浅埋软岩隧道开挖围岩变形非线性模拟分析

由于隧道施工过程和开挖顺序的不同都会引起各自不同的应力和应变的非线性历程,最终导致不同的力学效应,特别是软弱围岩隧道,其力学效应表现的更加显著.结合沿海地区软弱围岩浅埋暗挖矩形隧道施工,使用有限差分软件（FLAC）对分部开挖进行非线性数值模拟,研究矩形隧道软弱围岩在开挖过程中大变形的机理.分析结果表明,围岩和初期支护的应力应变是非线性不可逆过程,其开挖方案应采用软弱围岩非线形大变形力学设计方法,以确保开挖施工安全.     

软岩浅埋大断面地铁隧道施工方法优选研究

在国内地铁建设过程中,一些浅埋大断面地铁隧道相继出现。鉴于目前对软岩浅埋大断面地铁隧道力学性质与支护结构机理及其施工方法的研究较少,以长春地铁出入线段隧道工程为依托,研究了不同施工工法、不同开挖进尺对软岩浅埋大断面地铁隧道围岩稳定性的影响,揭示了不同工况下隧道围岩的变形规律、应力分布特征。研究结果表明:在软岩浅埋大断面地铁隧道施工中,双侧壁导坑法更利于隧道围岩稳定。在施工中应以1m开挖进尺进行掘进,避免超挖,加强拱顶围岩预加固,勤于对重点区域(拱顶、拱底、拱脚以及隧道上方2D区域)进行监测,确保隧道围岩的稳定性。     

基于损伤预测的粘土围岩深地质处置库硐距分析

粘土岩作为我国高放废物深地质处置库建设的预选围岩类型之一,其地下处置库硐距的优化对处置库的设计施工及核素迁移安全具有重大意义。本文基于塔木素粘土岩高放废物深地质处置预选地区天然地应力现场测量及室内岩石力学试验结果,采用弹性力学柯西问题理论分析与有限差分数值模拟相结合的方法,对处置库硐室开挖过程形成的损伤区范围进行预测。通过对比单硐与双硐开挖时不同硐室间距下开挖所形成的损伤区影响范围,来进行处置库硐距的优化,通过对比不同硐距下开挖损伤区的变化,分析当前应力水平下,硐室开挖后重分布应力随与中间岩柱中心点距离的变化趋势。结果表明,d=8~10 m是粘土围岩高放废物处置库的合理的硐距,此时开挖后的相邻硐室间损伤区没有产生明显交圈效应,当硐距大于10 m后,相邻硐室间的影响将逐渐减小,接近单硐开挖情况。该方案可为粘土岩预选区建造高放废物处置库提供参考依据。     

矩形浅埋软岩隧道开挖非线性过程数值模拟

结合沿海地区软弱围岩浅埋暗挖矩形隧道施工,使用有限差分软件FLAC对分部开挖进行非线性数值模拟,研究矩形隧道初期支护在开挖过程中大变形机制。分析结果表明,围岩和初期支护的应力应变是非线性不可逆过程,其开挖方案应采用软弱围岩非线性大变形力学设计方法,以确保开挖施工安全。     

隧道各向异性软岩力学参数反演及蠕变研究

在高地应力条件下具有层理构造的横观各向同性软岩中开挖隧道后,软弱围岩会发生显著的流变变形,直接影响隧道围岩的稳定性及支护结构的长期服役性能。采用数值模型模拟木寨岭隧道大战沟斜井试验洞的开挖蠕变过程,建立并验证了隧道宏观变形特征值与围岩力学计算参数之间的BP神经网络。在此基础上根据6+90试验洞现场变形监测数据,反演得到了该处炭质板岩的塑性及蠕变力学参数。应用另两处监测断面的现场监测曲线验证了基于BP神经网络的反演方法及所得炭质板岩力学参数的可靠性。另外分析了横观各向同性炭质板岩的开挖蠕变力学变形性质,对高地应力条件下横观各向同性软弱围岩中隧洞开挖及支护结构的设计、施工具有重要的指导意义。     

浅埋隧道施工过程数值模拟分析

结合沿海地区软弱围岩浅埋暗挖矩形隧道施工，使用有限差分软件（FLAC）对分部开挖进行非线性数值模拟，研究矩形隧道软弱围岩在开挖过程中大变形的机理。分析结果表明：围岩和初期支护的应力应变是非线性不可逆过程，其开挖方案应采用软弱围岩非线形大变形力学设计方法，以确保开挖施工安全。     

浅埋大断面隧道围岩稳定性数值模拟及现场监控量测

浅埋大断面隧道由于开挖断面大、埋深浅、围岩物理力学性质差,开挖后容易产生大变形及变形速度过快,严重影响施工进度和施工安全。本文基于RFPA数值模拟软件,模拟了隧道开挖时掌子面围岩的应力、位移及变形破坏特征;在数值模拟的基础上采用应力和声发射联合法对隧道现场开挖围岩的应力和岩体应力调整进行监测,分析开挖过程中岩体变形与时间和空间的变化关系,得到了掌子面开挖及施工中岩体的变形和变化规律,可以为支护措施的设计与支护时机的选取提供一定的参考建议。     

渗流-应力耦合作用下深埋黏土岩隧道盾构施工特性及其动态行为研究

基于连续介质大变形理论和损伤力学理论,将塑性损伤演化与渗流相互耦合的方法引入到Mohr-Coulomb准则,建立黏土岩弹塑性大变形渗流–应力耦合模型,以ABAQUS软件为平台对其进行二次开发。以比利时黏土岩核废料库工程为背景,在全面分析盾构施工影响围岩稳定性因素的基础上,建立反映施工质量的等代层模型,对不同施工质量时盾构掘进过程中围岩及开挖面的变形、孔隙压力及塑性区的演化规律进行数值模拟。计算结果表明,围岩变形在开挖面附近达到最大值,施工质量对围岩稳定性有明显的影响,施工质量越差,开挖扰动区的范围就越大,并且孔隙压力降低的幅度就越大。研究结果可为软岩隧道设计及施工提供参考。     

水布垭枢纽地下厂房施工开挖与加固的数值模拟

通过非线性有限元计算,对水布垭电站地下洞室开挖围岩的应力与变形进行了分析,探讨了主厂房洞室局部软岩置换、喷锚支护等措施对围岩开挖位移与应力的影响;在此基础上,对设计采用的各种支护处理措施的加固效果以及地下厂房洞室围岩的整体稳定性作出了评价.     

深部机头硐室锚注和底板卸压联合支护技术研究

新庄煤矿胶带暗斜井沿煤层布置,暗斜井内铺设强力胶带输送机,第二部机头硐室变形破坏明显。研究该硐室锚注加固和底板卸压技术,对于硐室围岩的长期稳定具有重要的现实意义。基于硐室工程地质条件,采用理论分析、数值计算和现场工业性试验进行系统研究,研究结果表明:(1)硐室围岩岩性差,受井筒保护煤柱固定支承压力的作用,硐室围岩应力高、围岩有效载荷系数较大,造成硐室底臌和围岩变形破坏严重。(2)与卸压前相比,硐室底板开挖卸压槽以后,明显降低了硐室底板围岩铅垂应力和两帮围岩水平应力,而硐室顶板围岩铅垂应力、两帮水平位移量基本保持不变,所以底板卸压槽有利于硐室围岩的长期稳定。变形严重的机头硐室采用锚(索)网喷联合支护翻修以后,底板开挖卸压槽,硐室顶板、两帮采用注浆锚杆注浆,且两帮、底板(含卸压槽)采用锚索束注浆。项目实施以后硐室围岩处于稳定状态,现场工业性试验取得了成功。     

Triaxial creep tests and back analysis of time-dependent behavior of Siah Bisheh cavern by 3-Dimensional Distinct Element Method

Time dependent effects or creep behavior of rocks has great importance in further development of knowledge in the field of rock mechanics. An increase of pressure on support system due to creep behavior of rock is one of the most important issues in underground structure with weak surrounding rock mass. In this contribution a time-dependent behavior analysis of Siah Bisheh pumped storage powerhouse cavern with complex geometry being under construction on the Chalus River at the north of Iran were investigated. The cavern surrounded rocks containing Shale, Limestone, Sandstone and igneous rock in major parts is located in Alborz Structural Zone. The cavern is being built in a region that is highly prone to sheared and faulted zones. Therefore, it is essential to analyze and design underground structures to prevent any serious long-term damages in this region. The rock mass may exhibit continuous or discontinuous deformations due to excavation of large underground openings; therefore, deformation include shearing of joints and creep deformation of rock material. Because of the fractured and jointed rock mass, the Discrete Element method used to back analysis the time-dependent behavior of the Siah Bisheh cavern. In addition, triaxial creep tests were performed on rock specimens in order to estimate the time-dependent behavior of rock around the cavern. The creep tests and in situ measurements were employed to estimate parameters of power constitutive creep model being able to model the primary and secondary creep regions of rock masses implemented in the 3-Dimensional Distinct Element Code. Simulation results show good agreement with monitoring data. By excavating the lower stages of the cavern, some instantaneous deformation occurs in displacement-time curve of the crown.     

Influence of cavern spacing on the stability of large cavern groups in a hydraulic power station

Many factors influence the static and dynamic stabilities of the rocks surrounding large cavern groups, such as in a hydropower station. In order to study the influence of cavern spacing on the stability of adjacent caverns, two kinds of dynamic-history simulation models for large cavern groups were set up by considering three different strengths of rock masses (soft rock, medium hard rock, and hard rock). One model included two caverns and the other included three caverns. The numerical simulations of these models were conducted under the loading of gravity and the combined loadings of gravity and earthquake motion, separately. To fully consider the dynamic features of rock masses, a damaged plasticity model with a non-associated potential flow was adopted for the surrounding rocks. Due to the stress redistribution and the scattering effect, simulated results indicate that, taking the caverns located in soft rocks, for example, if the spacing is less than one cavern characteristic length (taken to the biggest width of a cavern in the group), the static and dynamic responses of adjacent caverns are significantly affected by their spacing. The damage and the distribution of tensile stress surrounding the caverns are extremely extensive. Once the spacing approaches or exceeds twice the cavern characteristic length, the damage and the distribution of tensile stress of caverns keep unchanged, and the effect of nearby caverns disappears. In some situations, as the rock strength decreases, the damage becomes more severe and the area of tensile stress becomes more extensive. The critical distance of cavern spacing decreases as the strength of the surrounding rocks increases. The conclusions of this work could be used as a primary guidance to the anti-earthquake design for practical engineering.     

多重网格法在岩石力学与工程中的应用

描述了适用于岩石力学与工程问题有限元解的多重网格算法。详细讨论了自适应多重网格有限元软件的设计与数据结构。地下洞室开挖应力分析的数值试验表明，多重网格法是求解岩石力学与工程问题的一种有效的方程求解器。     

大型地下洞室施工顺序的数值方法优化

结合某工程大断面地下洞室建设中围岩稳定问题,以开挖过程中对周围岩体的扰动破坏面积最小、产生的最大位移最小作为优化准则,采用数值方法对同一断面内两种不同的开挖顺序进行了模拟计算,分析比较,得出了最优的施工开挖顺序,为设计和施工提供了较为可靠的依据.     

深部高应力隧道TBM护盾长度和推力计算方法研究

岩石隧道掘进机(TBM)法开挖长隧道是一种安全、快速、有效的隧道开挖方法,但TBM复杂高应力隧道掘进时易发生卡机事故,因此,TBM在设计之初应尽可能考虑地质环境的影响,降低TBM的卡机风险。通过分析高应力常规地层和高应力软弱破碎地层对TBM的影响,提出了高应力常规地层和高应力软弱破碎地层TBM卡机的两个判据。根据两个判据提出了考虑围岩力学参数的高应力隧道TBM护盾长度设计和推力设计理论计算方法,并给出了参数选取依据。最后依据西南地区某高应力隧道的实际围岩地质参数,计算分析了现有TBM设计的合理性。本研究可为TBM的盾体长度和推力设计计算提供围岩力学参数依据。     

地下洞室围岩顶拱承载力学机制及稳定拱设计方法

受枢纽布置和地形地质条件的限制,三峡工程地下厂房布置于右岸白岩尖山体中,主厂房洞室上覆岩体最薄处仅1倍厂房跨度,显然不满足现行规范关于上覆岩体厚度不小于2倍开挖宽度的要求。对于这类浅埋式的大跨度高边墙地下厂房,在上覆岩体厚度有限及一定初始应力条件下,洞室顶拱的稳定性是必须解决的首要技术问题。从岩体结构、岩体强度和地应力水平对围岩稳定性控制的角度出发,通过对地下厂房洞室围岩顶拱承载力学机制的研究,提出地下洞室岩体稳定拱的定义及其存在的力学条件,给出地下洞室岩体稳定拱的确定方法,分析采用地下洞室岩体稳定拱确定上覆岩体厚度的可行性,形成一套确定浅埋式地下厂房洞室埋置深度的稳定拱设计方法。研究结果表明,三峡工程地下厂房顶拱围岩具备形成稳定拱的埋深条件和水平应力等条件,形成稳定拱的最小埋深约为2/3倍洞跨,在上覆岩体中形成稳定拱的最小水平侧压系数应大于1.5,而最大水平侧压系数不宜高于3.0。据此进行主厂房顶拱设计,多年的应用成效显示,地下厂房顶拱围岩是稳定安全的,表明三峡工程地下厂房顶拱在既定的围岩强度、岩体结构以及初始地应力水平等条件下,采用稳定拱设计方法确定洞室上覆岩体厚度是合适、可靠的,能够保障洞室围岩稳定,满足工程安全的要求,可为解决大型浅埋洞室的设计提供理论基础和科学依据。     

Hybrid intelligent method optimization of a soft rock replacement scheme for a large cavern excavated in alternate hard and soft rock strata

Optimization of a soft rock replacement scheme for a large cavern excavated in alternating hard and soft rock strata is a complicated non-linear mechanical problem having a large parameter search space. Obtaining a global optimum solution is the key to the problem. A hybrid intelligent method is proposed for this purpose. It is an integration of an evolutionary neural network and finite element analysis using a genetic algorithm. The non-linear relation of the soft rock replacement scheme with the displacement and damage zone of the cavern due to excavation in the given geological conditions is learnt and represented by a forward neural network whose structure and connection weights are global optimally recognized by using the genetic algorithm. The learning samples are obtained from finite element calculations. The optimal soft rock replacement scheme, having the minimal displacement and damage volume induced by cavern excavation, is searched in a global space using the genetic algorithm. The new methodology is used to evaluate soft rock replacement schemes for the Shuibuya cavern in China excavated in strata consisting of alternating soft and hard rocks. The results indicate that the new methodology can recognize the optimal soft rock replacement scheme for a large cavern in such complicated geological conditions and the neural network model can provide a solution which is close to the finite element analysis for the same geological and construction conditions.     

考虑卸荷效应的岩质边坡断裂损伤模型及应用

岩质边坡在开挖过程中会引起内部的缺陷不断劣化,以致在部分区域形成贯通,进而发展成宏观裂缝导致边坡失稳。将边坡的开挖过程等效为在开挖面施加等效荷载并逐渐减小至0的过程。在此等效开挖的过程中,坡面一定范围内的裂隙会处于拉剪应力状态,以连续介质力学为基础,结合损伤力学以及断裂力学,推导出裂隙在受拉剪应力状态下的损伤演化本构模型。利用宏观的体积模量反映岩体的损伤程度,并定义破坏度用以表征实际岩体内部的破坏情况,在FLAC3D中开发并实现裂隙岩体卸荷损伤模型的计算。以广西凤山石灰岩建材矿山为例,计算并分析考虑及不考虑卸荷损伤2种工况的位移值及塑性区,证明该模型的正确性以及能更准确地反映坡体内部的真实情况。对比分析开挖卸荷后岩体的损伤度及破坏度后发现,以破坏度反应岩体的损伤情况,可以更加直观和准确地确定岩体的稳定状态。     

卵砾石土层大跨公路隧道初期支护优化研究

 江苏省宁常高速公路茅山隧道位于卵砾石土层斜坡中，具有浅埋、大跨扁平的特点，结合现场大型剪切试验分析、获取卵砾石层剪切强度参数，采用弹塑性非线性有限元法模拟并分析开挖和支护的全过程。根据新奥法，喷混凝土是公路隧道施工中体现初期支护柔性支护特点的主要因素之一，针对卵砾石土层II类软弱围岩浅埋地段交叉中隔壁法实际施工工艺特点，选择拱顶区右上部、中轴线、左上部3个测点下沉值(S1，S2，S3)建立协方差函数，并结合围岩和二衬塑性区的分析，对初支喷混凝土厚度进行合理性研究，提出该隧道卵砾石土层拱顶埋深在26 m左右断面最合理的初支喷混凝土厚度为22～28 cm，该典型断面最优初支喷混凝土厚度为26 cm，该研究成果对斜坡浅埋软弱II类围岩地段交叉中隔壁法施工设计有一定参考价值