固化土孔隙液Ca(OH)_2饱和度对强度的影响

物理力学性质相同的土样掺加等量水泥制备的固化土强度通常有很大差别。通过选取几组物理力学性质相近的典型土样,掺加不同比例的水泥和Ca(OH)2制备成固化土,测定了固化土孔隙液离子浓度和固化土强度。研究表明:由于土样对Ca(OH)2的消耗,可能导致固化土孔隙液中Ca(OH)2不饱和,进而影响了水化硅酸钙的生成量;不同土样对Ca(OH)2消耗量不同,导致在掺加同量水泥时水化物的生成量不同,因此固化土强度不同。土样各种化学性质的影响因素对固化土强度的影响可归结为对孔隙液Ca(OH)2饱和度的影响。对于物理力学性质相近的土样,在满足孔隙液Ca(OH)2饱和的条件下,掺入同量水泥的固化土强度相同。     

非饱和土力学的分形理论

室内试验确定非饱和土的力学性质有许多困难,特别是非饱和土的渗透系数,非饱和土渗透系数量级小,随吸力变化幅度大。非饱和土的孔隙结构与非饱和土的力学特性有关,非饱和土的孔隙结构用分形模型表示,分形理论可以用于研究非饱和土的力学特性。本文采用分形理论描述土体孔隙特性,导出非饱和土的水份特征曲线、渗透系数、剪切强度、膨胀变形和压缩变形的表达式。非饱和土的吸力与孔隙的关系由Young-Lapalace方程表示,将孔隙与非饱和土力学性质联系起来。文中非饱和土的理论公式与试验结果符合得很好。     

考虑微观孔隙结构的非饱和土水–力耦合本构模型

非饱和土在应力和水力路径的作用下均会产生微观孔隙结构的变化,同时,不同的孔隙类型和结构也会对非饱和土宏观水力、力学特性产生不同的影响,尤其是在膨胀土、压实黏土等双孔结构土中,这种影响尤为显著。以Wheeler建立的非饱和土水–力全耦合模型(GCM)为理论框架,引入有效饱和度来描述土体内部宏观和微观孔隙对水–力特性的不同影响,提出考虑孔隙结构影响的Bishop有效应力表达式,建立了各向等压状态下考虑微观结构的非饱和土水–力耦合本构模型,并实现了模型的预测功能。通过与非饱和土等向压缩试验结果的对比,初步验证了所建立模型的合理性和有效性。     

孔隙液体对玻璃砂透明土强度特性影响研究

玻璃砂透明土由一种玻璃砂(或称熔融石英砂)和与之折射率相一致的孔隙液体制配而成的新型人工合成透明土,为岩土工程可视化模型试验方法提供技术支撑。开展混合油、溴化钙溶液、蔗糖溶液以及纯净水等不同孔隙液体所制配成的透明土的三轴固结排水(CD)试验,分析该新型透明土材料的应力–应变关系曲线、体积变形等力学特性以及推导其邓肯–张模型参数。试验结果表明,不同孔隙液体所制配成的透明土试样力学特性规律相似、数值上有所差异;由蔗糖溶液制配成的透明土强度最大、由混合油制配成的透明土强度最小、由溴化钙溶液制配成的透明土强度值与水样熔融石英砂的强度相对更接近。     

饱和细粒土孔隙结构定量表征

土的物质组成多样且结构尺度跨度大,多物质成分和多尺度结构影响土体结构特征。借助室内试验及数值模拟(数据约束模型),表征饱和细粒土固结过程中多物质成分的多尺度结构,并进行三维结构定量表征,侧重探讨饱和细粒土固结过程中孔隙结构的变化特征。研究表明,饱和细粒土受压固结的蠕变界限在400 kPa左右,对应的界限孔隙值为0.4μm(微米孔隙)。随土样受压强度增加,土体中不同尺度的孔隙及其连通体数量均发生变化:孔隙和孔隙连通体数量都先增加后减少最后趋于稳定,但变化规律并不完全一致。孔隙数量在200 kPa压力时达到峰值,而孔隙连通体数量却在400 kPa压力下达到峰值,孔隙总体积受孔隙数量和孔隙体积两个因素影响。土体固结前期主要发生大孔隙变形,大孔隙数量是影响其固结效应的重要因素。而在固结后期,微小孔隙体积是影响土体固结效应和蠕变的关键因素之一。本研究多方法结构分析在突破吹填淤泥这类饱和细粒土的结构定量分析后,有利于物质微宏观力学理论的进一步深化。     

路基粉土压实特性及其力学效应试验研究

针对公路路基粉土工程特性,进行了击实试验、三轴试验和微观结构分析,绘制了不同击实功作用下粉土的干密度曲线,得到了压实度和孔隙比之间的变化规律,探讨了不同压实度的粉土的力学效应,阐述了不同击实度的粉土微观结构排列形式。试验结果表明：通过掺入粗颗粒改变粉土级配,并不能有效地改变其压实特性;现行的重型击实标准对于粉土是可行的,但压实标准偏低;随着压实度的增加,粉土的黏聚力降低,内摩擦角增大;在压实过程中,随着压实度的增加,粉土填充孔隙的效果较差。     

土的微结构特征对其电阻率的影响试验研究

土的电阻率是土的固有物性参数之一,可反映土的基本物理力学性质指标及结构特征等,具有重要的理论意义和应用价值。利用课题组研制的ESEU-1型土电阻率测试仪对膨胀土与黄土的电阻率进行测试,主要研究了孔隙率、孔隙结构等土的微结构特征对电阻率的影响规律。研究结果表明:孔隙率与孔隙结构等土的微结构特征对土的电阻率存在显著的影响,微结构不同、其他条件相同的土样的电阻率存在较大差别,且在水与导电性良好的NaCl溶液中饱和后的大小与变化规律也不一致。     

基于X-CT技术的气泡轻质土孔隙结构研究

采用X CT技术建立无掺土料气泡轻质土三维孔隙结构,基于统计分析研究了气泡轻质土孔隙体积、类型和球度的分布规律.结合无侧限抗压试验,探讨了气泡轻质土细观孔隙结构对其宏观力学性质的影响.结果表明：气泡轻质土中孔隙体积呈单峰分布,峰值出现在005～020mm3;气泡轻质土宏观密度越低,孔隙体积的分布范围越大;孔隙的球度呈单峰分布,峰值出现在015～035,绝大多数孔隙的外形呈极不规则状;气泡轻质土中联通类型孔隙占主导地位;孔隙体积与球度呈负相关,且与孔隙接触类型无关.对比分析气泡轻质土孔隙结构与无侧限抗压强度发现,在相近密度下,当孔隙球度提高7%或联通孔隙类型体积减小5%时,试样抗压强度与弹性模量均有10%以上的提升,且弹性模量的提升幅度更大.     

钻孔桩泥皮土与桩间土性状试验研究

通过对杭州地区淤泥质土、粘土和砂质粉土地层中现场取样的桩侧泥皮土和桩间土的室内物理力学参数对比试验,研究了泥皮土和桩间土在物理力学性状上的差异,分析了泥皮土对钻孔灌注桩桩侧摩阻力的影响。通过对掺入不同水泥浆含量的混合土的物理力学参数的试验研究,分析了水泥浆对改善桩侧泥皮土物理力学性状的作用效果。结果表明:泥皮土具有含水率高、孔隙比大、压缩性高、摩擦力低、抗剪强度低等特点,其工程性质明显比桩间土差,形成了桩土间的薄弱层,降低了桩侧摩阻力,注入水泥浆能有效的改善泥皮性状。     

RBF神经网络预测土的物理力学指标初探

在分析土的物理指标与力学指标关系的基础上,利用RBF神经网络,采用土的含水率、密度、孔隙比与塑性指数来预测土的压缩系数.通过实例说明RBF神经网络预测土的物理力学指标是可行的.     

基于核磁共振和扫描电镜的蒙内铁路膨胀土改良细观结构研究

孔隙结构及分布特征对膨胀土的物理力学性质有重要影响。通过核磁共振技术,对石灰–火山灰改良处理前后的膨胀土孔隙特征进行分析,获得膨胀土孔隙变化及分布规律。通过SEM对细观结构生成高分辨率图像,分析改性前后膨胀土内部颗粒胶结方式变化。试验结果表明:改良后直径在0~0.1μm范围内的孔隙个数明显减少,直径在0.1~4μm范围内的孔隙个数有所增加,直径超过4μm的孔隙个数整体上呈减小趋势。膨胀土进行改性处理后,形成具有蜂窝状、骨架状、海绵状的混合结构,提高了土颗粒的胶结紧密程度,降低了孔隙的连通性,有效抑制了膨胀土的胀缩特性。     

典型红粘土与膨胀土的对比试验研究

通过室内试验对广西贵港红粘土、湖北荆门弱膨胀土与中膨胀土的物理力学性质指标、原状样脱湿过程中的强度变化、击实样泡水前后强度变化以及脱湿吸湿性能等方面进行了对比试验研究。结果表明：3种土原状样脱湿过程中的强度指标在土体裂隙性与基质吸力双重因素的作用下表现出完全不同的变化规律；由于红粘土与膨胀土膨胀性能上的差异，不同含水量的击实样泡水后的干密度峰值与加州承载比(CBR)峰值所对应的原击实样含水量比最优含水量有不同程度的增大；土体因矿物成分的差异而表现出明显不同的脱湿、吸湿速率。广西贵港红粘土与荆门膨胀土虽然在一些物理力学指标上具有相似之处，但其力学特性与水敏性特征具有明显的差异，在实际工程中应给予充分重视。     

Behaviour of Unsaturated Aggregated Soil in Oedometric Condition

Natural and agricultural soils usually possess an aggregated structure; in the sense that they are composed of aggregates and large inter-aggregate pores. Under the natural condition, these soils are usually unsaturated and the large pores are easily drained. The present paper looks at the combined effects of soil structure and partial saturation on the mechanical behaviour of aggregated soils. Conventional and suction-controlled oedometer testing are used to evaluate the soil response at different combinations of saturation and the initial soil structure. The soil structure effects are assessed by comparing the behaviour of aggregated to that of the corresponding reconstituted soil. The effects of suction in reconstituted and aggregated soils are evaluated by testing at different levels of suction.     

Examination of Slope Hazard Assessment by Using Case Studies of Earthquake- and Rainfall-Induced Landslides

The years of 2004 and 2005 had many slope failures in Japan. Those failures were caused by heavy rainfalls and the 2004 Niigata-Chuetsu earthquake. It was thought to be important in such a situation to examine the validity of existing hazard assessment methodologies concerning slope failures. Site visits were therefore made at those failed slopes, and soil samples were collected. With a special attention focused on the effects of water on mechanical properties of soils, plasticity index and swelling tests were conducted on those soils as well as triaxial compression tests on dry and water-submerged remoulded specimens. The water effects on mechanical properties of soils were accelerated to occur for experimental purposes by grinding soil particles and increasing their surface area. It was concluded that the existing hazard assessments are basically reasonable. It was shown, however, that they can be improved so that the extent of damage such as the run-out distance of sliding soil mass may be assessed by further taking into account the physical properties of soils.     

Laboratory study of an injected granular soil with polymer grouts

Soil or rock mass with low strength or high permeability may not be appropriate for an excavation project or for use as a structural support. These soils or rock mass can cause severe damages to overlying structures, because of their considerable distress. Therefore, a suitable ground improvement technique is needed for deep excavations in order to confront these problems. The increase in strength and durability, as well as the reduction in compressibility and porosity are the main aims of a ground improvement technique. Grouting is the commonly used method to meet the above requirements. In recent years, various types of water soluble polymers are used as additives in cement grouts to improve the soil properties. The main objective of this laboratory project was to investigate the use of such materials for the improvement of physical and mechanical properties of a granular soil. Grouts were prepared by using cement, clay, water in different percentages along with an amount of acrylic resin or methyl methacrylate co-polymer emulsion. These two substances are the most widely used non-toxic additives in concrete structures and applications due to their significant contribution to the improvement of physical and mechanical properties of mortars or concretes. Grouting experiments were performed through 10-cm diameter and 150-cm height columns, filled with granular soil with particle size distribution of 2 – 12.7 mm. The experimental results reveal that the addition of latexes in thick pure cement grouts improves substantially the physical and mechanical properties of the injected soil.     

雷州半岛玄武岩残积土的工程地质特性研究

雷州半岛玄武岩残积土属于区域性特殊土,全面系统地评价玄武岩残积土的工程地质特性对于该地区建设、地质工程勘察具有重要指导意义。玄武岩残积土是由玄武岩经过长期缓慢的风化分解与红土化作用形成,土层分布具有上细下粗的结构特征。黏土矿物以高岭石类为主,含有较多的游离氧化铁、铝。微观结构以凝块和絮凝结构为主,粒径小于1 μm的微孔占总孔隙70%以上。特殊的物质构成与结构形态导致其具有高孔隙率、低密度、高液限的物理特性,但强度较高的力学特征。该土的膨胀性小,但收缩性较大,夯击压实效果差,抗水性差,浸水饱和后力学性质劣化明显,同时对温度与湿度等环境因素敏感,在炎热多雨的气候影响下,颗粒间胶质容易发生脱水老化,导致结构强度减损,微观尺度上结构扰动、破坏,遇水产生严重的崩解现象与较大的湿陷变形,实际工程应关注强收缩势与降雨积水引发的工程灾害。     

不同应力路径下结构性土的力学特性

天然土在受荷过程中会经历不同的应力路径，开展结构性土在不同的应力路径下的力学特性的试验研究可以为建立复杂应力路径下的合理结构性本构模型提供试验依据。对结构性土样在不同应力路径下的力学特性进行试验研究。所用土样是人工室内制备的结构性土试样，共进行不同的固结应力状态下常围压、减小围压和增大围压时施加竖向应力直至土样破坏的固结排水和固结不排水三轴试验，对结构性土样在不同的应力路径下的强度特性、破坏特性和变形特性进行探讨和分析。     

Utilisation of transparent synthetic soil surrogates in geotechnical physical models: A review

Efforts to obtain non-intrusive measurement of deformations and spatial flow within soil mass prior to the advent of transparent soils have perceptible limitations. The transparent soil is a two-phase medium composed of both the synthetic aggregate and fluid components of identical refractive indices aiming at attaining transparency of the resulting soil. The transparency facilitates real life visualisation of soil continuum in physical models. When applied in conjunction with advanced photogrammetry and image processing techniques, transparent soils enable the quantification of the spatial deformation, displacement and multi-phase flow in physical model tests. Transparent synthetic soils have been successfully employed in geotechnical model tests as soil surrogates based on the testing results of their geotechnical properties which replicate those of natural soils. This paper presents a review on transparent synthetic soils and their numerous applications in geotechnical physical models. The properties of the aggregate materials are outlined and the features of the various transparent clays and sands available in the literature are described. The merits of transparent soil are highlighted and the need to amplify its application in geotechnical physical model researches is emphasised. This paper will serve as a concise compendium on the subject of transparent soils for future researchers in this field.     

Changes in chemical composition and engineering properties of gypseous soils through leaching: an example from Mashhad,Iran

Gypseous soils are considered problematic when used as the foundation in civil engineering structures such as roads, buildings and dams, due to their solubility. These soils are resistant and have good engineering properties in their dry state. However, when saturated by rainwater or a rising groundwater table, the soluble minerals are washed out, resulting in the subsidence of the structures built on them. In the recent decades, buildings constructed in the Southern Mashhad Metropolitan Area, Iran, have been widely faced with this problem. Since the changes in chemical composition and engineering properties of these soils are based on the amount of dissolved gypsum, the focus of this study is to characterize the soluble soils of this area and their changes throughout the leaching process. Thirty-eight samples were taken from different locations in the area. Chemical tests were conducted on the samples and the gypsum and sulfate concentration maps were produced based on these results, combined with the previously available data from 511 boreholes drilled in the area. Seven soil samples with different gypsum concentrations were selected for further analysis in four major groups of tests, including hydraulic tests (permeability and solubility), chemical tests (chemical analysis of soils samples and total dissolved solids, calcium hardness and chlorine of the leachate samples), physical tests (grain size analysis, Atterberg limits and specific gravity) and mechanical tests (consolidation and direct shear). Changes in the mentioned parameters were investigated through a 5-day leaching process. The results indicate that extensive dissolution of gypsum and removal of gypsum bonding between soil particles change soil chemical composition and decrease the soil compressibility and strength parameters. Therefore, the structures built in this area are in high risk of subsidence and foundation failure; proper measures should be taken to improve the soil quality before construction.     

A Hysteresis Model for the Soil-Water Characteristic Curves of Simple Granular Soils

A theoretical model for predicting the soil-water characteristic curves of simple granular soils during different wetting and drying processes is proposed. In this model, the irregular pores in a simple granular soil are assumed to be regular symmetrical cone-shaped capillary pores. The wetting and drying processes of the soil are considered to be the filling and draining processes of the symmetrical cone-shaped capillary pores. The degree of saturation of the soil is determined by estimating the amount of water in the cone-shaped capillary pores. The suction in the soil is estimated by applying the so-called capillary law to the cone-shaped capillary pores. The influence of the closed air bubbles in pore water on the soil-water characteristic curves is also simulated in the theoretical model. All model parameters in the model have definite physical base. The model is verified using experimental data.