡分布等研究提供借鉴。     

汶川地震建筑震害启示——三水准设防和抗震设计基本要求

汶川大地震造成大量房屋建筑破坏倒塌,通过对砌体结构和工业厂房、设备及设施的震害调查与分析,对我国《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011-2001)的三水准设防和抗震设计基本要求进行探讨,分别对比了在遭遇"小震"、"中震"和"大震"情况下,按一定设防烈度设计的房屋建筑的破坏状态,判别是否达到了设防目标。结果表明,在1990年以后设计建造的房屋建筑,基本都能达到三水准抗震设防目标,严重破坏或倒塌的大多是建造年代较早、设计不满足规范要求或施工质量存在问题的建筑。针对抗震设计规范中有关结构整体性、传力路径、地基基础、抗震缝、疏散通道、设备和设施的抗震设计基本要求,对照实际震害情况,包括过去地震震害情况,总结经验教训,提出改进意见。对震前经过加固的建筑物在地震中的表现作了介绍,证明了结构抗震加固的效果和必要性。     

考虑多重不确定性的我国多层#br# 冷成型钢结构地震风险评估

准确评估建筑结构的地震风险是实现其性能化抗震设计的重要组成部分。冷成型钢结构体系作为绿色和工业化建筑的典型代表,却鲜有针对于我国的地震风险评估研究。文章旨在分析和评估多层冷成型钢结构抗震分析所涉及的多重不确定性因素,进而定量评估该类结构在我国的地震风险。文章设计1栋八度抗震设防的6层冷成型钢结构,基于经过振动台验证的简化数值分析方法建立结构的简化数值模型,定量求解结构的多重不确定性因素和在使用周期内(50年)的地震风险。研究结果表明：由于我国一些地区的地震危险性形状系数较大,在考虑多重不确定性后,结构的破坏概率显著提高,50年使用周期内倒塌概率的增幅达到10倍以上;算例结构在50年使用周期内基本满足“小震不坏、中震可修、大震不倒”的抗震设防要求,对于个别特殊区域应适当控制结构发生轻微破坏的概率。此外,文章建议应全面考虑多重不确定对冷成型钢结构地震风险的影响,对不确定性参数的取值和地震风险的计算方法可提供借鉴。     

Performance-based seismic fragility analysis of retaining walls based on the probability density evolution method

Seismic fragility analysis is an efficient way to study the seismic behaviour and performance of structures under the excitation of earthquakes of varying intensity, and an essential part of the seismic risk assessment of structures. A recently developed dynamic reliability methodology, the probability density evolution method (PDEM), is proposed for the dynamic reliability and seismic fragility analysis of a retaining wall. The PDEM can obtain an instantaneous probability density function of the seismic responses and easily acquire the seismic reliability of the structural system. An important advantage of the PDEM is its high efficiency relative to that of the Monte Carlo simulation method, which is often used in the reliability and fragility analysis of structures. The present study uses a typical gravity retaining wall to illustrate stochastic seismic responses and fragility curves that can be obtained by the PDEM. The combined uncertainties of the seismic force and soil properties are explicitly and systematically modelled by stochastic ground motions and random variables respectively. The performance of the retaining wall is analysed for different acceptable levels of backfill settlement. Additionally, seismic fragility curves are constructed without assuming the distribution of the seismic response.     

Probabilistic seismic risk assessment of hall buildings in Turkey

Steel space framed hall buildings are dedicated as shelters for people suffering from earthquakes. In general construction, steel space frames are built on reinforced concrete (R/C) frames or wall structures above the bottom side. For this reason, the bottom side has higher rigidity comparing with the upper side. In Turkey, where there is a very high earthquake risk, earthquake‐resistant steel space framed structures is an important issue. In this current research, hall buildings in Turkey, involving two different rigidity parts as R/C and steel, are taken into consideration regarding earthquake effect. In this study, three different hall structures were modeled with different elastic moduli for the analysis part. Nonlinear time history analyses were applied with 25 different earthquake data for performance estimation. After the time history analyses, probabilistic seismic assessment was carried out for the model buildings through fragility analyses. For each model, analysis results were evaluated and compared. As a result, the hall buildings were found to be vulnerable to damage during expected future earthquakes. Moreover, elastic moduli have significant effect on the structural response. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Simplified procedures for seismic design verification and evaluation of lead rubber bearing base‐isolated buildings based on free‐vibration response

Base isolation has seen widespread application to buildings and infrastructures over the past four decades. However, there is a lack of methods for assessing the performance of a base‐isolated structure at the end of construction and during its service life. To this end, simplified methods are developed for verifying isolation design and evaluating seismic demands of rubber‐bearing‐supported base‐isolated buildings based on their free‐vibration response, which could be obtained using field (on‐site) testing. The base isolation layer consists of lead rubber bearings (LRBs) and linear natural rubber (LNR) bearings. For design verification purposes, analytical solutions are provided to benchmark the free‐vibration response of base‐isolated buildings, considering the general case of a multilinear hysteretic isolation response representing multiple LRBs with distinct mechanical specifications. In seismic demand evaluation, seismic capacity of an isolation system is estimated using free‐vibration response of various amplitudes that cover a range of expected seismic intensity of interest. Seismic demands are obtained when capacity coincides with an earthquake response spectrum at a compatible damping level. Procedures are developed for the potential use of snap‐back tests and verified using experimental and numerical data.     

下穿隧道-土-地表邻近框架结构相互作用体系

在中国城市轨道交通快速发展的推动下,隧道等地下结构近距离下穿地表建筑物的案例越来越多。对于相互穿越工程,较多的关注在于隧道等地下结构动态施工对地表建筑物安全的影响,而忽视了隧道建成后对被穿越的地表临近建筑物抗震性能的影响。拟结合某实际工程,建立盾构隧道-土体-地表邻近框架结构相互作用体系二维数值计算模型,对比分析隧道与邻近框架结构相互之间地震响应影响规律。计算分析表明：①隧道的存在使隧道两侧土体表面出现一个地震响应放大区;②下穿隧道对地表框架结构的地震响应有部分影响,但影响程度有限;③地表结构的存在对隧道结构地震响应的影响较小,可忽略不计。研究成果可为地下结构的规划以及地表结构与地下结构的抗震设计提供参考。     

建筑抗震设计的新概念——对《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》的理解

《建筑工程抗震性态设计通则》(CECS160:2004)已经中国工程建设标准化协会批准试用。《通则》总结了近几年来国内外的最新抗震科研成果和工程经验,提出了抗震性态设计、设计地震加速度、结构弹塑性地震反应、结构影响系数、结构弹塑性侧移、高频结构竖向地震反应、建筑抗震设计类别等诸多抗震设计新概念和新方法,对提高我国建筑抗震设计水平将起到积极的推动作用,也为今后修订国家标准《建筑抗震设计规范》提供了较完整的资料。     

考虑主观风险态度的建筑结构地震风险决策

针对全寿命周期成本最小准则不能反映决策者主观风险态度的不足,引入效用理论这一经典决策模型探讨风险厌恶态度对地震风险决策的影响。以12栋抗震设计等级不同的办公楼为例,分别从公共决策者风险厌恶视角的抗震设计和私人决策者风险厌恶视角的地震保险投保两个方面,研究了降低风险和转移风险两种行为的最优决策问题。结果表明,最优的抗震设计等级随风险厌恶程度的加大而提升;业主在购买地震保险时,随风险厌恶程度的加大和结构抗震等级的下降,倾向于接受更高的地震保险费用。     

Performance of Buildings under Earthquakes in Barcelona, Spain

Abstract:   The seismic risk of the buildings of Barcelona, Spain, is analyzed by using a method based on the capacity spectrum. The seismic hazard in the area of the city is described by means of the reduced 5% damped elastic response spectrum. Obtaining fragility curves for the most important building types of an urban center requires an important amount of information about the structures and the use of nonlinear structural analysis tools. The information on the buildings of Barcelona was obtained by collecting, arranging, improving, and completing the database of the housing and current buildings. The buildings existing in Barcelona are mainly of two types: unreinforced masonry structures and reinforced concrete buildings with waffled slab floors. In addition, the Arc-View software was used to create a GIS tool for managing the collected information to develop seismic risk scenarios. This study shows that the vulnerability of the buildings is significant and therefore, in spite of the medium to low seismic hazard in the area of the city, the expected seismic risk is considerable.     

单层空旷房屋的抗震鉴定方法

对于由砖墙承重的单层空旷房屋的抗震鉴定,有时会被当作一般砌体房屋而按照多层砌体房屋抗震鉴定的方法来进行,从而走入鉴定误区.本文通过理论阐述和实例展示,明确了现有砖墙承重的单层空旷房屋的抗震鉴定程序和鉴定方法,指出了这类房屋抗震鉴定区别于普通多层砌体房屋抗震鉴定的特点,从而为这类房屋的抗震鉴定提供正确指导,即单层空旷房屋...     

林甸县农村砌体房屋抗震性能调查与分析

为了提高农村地区砌体房屋的抗震性能,进而提高农村地区抵御地震灾害的能力,通过对林甸县农村地区砌体房屋抗震性能的现场调查和典型房屋有限元分析,总结了该地区砌体结构房屋普遍存在的问题。结果表明:大多数房屋缺少抗震构造措施,容易造成局部破坏,其中山尖墙与屋盖之间的连接和纵横墙之间的连接以及墙角处是抗震的薄弱部位;提出的改善抗震性能的措施为农村砌体房屋建设提供了参考。     

高层建筑地下室结构的抗震设计

针对高层建筑的嵌固设计问题,重点讨论高层建筑的嵌固条件和嵌固在地下室顶板时结构的抗震设计。给出了地下室结构水平地震作用基于底部剪力法的计算公式、地下室结构构件和框架的计算公式,以及抗震墙的设计原则。提出了高层建筑嵌固在基础顶部的抗震设计的基本要求。     

某教学楼抗震鉴定及加固

本文以长乐某中学教学楼为例,探讨了对不满足抗震要求的砌体墙片,通过调整墙段两侧洞口尺寸及位置,以调整墙段相对刚度来改变墙段承担的地震剪力的处理方法,来满足抗震承载力验算要求,对砌体房屋抗震加固方案提供新的参考.     

汶川地震建筑震害启示——抗震概念设计

汶川大地震造成大量房屋建筑破坏倒塌,通过在地震区对遭受中震、大震作用的砌体结构和钢筋混凝土结构以及非结构构件的震害调查与分析,以典型的结构破坏为例,针对多道抗震防线、强柱弱梁、剪力墙连梁、砌体结构整体性、楼梯间、非结构构件等抗震设计问题,对照《建筑抗震设计规范》(GB 50011-2001)所规定的抗震概念设计原则进行讨论,总结经验教训,提出改进建议。震害分析结果表明,只要严格按照规范设计,保证施工质量,房屋建筑就能达到"小震不坏,中震可修,大震不倒"的三水准设防目标。     

不同极限位移BRB的RC框架结构#br# 抗地震倒塌性能研究

设计6个装有不同极限位移BRB的RC框架结构,基于OpenSees建立相应的有限元模型并验证模型的可行性和BRB模拟准确性,对装有不同极限位移BRB的RC框架结构模型进行增量动力分析和地震易损性分析,研究不同极限位移BRB的RC框架结构抗地震倒塌性能。研究表明：随着BRB极限位移的增加,结构抗倒塌性能得到提升;当系数小于1.2倍时,罕遇地震下结构中出现BRB失效概率大于5%,当系数大于1.2倍时,BRB极限位移提高对结构抗倒塌性能提高有所下降;《建筑消能减震技术规程》（JGJ 297—2013）对消能减震装置极限变形取12倍安全系数是合理的。     

Analytically derived fragility relationships for the modern high‐rise buildings in the UAE

Investigating and planning for the expected damage that may hit the earthquake‐prone areas in the UAE should be undertaken in order to predict and mitigate earthquake losses. This paper discusses a framework for developing an essential driving engine in loss estimation systems, namely fragility relationships. Six reference structures, varying in height from 10 to 60 storeys, are selected due to the concentrated economic and human assets in this class of buildings. The reference structures are designed according to the building codes and construction practice adopted in this region. Inelastic fibre‐based simulation models are developed for the buildings using a verified analysis platform, which enables monitoring the spread of yielding and cracking during the multi‐step cyclic analysis. The ground motion uncertainty is accounted for using 20 input ground motions conforming to the latest understanding of the seismo‐tectonic characteristics of the UAE. A large number of inelastic pushover and incremental dynamic collapse analyses are deployed for the reference structures to derive the fragility relationships. The study illustrates the significance of assessing the vulnerability of a population of high‐rise buildings under the effect of various seismic scenarios and the need for expanding this study to cover other classes of structures in this region. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.