钢框架抗震改造的支撑系统研究

评估了不同支撑系统改造的抗弯钢框架的抗震性能。采用3种结构形式:中心支撑框架、防屈曲支撑框架和巨型支撑框架。设计了一横向刚度不足的9层钢框架,满足规范对高地震灾害区域结构的侧移要求。用中心支撑、防屈曲支撑和巨型支撑改造框架,进行非弹性时程分析,评估地震作用下的结构性能。以局部变形(杆件转角)和整体变形(层间及屋顶侧移)为参数,比较改造框架非弹性性能的不同。结果表明:巨型支撑框架是最有效率的支撑系统,其最大层间侧移比抗弯框架低70%,比中心支撑框架低50%。侧移的减小量与地震特性有关,尤其是频率。防屈曲支撑的抗震性能仅稍优于巨型支撑框架,但其总质量更大。巨型支撑框架的杆件和节点用钢量比中心支撑框架低20%,既降低了费用又体现了抗震优势。     

BRBFs的抗震性能分析

应用ANSYS软件对屈曲约束支撑钢框架(BRBFs)和普通支撑钢框架的抗震性能进行有限元数值模拟,分析了两种结构在基本烈度地震作用下和罕遇地震作用下的层位移、顶层加速度及层间相对位移等结构响应,结果表明,在小震作用下两种结构抗震性能均表现良好,但在罕遇地震作用下普通支撑钢框架由于支撑的平面外失稳,导致整个结构刚度退化,而屈曲约束支撑钢框架则能更加有效地控制结构的侧移,降低结构的地震响应。     

考虑填充墙影响的防屈曲支撑-钢框架抗震性能分析

按照7度设防标准设计一20层平面钢框架,采用层刚度比方法布置防屈曲支撑,通过计算分析选出合理的刚度比例。采用Wael三撑杆模型、改进的Atkinson和Yan本构关系曲线模拟填充墙,并建立含填充墙的20层防屈曲支撑-钢框架模型。采用增量动力分析(IDA)方法并结合ATC委员会的提出的倒塌储备系数(CMR)评价方法,对防屈曲支撑-钢框架和含有填充墙的防屈曲支撑-钢框架进行了抗震性能对比研究。结果表明,填充墙可以显著提高结构的抗侧刚度,并能增强结构在罕遇地震下的抗倒塌能力,通过合理的布置防屈曲支撑可使7度设防钢框架基本实现8度"大震不倒"的设防目标,同时表明CMR抗震性能评估方法在长周期结构中的应用需进一步研究。     

防屈曲支撑混凝土框架结构抗震性能试验研究

设计制作了三榀侧移刚度相同但防屈曲支撑及框架截面形式不同的混凝土框架,分别为普通梁单斜撑、宽扁梁单斜撑、普通梁人字撑,对其进行拟静力试验,研究了防屈曲支撑混凝土框架的抗震性能,包括混凝土结构的开裂及其发展状况、荷载-侧移滞回曲线、刚度退化、骨架曲线、防屈曲支撑水平荷载-轴向变形曲线等。研究结果表明：设计的防屈曲支撑及混凝土框架具有优异的协同工作性能,水平荷载-侧移滞回曲线饱满,防屈曲支撑可在较小层间位移角时进入屈服消能状态,在大位移下不失效,耗能稳定,能显著增加结构阻尼,有效降低地震反应,改善结构性态。所设计的框架节点、预埋件及连接构造受力可靠。图17表6参13     

基于构件损伤的屈曲约束支撑钢框架结构地震倒塌易损性分析

构件参与结构抗震的贡献不同,传统结构地震易损性评价指标不能反映此特点,亦不能准确合理评价结构在地震作用下的抗倒塌能力。地震作用下,防屈曲支撑钢框架结构各构件参与抗震方式不同,防屈曲支撑通过轴向变形耗散地震能量,梁端通过弯曲变形耗散地震能量,框架柱通过适当变形保证结构不失稳倒塌。为此,针对防屈曲支撑钢框架整体结构提出基于构件损伤的易损性分析评价指标和方法。通过定义结构极限状态,对比基于不同评价指标的防屈曲支撑框架结构地震易损性分析结果。结果显示:基于单一评价指标的评价方法不能准确评价结构抗倒塌能力,防屈曲支撑钢框架结构虽然由于防屈曲支撑的优越变形能力使得结构耗能能力提升,但梁端仍可能发生破坏。     

防屈曲支撑、普通和特殊中心支撑钢框架结构抗震性能分析

基于考虑人字形防屈曲支撑屈服后超强和几乎不再对被撑梁提供竖向支点作用这两个因素,本文提出了采用该种支撑的钢框架结构的设计方法,并分别对采用普通及特殊中心支撑和防屈曲支撑的框架结构的抗震性能进行了对比分析.结果表明,虽然防屈曲和特殊中心支撑框架结构的层间侧移总体上大于普通中心支撑框架结构,但前者的基底剪力却大大低于后者.罕遇地震下,三种结构中的柱子基本保持弹性,普通和特殊中心支撑出现了大幅的平面外失稳,而防屈曲支撑在拉压作用下均进入屈服耗能.三种结构中被撑梁的最大挠度在支撑屈服或失稳前后分别出现在撑点两侧和撑点位置.屈服后的防屈曲支撑几乎不产生对被撑梁竖直向下的不平衡剪力,而失稳后的普通和特殊中心支撑则对被撑梁产生较大的不平衡剪力.     

屈曲约束支撑装配式钢管混凝土组合框架抗震试验性能研究

屈曲约束支撑可以有效地提高装配式钢管混凝土组合框架的抗侧移刚度和耗能减震作用。为研究地震作用下屈曲约束支撑装配式钢管混凝土组合框架的抗震性能和破坏机理,进行两层单跨屈曲约束支撑单边螺栓端板连接钢管混凝土组合框架的水平低周反复荷载试验。考察柱截面类型和端板形式对结构整体抗震性能的影响。记录和研究了此类混合结构的破坏形式和水平荷载-水平位移滞回曲线,分析和评价其骨架曲线、强度和刚度退化规律、延性和耗能等。试验研究表明,在柱截面含钢率相同条件下,抗侧移体系采用屈曲约束支撑,梁柱连接采用单边螺栓端板连接方式,屈曲约束支撑方钢管混凝土组合框架的水平承载力和初始抗侧刚度大于屈曲约束支撑圆钢管混凝土组合框架,但是其延性和耗能能力反之。试验和分析结果表明：屈曲约束支撑装配式钢管混凝土组合框架结构具有良好的抗震性能,较大的可变形能力和耗能能力,可以在多高层建筑结构中应用和推广。     

用附加防屈曲支撑钢筋混凝土框架加固既有钢筋混凝土框架抗震性能试验研究

利用附加防屈曲支撑（BRB）钢筋混凝土框架对既有钢筋混凝土框架结构进行减震加固。设计3榀钢筋混凝土框架,其中2榀为附加设置BRB加固框架的钢筋混凝土框架,另外1榀为纯钢筋混凝土框架以作对比。通过低周反复加载试验,验证所设计的外贴防屈曲支撑钢筋混凝土框架加固既有钢筋混凝土框架的可行性。分析既有及外贴钢筋混凝土框架的开裂、荷载 侧移滞回曲线、骨架曲线、荷载 防屈曲支撑变形曲线,以及等效黏滞阻尼比和等效刚度等特性。结果表明：所设计的附加钢筋混凝土框架、预埋件、连接构造受力可靠,附加设置BRB的钢筋混凝土加固框架具有良好的减震耗能能力;水平荷载-侧移滞回曲线圆润饱满;防屈曲支撑在小层间位移角下可屈服耗能,大位移下不失效,耗能稳定;附加框架能够显著增加既有钢筋混凝土框架结构的阻尼,有效降低地震反应,改善既有框架结构抗震性能。     

屈曲约束支撑钢框架的地震反应分析

应用ANSYS软件对屈曲约束支撑钢框架（BRBFs）和普通支撑钢框架的抗震性能进行有限元数值模拟,对比分析了这两种体系大、小震的时程响应,结果表明,在小震作用下两种结构抗震性能均表现良好,但在罕遇地震作用下普通支撑钢框架刚度退化,而屈曲约束支撑钢框架则能降低结构的地震响应。     

既有RC框架结构BRB加固方案对比研究

为比较附加防屈曲支撑框架和附加摇摆防屈曲支撑框架加固既有RC框架结构后的抗震性能,通过PERFORM 3D软件对两种加固方案下的一幢美国加州20世纪70年代14层RC框架结构进行建模,采用基于性能的抗震设计方法对加固结构进行静力弹塑性分析和动力弹塑性时程分析,比较了两种加固方案下结构层间位移角、层间剪力、防屈曲支撑框架层间剪力比以及结构底柱轴力的不同动力响应。分析结果表明,采用附加摇摆防屈曲支撑框架加固既有RC框架结构更为可行,研究为既有RC框架结构抗震加固提供参考和指导。     

Bracing systems for seismic retrofitting of steel frames

The present study assesses the seismic performance of steel moment resisting frames (MRFs) retrofitted with different bracing systems. Three structural configurations were utilized: special concentrically braces (SCBFs), buckling-restrained braces (BRBFs) and mega-braces (MBFs). A 9-storey steel perimeter MRF was designed with lateral stiffness insufficient to satisfy code drift limitations in zones with high seismic hazard. The frame was then retrofitted with SCBFs, BRBFs and MBFs. Inelastic time-history analyses were carried out to assess the structural performance under earthquake ground motions. Local (member rotations) and global (interstorey and roof drifts) deformations were employed to compare the inelastic response of the retrofitted frames. It is shown that MBFs are the most cost-effective bracing systems. Maximum storey drifts of MBFs are 70% lower than MRFs and about 50% lower than SCBFs. The lateral drift reductions are, however, function of the characteristics of earthquake ground motions, especially frequency content. Configurations with buckling-restrained mega-braces possess seismic performance marginally superior to MBFs despite their greater weight. The amount of steel for structural elements and their connections in configurations with mega-braces is 20% lower than in SCBFs. This reduces the cost of construction and renders MBFs attractive for seismic retrofitting applications.     

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Hollow structural section (HSS) and concrete-filled tube (CFT) cross-sections have been widely employed in the columns and braces of special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs). Square-HSS cross-section widely used in multistory frames is filled with concrete and converted to square-CFT cross-section to enhance the behavior of this cross-section. However, some investigations indicated that circular-HSS cross-section filled with concrete (circular-CFT) showed better behavior in comparison with square-CFT cross-section due to more uniform and larger concrete confinement in circular-CFT cross-section. The current study was experimentally undertaken to evaluate (1) the seismic performance and the global and local hysteresis responses of HSS and CFT members with various cross-section shapes from initial elastic range to collapse in the system level of multistory SCBFs, (2) the behavioral differences between square cross-section and circular cross-section, and (3) the behavioral differences between HSS cross-sections and CFT cross-sections employed in the columns and braces of SCBFs. Four full-scale one-bay, two-story SCBFs with four various cross-sections, namely, square-HSS, circular-HSS, square-CFT, and circular-CFT, for columns and braces were subjected to cyclic lateral loading. Evaluating base shear–roof drift hysteretic loops of SCBF specimens demonstrated that SCBF specimens with CFT columns and braces (CFT-SCBFs) experienced respectively around 107%, 58%, 28%, and 152% higher stiffness, post-yielding and post-buckling strengths, ductility, and energy dissipation capacity than SCBF specimens with HSS columns and braces (HSS-SCBF). In addition, the experimental observations indicated that CFT braces experienced local buckling initiation, crack initiation, and fracture at respectively 2.22, 2.35, and 2.32 times of roof drifts of those exhibited by HSS braces. Moreover, assessing braces with various cross-sections indicated that CFT braces showed an increase in compression strength, post-buckling strength, compression axial deformation, and out-of-plane buckling approximately by 83%, 152%, 127%, and 100%, respectively, in comparison with HSS braces. Finally, square-HSS/CFT braces sustained rupture propagation better than circular-HSS/CFT braces.     

Influence of connection design parameters on the seismic performance of braced frames

Special concentrically braced frames (SCBFs) are commonly used lateral-load resisting systems in seismic design. In SCBFs, the braces are connected to the beams and columns by gusset plate connections, and inelastic deformation is developed through tensile yielding and inelastic post-buckling deformation of the brace. Recent experimental research has indicated that the seismic performance of SCBFs can be improved by designing the SCBF gusset plate connections with direct consideration of the seismic deformation demands and by permitting yielding in the gusset plate at select performance levels.Experimental research provides important information needed to improve SCBF behavior, but the high cost of experiments limits this benefit. To extend and better understand the experimental work, a companion analytical study was conducted. In an earlier paper, the inelastic finite element model and analysis procedure were developed and verified through detailed comparison to experimental results. In this paper, the model and analytical procedure extend the experimental results. A parametric study was conducted to examine the influence of the gusset plate and framing elements on the seismic performance of SCBFs and to calibrate and develop improved design models. The impact of the frame details, including the beam-to-column connections, the brace angles, and their inelastic deformation demands, was also explored. The results suggest that proper detailing of the connections can result in a large improvement in the frame performance.     

Effects of eccentric steel bracing systems on seismic fragility curves of mid-rise R/C buildings: A case study

In this study, the seismic reliability of a mid-rise reinforced concrete (R/C) building retrofitted using eccentric steel braces is investigated through fragility analysis. As a case study, a six storey mid-rise R/C building was selected. The design of selected sample building was made with reference to 1975 version of the Turkish Seismic Code. The effectiveness of using different types of eccentric steel braces in retrofitting the building was examined. The effect of distributing the steel bracing over the height of the R/C frame on the seismic performance of the retrofitted building was studied. For the strengthening of the original structure, D, K, and V type eccentric bracing systems were utilized and each of these bracing systems was applied with four different spatial distributions in the structure. For fragility analysis, the study employed a set of 200 generated earthquake acceleration records compatible with the elastic code design spectrum. Nonlinear time history analysis was used to analyze the structures subjected to this set of earthquake accelerations generated in terms of peak ground accelerations (PGA), whilst monitoring four performance limit states. The fragility curves were developed in terms of PGA for these limit states; namely: slight, moderate, major, and collapse with lognormal distribution assumption. The improvement of seismic reliability achieved through the use of D, K, and V type eccentric braces was evaluated by comparing the median values of the fragility curves of the existing building before and after retrofits. As a result of this study, the improvement in seismic performance of this type of mid-rise R/C building resulting from retrofits by different types of eccentric steel braces was obtained by formulation of the fragility reduction.     

Multi-Index Seismic Capacity Evaluation of Buckling-Restrained Braced Frames

The seismic capacity of a structure is determined by the performance index that reaches its ultimate bearing or deformation capacity first. This paper presents a multi-index seismic capacity evaluation method for accurately evaluating the seismic capacity of a structure. The normalized response curves of several indices are concurrently plotted to form a multi-index seismic capacity evaluation figure, in which the seismic capacity and demand values that correspond to various indices can be determined by vertical and horizontal threshold lines. Based on an incremental dynamic analysis (IDA), a 6-story buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) and a series of comparable 6-story steel frames are analyzed using the proposed method to verify the method and investigate the seismic behavior of BRBFs. The results show that the seismic performance of buckling-restrained braces is not the only factor that determines the seismic capacity of BRBFs and indicate that the multi-index seismic capacity evaluation method can effectively identify the critical index of a structure and the weakest links that restrict the structural seismic capacity.     

Evaluation of buckling-restrained braced frame seismic performance considering reserve strength

Buckling-restrained braced frame (BRBF) systems are used extensively for resisting lateral forces in high seismic regions of the United States. Numerical and large-scale experimental studies of BRBFs have shown predictable seismic performance with robust ductility and energy dissipation capacity. However, the low post-yield stiffness of buckling-restrained braces (BRBs) may cause BRBFs to exhibit large maximum and residual drifts and allow the formation of soft stories. Thus, reserve strength provided by other elements in the lateral-force-resisting system is critical to improving seismic performance of BRBFs. This reserve strength can be provided in two primary ways: (1) moment-resisting connections within the BRBF and (2) a steel special moment-resisting frame (SMRF) in parallel with the BRBF to create a dual system configuration. These two approaches to providing reserve strength can be used together or separately, leading to a variety of potential system configurations. In addition, special attention must be given to the connections within the BRBF since moment-resisting connections have been observed experimentally to limit drift capacity due to undesirable connection-related failure modes. This paper presents nonlinear dynamic analysis results and evaluates performance of BRBF and BRBF-SMRF systems using moment-resisting and non-moment-resisting beam-column connections within the BRBF. Reserve strength is shown to play a critical role in seismic behavior and performance of BRBFs.     

防屈曲支撑钢框架结构中被撑柱抗震设计探讨

通过3个算例,对采用人字形和V字形的无粘结内藏钢板支撑剪力墙(即人字形和V字形防屈曲支撑)的防屈曲支撑钢框架结构的抗震性能进行分析。重点考察大震下,支撑的轴力分布和对被撑柱所受轴力的影响。分析表明,采用结构在一阶振型下的支撑轴力分布来设计被撑柱的做法,适用于多层的防屈曲支撑钢框架结构;而对于高层的防屈曲支撑钢框架结构,高振型影响较显著,上述设计方法对被撑柱的设计较保守,有必要考虑高振型参与下的支撑轴力分布来设计被撑柱。     

Buckling-restrained braced frame connection performance

Large-scale experimental studies of buckling-restrained braced frames (BRBFs) have shown that although they display good overall seismic performance, they may have limitations due to connection failure modes that do not allow the braces to realize their full ductility capacity. These experimental results motivate further investigation of BRBF connection behavior. In this study, nonlinear finite element models are used to study BRBF beam–column–brace connections. The models focus on a one-story subassembly extracted from a previously-tested, four-story BRBF. After the baseline finite element analysis results are verified with experimental data, parametric studies varying the connection configuration are used to assess the key factors influencing performance. Connection configuration is shown to have a significant impact on global system response and localized connection demands.     

Optimal seismic upgrading of a reinforced concrete school building with metal-based devices using an efficient multi-criteria decision-making method

In the paper, the seismic retrofitting of an existing reinforced concrete school building located in the district of Naples has been examined. The school, which was designed to sustain gravity load only, is composed of seven constructions separated with seismic joints. One of these constructions has been retrofitted with different intervention techniques, namely reinforced concrete walls, steel concentric, eccentric and buckling restrained braces and steel shear panels, whose non-linear behaviour under seismic actions in terms of performance point detection have been evaluated and compared using Capacity Spectrum Method. Finally, the choice of the best intervention technique from economic, structural and environmental point of view has been done utilising an efficient multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) method, the so-called TOPSIS method. From the performed analyses it was found that buckling restrained braces provide optimal solution for the seismic upgrading of the examined reinforced concrete school building.