适用·经济·美观——浅议新时期的建筑方针

论文提出我国的建筑方针,阐述了作者在新形势下对它的理解并对方针在建筑设计中的运用提出一些建议。     

研究精密工程测量及其应用

本文提出了精密工程测量的详细定义、分类和特点,从各个方面分析了精密工程测量,体现了它的重要性,最后对它的应用进行探究。供同行参阅。     

浅议住宅阳台排水问题

本文通过对住宅阳台排水问题的探讨,分析了它对环境污染的危害,并提出解决的方法。     

浅议住宅阳台排水问题

本文通过对住宅阳台排水问题的探讨,分析了它对环境污染的危害,并提出解决的方法。     

公共建筑设计中的绿色建筑设计

绿色建筑作为未来建筑设计的发展方向,它满足建筑环保、节能要求,随着居民生活水平的改善,它对公共建筑质量也提出了更多的要求。本文结合公共建筑设计,对绿色建筑设计原则以及应用进行了简单的分析。     

对环境监测质量控制存在的问题给予分析

环境监测质量控制是一项十分复杂的系统工程,它对环境监测管理者提出了新的更高的要求。环境监测的最后结果是对环境质量做出评价,进而提出污染治理的方案。本文分析了环境监测质量控制中存在的问题,提出了加强环境监测质量控制的有效措施。     

关于动态混凝土配合比的构想

提出了动态混凝土配合比的概念,对这项技术实施需要具备的条件进行了分析,并对它的应用前景进行了展望。     

一种新型索膜结构——倒伞式可展膜结构的研究

对一种新型的张拉式索膜结构———倒伞式可展膜结构进行了这种新型结构的特点和它的设计过程,重点研究了它的找形分析过程;对找形原理进行了非线性有限元的理论推导。用ANSYS对一倒伞式膜结构进行了找形分析,对其中的一些重要问题进行了较深入的研究并提出了有实用价值的解决方案,最后得出了主要结论并提出了待解决的问题。     

加混凝土砌体的探讨

加混凝土砌体是一种介于普通砌体和混凝土墙之间的受力构件 ,本文提出了它的概念 ,并重点对其构造和可行性进行了探讨 ,同时提出了结构计算的基本假定     

四川传统甜橙窖的热功能改善研究

本文对四川甜橙传统地窖的热过程进行了系统的数值模拟,论证了它热功能羞的原因。提出了它的改进方法,并模拟其效果,为改进地窖甜橙贮藏条件提供了理论依据和优化方案。     

关于完善设计院生产经营管理体制的思考

在分析工程设计行业面临的形势和市场挑战的基础上,论述完善生产经营管理体制的必要性,并从市场开拓、经营模式、资源整合、人力资源、分配考核、社会保障、自主创新、服务意识、企业文化等方面采取措施,建立现代企业制度,完善生产经营管理体制.     

Influence of pH and TOC concentration on Cu,Zn, Cd,and Al speciation in rivers

Dissolved ( < approximately 4 nm, dialysis in situ), colloidal ( < 0.45 microm filtered, minus dissolved) and particulate (total, minus < 0.45 microm filtered) concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, (Al) in eight (three) mining polluted rivers were determined by atomic absorption spectrometry (flame and graphite furnace). The metal size distribution in the rivers was compared to pH, Ca concentration, alkalinity, conductivity, and total organic carbon (TOC). Data plots based on the present and other studies also yielded information about the interrelations between TOC, pH and metal adsorption in rivers and lakes. Less than 10% of Cu, Zn, and Cd were sorbed on particles or colloids in two rivers with average pH at 3.1 and 5.1, whereas 46%, 21%, and 21% of Cu, Zn, and Cd, respectively, occurred in sorbed form in six pH neutral rivers. In three pH neutral rivers, on average 55% of Al was in colloidal form, whereas the dissolved and particulate fractions were 21% and 23%, respectively. Our data combined with data from similar studies support conclusions from other research suggesting that the percent fraction of metals adsorbed on particles rises steeply from almost zero to nearly 100% within a narrow and element specific pH range. Changes in TOC concentration seem capable of shifting the pH to % metal absorption curves in the order of one pH unit.     

住宅装修污染及其防治

因装修引起的住宅室内空气污染主要包括甲醛污染、苯类污染、氨气污染和氡气污染。分析上述污染物的来源，介绍光触媒、臭氧、负离子、活性炭、抗污染花草等多种室内空气污染治理方法，比较各种治理方法的利弊特点。     

Influence of liming on metal sequestration in lake sediments over recent decades

Sediment profiles from five limed and six reference softwater lakes included in Swedish monitoring programmes were subjected to multi-element analysis to investigate the influence of lime treatment since 1977 on the sequestration of metals in lake sediments. We hypothesised that liming causes increased sedimentation of elements for which the mobility is primarily controlled by pH, e.g. Al, Cd, Co, Ni and Zn, whereas elements that are less influenced by pH fluctuations, e.g. Hg and Pb, are not affected by lime treatment. Further, we introduce a normalisation of metal concentrations with respect to Cu concentration in order to separate the effects of lime treatment from those related to temporal trends in airborne metal deposition or short-term variations in environmental conditions. This approach is shown to emphasise the effect of liming on the sediment accumulation of metals, thus separating it from other sources of variability. We found that liming causes increased sequestration of Al, As, Cd, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni and Zn, in the case of As and Co probably at least partly caused by an increased adsorption to Al, Fe and Mn oxyhydroxides. On the other hand, no influence of lime treatment could be demonstrated for Hg, Pb, Cr, V and P, despite an increase of pH by about two units.     

Comparison of anthropological and “natural” input of substances through waters into Adriatic, Baltic and Black Sea

BOD₅, COD, total suspended solids, total nitrogen, phosphates, surface active substances, detergents, mineral oils, phenols, PAH, Zn, Ni, Cr, Mn, Cu, Pb, Cd and Hg annual loading for the Adriatic Sea, Baltic Sea and Black Sea through wastewater and “natural” waters have been estimated. The quantities of “natural” waters, which are several orders of magnitude higher than the anthropological ones, the expected “natural” loading of substances considered here highly exceeds annually, weak reflections on the natural concentration increase in the whole sea system have been observed. This is essentially due to enormous quantities of suspended matter, and highest pollution is registered in the narrowest littoral zone. The present pollution has ecological implications primarily on the enchanted point-source spots. Comparison of the results for these closed seas reveals that the Adriatic sea has the smallest loading taken absolutely and relatively considering its volume, while the Black Sea, and particularly the Baltic Sea, have significantly higher loading.     

From flaws to faults

With the increasing use of the structural reliability theory in the current analysis and design of future structures and in the assessment of the existing structures defectologic problems are arising. Though in other areas of engineering, e.g. in mechanical and electrical engineering, defectologic terminology is well developed, in structural engineering problems with the definitions of such terms as flaw, deterioration, damage, defect, failure, fault, and others are often encountered.     

Water Resources Development: A Balanced Approach

Customers, the public generally, the water industry, its regulators and the government are aware that water can be a scarce and costly product. Resource planning and development must increasingly be viewed as a combined package of water efficiency in (a) use, (b) metering and tariff policy, (c) leakage reduction, and (d) physical schemes.
Droughts, fears over possible climate change, concerns about resources and the environment, a greater awareness of the role and costs of the water industry and statements by the Department of the Environment, the Office of Water Services, and the National Rivers Authority have added weight to this sensible shift in emphasis.
However, society needs reliable water supplies and cannot completely rely upon the uncertain impact that demand side-measures may bring about – nor, even where achieved and cost-effective, on the important savings in losses. New resource schemes can take many years to implement. Therefore, in order to ensure adequate and reliable supplies, plans for new schemes must be brought to a state of readiness, and, in many cases, implemented.     

Excessive software development: Practices and penalties

This study focuses on the tendency to develop software excessively, above and beyond need or available development resources. The literature pays little attention to this issue, overlooking its crucial impact and penalties. Terms used in reference to excessive software development practices include over-requirement, over-specification, over-design, gold-plating, bells-and-whistles, feature creep, scope creep, requirements creep, featuritis, scope overload and over-scoping. Some of these terms share the same meaning, some overlap, some refer to the development phase, and some to the final system. Via a systematic literature search, we first demonstrate the poor state of research about excessive software development practices in the information systems and project management areas. Then, we suggest a framework consolidating the problems associated with excessive software development in three ‘beyond’ categories (beyond needs, beyond resources, beyond plans), describe and analyze their causes, consequences, boundaries and overlapping zones. Finally, we discuss the findings and present directions for future research.     

Wild Ways and Paths of Pleasure: access to British waterfalls, 1500-2000

In Britain the rise of tourism, largely associated with the Romantic taste for landscape, encouraged travel to relatively inaccessible areas. Among travellers in search of the picturesque and the sublime, waterfalls were particularly popular, but these were commonly difficult and dangerous places to visit. The impact of tourism on the evolution of the landscape at waterfall sites over a period during which people travelled to tourist centres on horseback, by coach, by rail and by motor vehicle is examined. Drawing on topographical, travel and tourist literature from the sixteenth century to 2000, together with extensive field observation, the evolution from the 'natural' to the designed landscape, created to meet the needs of, and to attract, visitors, is considered. It is demonstrated how, while facilitating visits to natural attractions such as waterfalls, improved access and the provision of amenities have changed valued landscapes and, hence, the visitor's experience of them.     

The performance of moss, grass, and 1- and 2-year old spruce needles as bioindicators of contamination: a comparative study at the scale of the Czech Republic

Moss (Pleurozium schreberi), grass (Avenella flexuosa), and 1- and 2-year old spruce (Picea abies) needles were collected over the territory of the Czech Republic at an average sample density of 1 site per 290 km². The samples were analysed for 39 elements (Ag, Al, As, Ba, Be, Bi, Ca, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, Ga, Hg, K, La, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Nd, Ni, Pb, Pr, Rb, S, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, Y and Zn) using ICP-MS and ICP-AES techniques (the major nutrients Ca, K, Mg and Na were not analysed in moss). Moss showed by far the highest element concentrations for most elements. Exceptions were Ba (spruce), Mn (spruce), Mo (grass), Ni (spruce), Rb (grass) and S (grass). Regional distribution maps and spatial trend analysis were used to study the suitability of the four materials as bioindicators of anthropogenic contamination. The highly industrialised areas in the north-west and the far east of the country and several more local contamination sources were indicated in the distribution maps of one or several sample materials. At the scale of the whole country moss was the best indicator of known contamination sources. However, on a more local scale, it appeared that spruce needles were especially well suited for detection of urban contamination.