Corner properties of cold-formed steel sections at elevated temperatures

This paper presents the mechanical properties of the corner parts of cold-formed steel sections at elevated temperatures. Light-gauge structural members are cold-formed which results the mechanical properties of the corner parts being different from the flat parts. However, previous research has focused on the investigation of the corner parts of cold-formed steel sections at normal room temperature and the performance of the corner parts at elevated temperatures is unknown. An appropriate model for fire resistant design of steel structures necessitates a correct representation of mechanical properties of structural steel at elevated temperatures. Therefore, experimental investigation on corner coupon specimens at different temperatures ranged from approximately 20 to 1000 °C was conducted to study the behaviour of the corner parts of cold-formed steel sections at elevated temperatures. Two kinds of corner coupon specimens, namely the inner corner coupon specimens and outer corner coupon specimens having the steel grade of G500 (nominal 0.2% proof stress of 500 MPa) and nominal thickness of 1.9 mm were tested. The test results were compared with the flat coupon specimens taken from the same cold-formed steel sections as the corner coupon specimens. A unified equation to predict the yield strength (0.2% proof stress), elastic modulus, ultimate strength and ultimate strain of the corner parts of cold-formed steel sections at elevated temperatures is thus proposed in this paper. Generally, it is shown that the proposed equation adequately predicts the test results of the corner coupon specimens. Furthermore, stress–strain curves at different temperatures are plotted and a stress–strain model is also proposed for the corner parts of cold-formed steel sections.     

Mechanical properties of cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures

Mechanical properties have an important role in the fire safety design of cold-formed steel structures due to the rapid reduction in mechanical properties such as yield strength and elastic modulus under fire conditions and associated reduction to the load carrying capacities. Hence there is a need to fully understand the deterioration characteristics of yield strength and elastic modulus of cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures. Although past research has produced useful experimental data on the mechanical properties of cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures, such data do not yet cover different cold-formed steel grades and thicknesses. Therefore, an experimental study was undertaken to investigate the elevated temperature mechanical properties of two low and high strength steels with two thicknesses that are commonly used in Australia. Tensile coupon tests were undertaken using a steady state test method for temperatures in the range 20–700 °C. Test results were compared with the currently available reduction factors for yield strength and elastic modulus, and stress–strain curves, based on which further improvements were made. For this purpose, test results of many other cold-formed steels were also used based on other similar studies undertaken at the Queensland University of Technology. Improved equations were developed to predict the yield strength and elastic modulus reduction factors and stress–strain curves of a range of cold-formed steel grades and thicknesses used in Australia. This paper presents the results of this experimental study, comparisons with the results of past research and steel design standards, and the new predictive equations.     

瞬态和稳态条件下G550冷弯型钢力学性能

冷弯型钢高温下的力学性能是防火安全设计和数值分析的重要因素。现多采用稳态试验方法研究高温下材料的力学性能。然而,瞬态试验方法能更好地反应火灾的真实情况。采用瞬态和稳态两种方法对厚度为1mm的G550钢材进行试验,并对两种方法的试验结果进行讨论。结果显示,G550钢材的稳态试验结果不同于瞬态试验结果。G550钢材的稳态试验结果高估了冷弯型钢结构的耐火性。此外,将试验结果与其他研究人员的研究结果以及现有设计规范的计算结果进行比较,结果显示,采用BS5950计算的G550钢材屈服强度与瞬态试验结果相一致,比稳态试验结果保守。然而,其他情况下BS5950,AS4100和EC3的计算结果并不保守。最后,采用拟合法给出高温下考虑G550钢材的屈服强度、弹性模量、极限强度等折减因素的统一方程。基于Ramberg-Osgood模型给出G550钢材的应力-应变方程。该方程的计算结果与试验结果相符,能够满足实际工程的需要。     

超低温环境下钢筋力学性能试验研究

采用液氮降温的方式,对HRB335、HRB400以及特种低温钢筋共21组63个试件进行不同温度下的拉伸试验,分析不同种类钢筋在20,-40,-80,-100,-120,-140,-165℃下的力学性能及变化趋势。试验研究表明:随着温度降低,三种钢筋的屈服强度fy和抗拉强度fu均呈增大趋势,钢筋的断后伸长率δ5和断后收缩率ψ减小,说明钢筋的塑性随着温度降低而降低;三种钢筋的弹性模量与温度相关性不大,其值基本围绕着某一定值上下波动;不同温度下钢筋的应力-应变曲线的形状基本类似,但随着温度的降低,钢筋的极限应变不断减小,这也说明钢筋的塑性呈减小趋势。     

Experimental study on mechanical properties of high-strength fire-resistant steel at elevated temperatures

为研究高强耐火钢在高温下的力学性能，通过国产Q345FR、Q420FR、Q460FR耐火钢的高温下稳态拉伸试验和热膨胀变形试验，得到了20~800℃下各等级耐火钢的破坏模式、应力-应变关系曲线、力学性能参数及热膨胀系数，并与普通结构钢高温性能以及欧洲、中国的抗火设计规范的相关规定进行了对比。研究结果表明：在温度低于350~400℃时，国产高强耐火钢屈服强度、抗拉强度高于常温的，当温度超过400℃后，屈服强度、抗拉强度开始快速下降；欧洲规范EC3中给出的高温下普通结构钢的弹性模量、强度计算公式不适用于高强度耐火钢；温度低于450℃时，耐火钢试验值与GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》中普通钢取值更吻合；温度高于450℃时，耐火钢试验值与规范GB 51249—2017中耐火钢取值更吻合。针对Q345FR、Q420FR、Q460FR高强耐火钢，提出了高温下弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度变化系数拟合公式，可用于耐火钢结构抗火设计。     

Experimental investigation of post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed steels

Cold-formed steel members are widely used in residential, industrial and commercial buildings as primary load-bearing elements. During fire events, they will be exposed to elevated temperatures. If the general appearance of the structure is satisfactory after a fire event then the question that has to be answered is how the load bearing capacity of cold-formed steel members in these buildings has been affected. Hence after such fire events there is a need to evaluate the residual strength of these members. However, the post-fire behaviour of cold-formed steel members has not been investigated in the past. This means conservative decisions are likely to be made in relation to fire exposed cold-formed steel buildings. Therefore an experimental study was undertaken to investigate the post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed steels. Tensile coupons taken from cold-formed steel sheets of three different steel grades and thicknesses were exposed to different elevated temperatures up to 800 °C, and were then allowed to cool down to ambient temperature before they were tested to failure. Tensile coupon tests were conducted to obtain their post-fire stress–strain curves and associated mechanical properties (yield stress, Young׳s modulus, ultimate strength and ductility). It was found that the post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed steels are reduced below the original ambient temperature mechanical properties if they had been exposed to temperatures exceeding 300 °C. Hence a new set of equations is proposed to predict the post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed steels. Such post-fire mechanical property assessments allow structural and fire engineers to make an accurate prediction of the safety of fire exposed cold-formed steel buildings. This paper presents the details of this experimental study and the results of post-fire mechanical properties of cold-formed steels. It also includes the results of a post-fire evaluation of cold-formed steel walls.     

高强度耐火钢高温下力学性能试验研究

为研究高强耐火钢在高温下的力学性能,通过国产Q345FR、Q420FR、Q460FR耐火钢的高温下稳态拉伸试验和热膨胀变形试验,得到了20~800℃下各等级耐火钢的破坏模式、应力-应变关系曲线、力学性能参数及热膨胀系数,并与普通结构钢高温性能以及欧洲、中国的抗火设计规范的相关规定进行了对比。研究结果表明：在温度低于350~400℃时,国产高强耐火钢屈服强度、抗拉强度高于常温的,当温度超过400℃后,屈服强度、抗拉强度开始快速下降;欧洲规范EC3中给出的高温下普通结构钢的弹性模量、强度计算公式不适用于高强度耐火钢;温度低于450℃时,耐火钢试验值与GB 51249—2017《建筑钢结构防火技术规范》中普通钢取值更吻合;温度高于450℃时,耐火钢试验值与规范GB 51249—2017中耐火钢取值更吻合。针对Q345FR、Q420FR、Q460FR高强耐火钢,提出了高温下弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度变化系数拟合公式,可用于耐火钢结构抗火设计。     

高温下冷弯薄壁型钢的力学性能分析

由于火灾中冷弯薄壁型钢结构的力学性能参数(如:屈服强度和弹性模量)的急剧下降,引起承载力的下降,使得力学性能成为冷弯薄壁型钢结构设计的重要指标。因此需要掌握高温下冷弯薄壁型钢的力学性能(屈服强度和弹性模量)。尽管有高温下冷弯薄壁型钢力学性能的相关试验数据,但是该数据不能涵盖各种不同等级和厚度的冷弯薄壁型钢。针对在澳大利亚经常使用的两种厚度的高强和低强冷弯薄壁型钢进行高温试验研究。拉伸试验的温度控制在20～700℃。将试验结果与已知的降低屈服强度、弹性模量和应力-应变曲线的因素进行比较,以确定哪个因素可以被提高。在昆士兰工科大学,很多不同的冷弯型薄壁型钢的试验结果用于同样类似的研究中。改进后的方程用于分析一定范围内不同等级和厚度的冷弯型钢屈服强度和弹性模量降低的因素及应力-应变曲线。给出试验结果及与之前研究结果的比较、钢的设计标准和新的计算方程。     

Q345冷成型钢高温力学性能试验研究

冷成型钢高温材料特征指标是进行冷成型钢结构抗火设计及数值模拟的重要参数。现有的钢材高温材性数据大多基于稳态试验方法得到,而瞬态试验方法较前者更接近实际火灾情况。利用MTS810试验系统对1.5mm厚Q345冷成型钢进行了高温力学性能试验研究,将瞬态、稳态试验结果进行对比分析。试验结果表明： Q345冷成型钢瞬态试验抗拉强度折减系数在430～700 ℃时普遍高于稳态试验结果,二者相对误差27%～57%;超过100 ℃,Q345冷成型钢瞬态试验高温弹性模量明显低于稳态试验结果,相对误差17%～156%;450～550 ℃时,相同温度、应变水平下,Q345冷成型钢瞬态试验应力-应变曲线弹塑性阶段应力值明显高于稳态试验应力值,导致瞬态试验高温屈服强度高于稳态试验结果,相对误差28%～40%。通过数值拟合给出Q345冷成型钢高温材性折减系数及本构关系表达式,表达式与试验结果基本吻合。     

Experimental study of the mechanical properties of light gauge cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures

In recent times, light gauge cold-formed steel sections have been used extensively as primary load-bearing structural members in many applications in the building industry. Fire safety design of structures using such sections has, therefore, become more important. Deterioration of mechanical properties of yield stress and elasticity modulus is considered the most important factor affecting the performance of steel structures in fires. Hence, there is a need to fully understand the mechanical properties of light gauge cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures. A research project based on experimental studies was, therefore, undertaken to investigate the deterioration of mechanical properties of light gauge cold-formed steels. Tensile coupon tests were undertaken to determine the mechanical properties of these steels made of both low- and high-strength steels and thicknesses of 0.60, 0.80 and 0.95 mm at temperatures ranging from 20 to 800 °C. Test results showed that the currently available reduction factors are unsafe to use in the fire safety design of cold-formed steel structures. Therefore, new predictive equations were developed for the mechanical properties of yield strength and elasticity modulus at elevated temperatures. This paper presents the details of the experimental study, and the results including the developed equations. It also includes details of a stress–strain model for light gauge cold-formed steels at elevated temperatures.     

热冲压球壳Q235钢材高温后力学性能试验研究

为研究热冲压球壳Q235钢材高温后的力学性能,对经历400~900℃高温后由自然冷却和喷水冷却到常温空心球加工制作成的受拉试样进行拉伸试验,得到高温冷却后该材料的应力-应变曲线、弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度和断后伸长率,并与普通Q235钢高温后力学性能进行了对比。研究结果表明：当经历温度不超过500℃时,钢材高温后强度与断后伸长率在两种冷却方式下变化规律基本类似,且变化很小。当经历温度超过500℃后,不同冷却方式对材料高温后强度与断后伸长率产生明显影响,且温度越高,相差越大,自然冷却方式下,随着温度的升高,强度降低而断后伸长率变大。喷水冷却方式下,抗拉强度增大而伸长率减小,屈服强度在500~700℃之间逐渐增大,700℃之后又快速下降。弹性模量受经历温度与冷却方式的影响较小。     

Q690钢材高温后的力学性能试验研究

通过升温、冷却和拉伸试验,对历经300~900℃高温后的Q690钢材在自然冷却和浸水冷却条件下的力学性能展开试验研究。结果表明：经高温冷却的Q690钢材在不同温度和不同冷却方式下有不同的外观特征;受热温度超过500℃时,高温冷却对Q690钢材的弹性模量影响很小,对其强度和伸长率影响较大;当受热温度不超过700℃时,Q690钢材高温后的强度和伸长率在两种冷却方式下具有基本相同的变化规律;在700~800℃之间,不同冷却方式对Q690钢材高温后强度和伸长率产生影响,且随温度升高差别愈加明显,自然冷却条件下强度降低且伸长率增大,浸水冷却条件下强度增大且伸长率减小。将Q690钢材高温后力学性能与Q235钢材和Q460钢材比较,认为不同强度等级钢材高温后的力学性能差别显著,在自然冷却条件下较高强度钢材（Q690）的强度衰减和延性增长大于较低强度钢材（Q235和Q460）的。根据试验结果,建立了不同冷却条件下的高温后各力学参数与受热温度之间的数学模型,该模型可用于火灾后Q690钢结构的承载能力的评估。     

国产Q690高强钢高温下力学性能试验研究

通过国产Q690高强钢的稳态试验研究,得到20~800℃下钢材的试验现象、应力-应变关系曲线、力学性能参数,并将所得试验结果与相关规范和已有研究进行比较。研究发现：随温度升高,试验后钢材表面及断口形貌区别明显,应力-应变关系曲线的初始线弹性段缩短、极限应力对应应变减小、下降段趋于平缓;弹性模量、屈服强度和抗拉强度等力学性能指标随温度升高而降低;而断后伸长率在200~500℃时相较于常温值有小幅度下降,600℃后明显增加;当温度低于500℃时,不同名义屈服强度折减系数之间存在较大差异。目前已有研究建议的钢材高温力学性能模型并不适用于Q690高强钢,通过试验结果拟合得到了高温下Q690钢力学性能模型,以期用于Q690钢材的钢结构抗火安全评估与设计。     

Elevated-temperature mechanical properties of high strength structural steel S460N: Experimental study and recommendations for fire-resistance design

Fire-resistance design is one of the most important considerations when structural engineers conduct design of steel structures. As a basis of analyzing fire performance of steel structures, elevated-temperature mechanical properties of structural steels are significant for practical design. The recommendations of current European, American, Australian and British standards were mainly obtained from mild steels, which are in question when used to conduct fire-resistance design of high strength steel structures. In order to reveal the elevated-temperature mechanical properties of high strength steel S460N, tensile tests were conducted at various temperatures ranged 20–700 °C. The elevated-temperature reduction factors of elastic modulus, yield and ultimate strengths of S460N were obtained and compared with current design standards and available literature. According to the comparison between this research result on S460N and the available research results in literature on S460N, S460M and various mild steels, it is found that the deterioration of mechanical properties of structural steels at elevated temperature is dependent on steel grades. Thus the recommendations in current design standards are not applicable to high strength structural steels. Further unique predictive equations for the deterioration of high strength structural steel S460 at elevated temperatures were proposed and validated with available literature.     

Design of high strength steel columns at elevated temperatures

The main objective of this paper is to study the behaviour and design of high strength steel columns at elevated temperatures using finite element analysis. In this study, equations predicting the yield strength and elastic modulus of high strength steel and mild steel at elevated temperatures are proposed. In addition, stress-strain curve model for high strength steel and mild steel materials at elevated temperatures is also proposed. The numerical analysis was performed on high strength steel columns over a range of column lengths for various temperatures. The nonlinear finite element model was verified against experimental results of columns at normal room and elevated temperatures. The effects of initial local and overall geometrical imperfections have been taken into consideration in the analysis. The material properties and stress-strain curves at elevated temperatures used in the finite element model were obtained from the proposed equations based on the material tests. Two series of box and I-section columns were studied using the finite element analysis to investigate the strength and behaviour of high strength steel columns at elevated temperatures. Both fixed-ended stub columns and pin-ended slender columns were considered. The column strengths predicted from the finite element analysis were compared with the design strengths predicted using the American, European and Australian specifications for hot-rolled steel columns at elevated temperatures by substituting the reduced material properties. In addition, the direct strength method, which was developed for the design of cold-formed steel columns at normal room temperature, was also used in this study to predict the high strength steel column strengths at elevated temperatures. The suitability of these design rules for high strength steel columns at elevated temperatures is assessed. Generally, it is shown that the American and European specifications as well as the direct strength method conservatively predicted the column strengths of high strength steel at elevated temperatures. The European Code predictions are slightly more conservative than the American Specification and the direct strength method predictions.     

HRBF500钢筋高温后力学性能试验研究

通过拉伸试验,研究20,100,200,300,400,500,600,700,800,900,1 000℃高温冷却后HRBF500钢筋屈服强度、极限强度、弹性模量、延伸率和受拉应力-应变关系的变化规律。结果表明,高温冷却后细晶钢筋,温度历程低于500℃时,钢筋的力学性能变化不明显;高于500℃时,随温度历程的升高,钢筋的应力-应变关系曲线逐渐软化,钢筋的各项力学指标逐渐退化。基于试验数据,提出了高温后500 MPa细晶粒钢筋屈服强度、极限强度和弹性模量随温度变化的计算公式,为开展细晶粒钢筋结构抗火性能分析及火灾后损伤评估提供基础性素材。     

控轧控冷型高强钢高温下的力学性能试验研究

通过稳态法进行了控轧控冷(TMCP)型Q550高强钢在不同温度下的力学性能试验研究,得到常温及200～800℃9个不同高温下钢材的表观特征、应力-应变关系与基本力学性能参数,包括弹性模量、屈服强度、抗拉强度及断后伸长率。结果表明：应力-应变关系曲线在常温时有屈服平台而高温下没有,在超过300℃的高温下曲线形状不同;温度不超过300℃时弹性模量与强度小幅增长,此后二者皆随温度升高而减小,且400～700℃为主要的衰减区间;温度不超过450℃时断后伸长率有所折减,此后则随温度升高而增大。与已有的淬火回火(QT)型Q550高强钢相应研究结果的对比表明,TMCP与QT型Q550高强钢高温下的强度折减规律与程度基本一致,但TMCP型Q550高强钢高温下的弹性模量折减程度比QT型Q550高强钢严重。从微观组织方面解释了Q550高强钢高温力学性能的变化。根据试验结果,建立TMCP型Q550高强钢高温下的力学性能参数模型。     

Q690高强钢疲劳损伤后力学性能试验研究

服役结构材料疲劳损伤后的残余力学性能对结构可靠性的评估有着至关重要的作用。为此,对Q690高强钢经不同疲劳损伤后的残余力学性能进行了试验研究。根据Q690高强钢在不同疲劳荷载作用下的疲劳寿命,设定了3级疲劳荷载和9组损伤振动次数,并将Q690高强钢试件在各疲劳荷载下进行不同次数的预损伤疲劳振动。然后,对这些具有不同疲劳损伤的试件进行静力拉伸试验,观察试件的断裂模式并获得应力-应变曲线,对比分析具有不同疲劳损伤试件的屈服强度、抗拉强度和伸长率等力学性参数的变化规律。结果表明：Q690高强钢经疲劳损伤后的断口位置和截面形貌均发生明显变化;疲劳损伤后Q690高强钢在静力拉伸作用下的应力-应变关系曲线均无屈服平台,拉伸过程中出现位移不变、拉力突然减小的卸载现象,造成应力-应变关系曲线出现振荡;Q690高强钢的弹性模量受疲劳损伤影响相对较小,但是屈服强度、抗拉强度、伸长率、屈服应变和极限应变却随疲劳损伤增加而减小。根据试验结果,建立了Q690高强钢力学性能参数与疲劳损伤之间的拟合公式,利用该公式可对具有不同疲劳损伤的Q690高强钢结构的力学性能进行有效评估。     

高温后新Ⅲ级钢筋力学性能的试验研究

通过对37组共111根(?)16和(?)12新Ⅲ级钢筋高温后的力学性能试验,研究了经历不同受火温度和受火恒温时间 后的屈服强度、极限强度、弹性模量、延伸率和受拉应力-应变关系等力学性能的变化规律。试验表明。新Ⅲ级钢筋在经历 高温作用后,其屈服强度、极限强度和弹性模量在400℃以前变化不大,之后随所经历温度的升高而逐渐下降,降幅一般在 15％左右,实测的受拉应力-应变关系曲线,仍然出现明显的屈服台阶和强化段。根据试验结果,本文建议了高温后新Ⅲ 级钢筋屈服强度、极限强度、弹性模量、延伸率和受拉应力.应变全曲线计算公式。本文研究成果可作为火灾后混凝土结 构的损伤评估和非线性有限元全过程分析的依据。