A correlation between P-wave velocity,impact strength index,slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength

Impact strength index, slake durability index and uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) are important properties of a rock mass which are used widely in geological and geotechnical engineering. In this study, the mechanical properties of one igneous, three sedimentary and three metamorphic rock types were determined in the laboratory and correlated with P-wave velocity. Empirical equations have been developed to predict the impact strength index, slake durability index and UCS from P-wave velocity, which may avoid the necessity for time-consuming and tedious laboratory testing. To check the sensitivity of the empirical relations, a t test was performed which confirmed the validity of the proposed correlations.      

Estimation of uniaxial compressive strength from point load strength,Schmidt hardness and P-wave velocity

Uniaxial compressive strength is considered one of the most important parameters in the characterization of rock material in rock engineering practice. The study investigated correlations between uniaxial compressive strength and point load index, P-wave velocity and Schmidt hardness rebound number together with the effects of core diameter size. A total of 150 core samples at five different diameters (54, 48, 42, 30 and 21 mm) were obtained from sandstone, limestone and cement mortar. Ten saturated samples at each diameter (length:diameter ratio 2:1) were prepared from each of the three materials. The best correlations were found between uniaxial compressive strength and point load or Schmidt hammer values. The closest relationship was observed for the 48 mm diameter cores.      

Estimating uniaxial compressive strength of rocks using genetic expression programming

The aim of this paper is to estimate the uniaxial compressive strength(UCS) of rocks with different characteristics by using genetic expression programming(GEP).For this purpose,five different types of rocks including basalt and ignimbrite(black,yellow,gray,brown) were prepared.Values of unit weight,water absorption by weight,effective porosity and UCS of rocks were determined experimentally.By using these experimental data,five different GEP models were developed for estimating the values of UCS for different rock types.Good agreement between experimental data and predicted results is obtained.     

Predicting uniaxial compressive strength of serpentinites through physical,dynamic and mechanical properties using neural networks

The uniaxial compressive strength(UCS)of intact rock is one of the most important parameters required and determined for rock mechanics studies in engineering projects.The limitations and difficulty of conducting tests on rocks,specifically on thinly bedded,highly fractured,highly porous and weak rocks,as well as the fact that these tests are destructive,expensive and time-consuming,lead to development of soft computing-based techniques.Application of artificial neural networks(ANNs)for predicting UCS has become an attractive alternative for geotechnical engineering scientists.In this study,an ANN was designed with the aim of indirectly predicting UCS through the serpentinization percentage,and physical,dynamic and mechanical characteristics of serpentinites.For this purpose,data obtained in earlier experimental work from central Greece were used.The ANN-based results were compared with the experimental ones and those obtained from previous analysis.The proposed ANN-based formula was found to be very efficient in predicting UCS values and the samples could be classified with simple physical,dynamic and mechanical tests,thus the expensive,difficult,time-consuming and destructive mechanical tests could be avoided.     

Evaluating residual compressive strength of concrete at elevated temperatures using ultrasonic pulse velocity

In this paper, the ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) is used to quantitatively evaluate the residual compressive strength of concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. A series of tests were performed to examine the relationship between the residual UPV and strength of concrete with different mixture proportions at elevated temperatures. Cylindrical specimens were made of concrete with water–cement ratios of 0.58 and 0.68, and heated in an electric furnace at temperatures ranging from 400 to 600 °C. After exposing to the elevated temperature, the concrete specimens were cooled down in the ambient air and tested on different days. For each test, the pulse velocity and compressive strength were measured. Experimental results show that change in mixture proportion of concrete does not have a significant effect on the residual strength and UPV ratios of concrete subjected to elevated temperatures. This important finding considerably enhances the feasibility of using UPV for quantitative evaluation of the residual strength of fire-damaged concrete structures. The relationship between the residual strength ratio and the residual UPV ratio was developed and a general equation was proposed for residual strength prediction. Finally, this paper verifies the suitability of the proposed equation for predicting the residual strength ratios of different concrete specimens with the measured residual UPV ratios.     

The effect of rock classes on the relation between uniaxial compressive strength and point load index

Uniaxial compressive strength and point load tests were carried out on 17 igneous, 16 metamorphic and 19 sedimentary rocks and the values correlated with their I _s values. The influence of the different rock type was investigated using regression analysis and the derived equations were statistically tested. Although the derived equation for all data is significant, the data points are scattered and the coefficient of correlation is not strong. However, when the regression analysis was repeated for igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks respectively, the data were less scattered and stronger correlation coefficients were obtained.      

砂浆的准绝热温升特性与抗压强度的相关性研究

考察了包含不同胶凝材料砂浆的准绝热温升特性及其抗压强度,获得了砂浆的水化温升值与其抗压强度的量化关系.结果表明:中热水泥砂浆的温升值和温升速率比低热水泥砂浆大;包含粉煤灰的砂浆与纯水泥砂浆相比,温升速率和温升值均明显减小:水胶比越高,砂浆的水化温升值和温升速率越小;砂浆的抗压强度与水化温升值呈正向线性关系,且这种关系基本不受胶凝材料体系和水胶比的影响.在一定范围内可由砂浆(水泥基材料)的水化温升特性推定其抗压强度.     

Predicting uniaxial compressive strength,modulus of elasticity and index properties of rocks using the Schmidt hammer

The Schmidt hammer test is a non-destructive method which can be used in both laboratory and field to provide a quick and relatively inexpensive measure of rock hardness. The study investigated the relationship between the Schmidt hardness and modulus of elasticity, uniaxial compressive strength and index properties of nine types of rock including travertine, limestone, dolomitic limestone and schist. The empirical equations developed indicated the Schmidt hardness rebound values have a reliable relationship with the uniaxial compressive strength of rock (r = 0.92). Comparing the results with those reported by other researchers, it is concluded that no single relationship can be considered reliable for all rock types. Whilst the equations developed in this study may be useful at a preliminary stage of design, they should be used with caution and only for the specified rock types.      

橡胶混凝土抗压强度与超声波波速关系的试验研究

利用超声波混凝土无损检测技术,对3种不同粒径、不同掺量的橡胶粉改性高强混凝土试件进行了超声波检测,并同时进行了抗压强度试验,由试验数据回归出了抗压强度和超声波波速之间的关系,可为橡胶改性高强混凝土的强度测试提供一定的技术参考.     

Models to predict the uniaxial compressive strength and the modulus of elasticity for Ankara Agglomerate

Determination of the uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) and modulus of elasticity of block-in-matrix rocks (bimrocks) is often impossible in the laboratory since the preparation of the standard core samples from bimrocks is extraordinarily difficult. For this reason, some predictive models were developed to estimate the UCS and modulus of elasticity based on the volumetric portion of blocks in Ankara Agglomerate, which is composed of black and pink andesite blocks in a tuff matrix. The ratio of E_imin of blocks (5.99 GPa) to E_imax of the tuff matrix (2.83 GPa) is 2.2 for Ankara Agglomerate. In addition to this contrast, the minimum ratio of UCS values of andesite blocks (34.99 MPa) to matrix tuff (14.4 MPa) is 2.4. In the first stage of the study, fuzzy logic was used as a tool for the prediction of the UCS of Ankara Agglomerate based on its block and matrix constituents. UCS values for 164 agglomerate cores were evaluated in the prediction model based on fuzzy logic. A triangular chart expressed by “if-then” rules considers different constituent composition of the agglomerate. Considering the membership functions depending on the portion of constituents, a Mamdani fuzzy algorithm was constructed and a fuzzy triangular chart was obtained for the estimation of the UCS of the agglomerate. The ‘variance accounts for’ (VAF) and the root mean square error (RMSE) indices were calculated as 56.9% and 7.3, respectively, to characterize the prediction performance of the triangular chart. In the second stage of the study, the goal was to construct a prediction model for the estimation of the modulus of the elasticity. Regression analyses were performed using 103 UCSs and the unit weight data obtained from core samples prepared from tuff matrix, black and pink andesite blocks and agglomerate. An equation having a correlation coefficient of 0.951 was obtained from the regression analyses. The VAF and RMSE indices for the multiple regression equation were obtained as 88.8% and 0.84, respectively. Both correlation coefficient and the performance indices indicated that the prediction capacity of the equation is high.     

高温后沙漠砂混凝土抗压强度超声检测

考虑温度和沙漠砂替代率两个因素,对90个尺寸为100 mm×100 mm×100 mm沙漠砂混凝土立方体进行高温试验,通过对高温后试件进行抗压强度和超声检测试验,探究沙漠砂替代率和温度对抗压强度和超声波速的影响,建立高温后相对抗压强度劣化模型,得到沙漠砂混凝土高温后相对抗压强度与相对超声波速之间的关系,为沙漠砂混凝土高温后抗压强度的无损检测提供技术支撑。     

混凝土高温试验及高温后抗压残余强度研究

介绍混凝土高温试验过程和试验现象。对高温后混凝土的抗压强度进行了力学性能测试,得到高温后混凝土试块的抗压残余强度。综合4种高温后混凝土抗压残余强度公式,通过曲线图形与本试验结果进行对照比较,找出一致性较优公式。     

受热温度和时间对混凝土抗压强度的影响

试验研究不同受热温度和受热时间处理后的C40普通混凝土立方体试块抗压强度,详细描述高温后试块的外观特征及抗压破坏特征,探讨试块抗压性能与受热温度和时间的关系。结果表明,随着火灾温度的升高和燃烧时间的增加,高温后自然冷却混凝土立方体抗压强度整体上呈降低趋势。根据试验结果,建立高温后混凝土立方体剩余抗压强度与受火温度和受火时间的计算公式,并给出不同温度和时间对混凝土抗压强度影响的评定。根据温度和时间对混凝土抗压强度的耦合作用,建立火灾大小分类标准。     

亚高温持续作用混凝土受压强度试验研究

已有的混凝土受热力学性能研究重点集中于500℃以上的高温区段,小于500℃的亚高温区段的混凝土强度则直接按常温处理,这不符合实际温度作用的受力情况。长期处于亚高温作用下的混凝土结构也需要了解其材料受力性能的变化规律。通过亚高温区段混凝土的受压强度试验,考察了不同亚高温及温度持续时间对其的影响。结果表明,不同温度持续时间...     

碱激发剂对碱矿渣混凝土高温后抗压强度的影响研究

研究了激发剂碱浓度和模数对碱矿渣混凝土经高温作用后抗压强度的影响.结果表明,对于水胶比为0.45的碱矿渣混凝土,当水玻璃模数低于1.5时,随着碱浓度的增加,碱矿渣混凝土高温后的残余抗压强度先提高后降低,碱浓度为6％时最高;而当模数为2.0时,碱浓度为8％的残余抗压强度最高.当碱浓度低于6％时,水玻璃模数与碱矿渣混凝土高...     

Mechanical properties of microcrystalline branching selenite gypsum samples and influence of constituting factors

The high sedimentological variability of gypsum rocks has the effect that a univocal characterization of this material is not easy to establish. This is particularly true from the geomechanical point of view: when the mechanical properties of gypsum rocks are requested, it is therefore necessary to undertake detailed characterization analyses. Common facies of gypsum was observed in the Upper Miocene evaporitic succession (Messinian Salinity Crisis) within the whole Mediterranean Basin. In this work, mechanical tests were conducted on a site-specific facies, represented by the microcrystalline branching selenite. The tested samples came from the Monferrato area (northwestern Italy). Uniaxial compressive strength (UCS) tests were performed in order to obtain reference mechanical parameters. More rapid and economic point load test (PLT) and ultrasonic pulse velocity (UPV) measurements were additionally performed to verify their applicability as complementary/alternative methods for site characterization. Rock-type specific PLT-UCS and UPV-UCS relationships were established. A wide dispersion of the mechanical parameters was observed due to the heterogeneities of the studied material. Consequently, compositional, textural and microstructural observations on selected samples were performed. Two main material classes were recognized based on average grain size and total gypsum content, underlining the significant influence of the grain sorting on the measured mechanical properties.     

Mechanical properties of Michigan Basin's gypsum before and after saturation

The stability analysis of an abandoned underground gypsum mine requires the determination of the mine pillar's strength.This is especially important for flooded abandoned mines where the gypsum pillars become saturated and are subjected to dissolution after flooding.Further,mine pillars are subjected to blast vibrations that generate some level of macro-and micro-fracturing.Testing samples of gypsum must,therefore,simulate these conditions as close as possible.In this research,the strength of gypsum is investigated in an as-received saturated condition using uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),Brazilian tensile strength(BTS)and point load index(PLI)tests.The scale effect was investigated and new correlations were derived to describe the effect of sample size on both UCS and BTS under dry and saturated conditions.Effects of blasting on these parameters were observed and the importance of choosing the proper samples was discussed.Finally,correlations were derived for both compressive and tensile strengths under dry and saturated conditions from the PLI test results,which are commonly used as a simple substitute for the indirect determination of UCS and BTS.     

Classification and assessment of rock mass parameters in Choghart iron mine using P-wave velocity

Engineering rock mass classification,based on empirical relations between rock mass parameters and engineering applications,is commonly used in rock engineering and forms the basis for designing rock structures.The basic data required may be obtained from visual observation and laboratory or field tests.However,owing to the discontinuous and variable nature of rock masses,it is difficult for rock engineers to directly obtain the specific design parameters needed.As an alternative,the use of geophysical methods in geomechanics such as seismography may largely address this problem.In this study,25 seismic profiles with the total length of 543 m have been scanned to determine the geomechanical properties of the rock mass in blocks Ⅰ,Ⅲ and Ⅳ-2 of the Choghart iron mine.Moreover,rock joint measurements and sampling for laboratory tests were conducted.The results show that the rock mass rating(RMR) and Q values have a close relation with P-wave velocity parameters,including P-wave velocity in field(V_(PF)).P-wave velocity in the laboratory(V_(PL)) and the ratio of V_(PF) V_(PL)(i.e.K_p = V_(PF)/V_(PL).However,Q value,totally,has greater correlation coefficient and less error than the RMR,In addition,rock mass parameters including rock quality designation(RQD),uniaxial compressive strength(UCS),joint roughness coefficient(JRC) and Schmidt number(RN) show close relationship with P-wave velocity.An equation based on these parameters was obtained to estimate the P-wave velocity in the rock mass with a correlation coefficient of 91%.The velocities in two orthogonal directions and the results of joint study show that the wave velocity anisotropy in rock mass may be used as an efficient tool to assess the strong and weak directions in rock mass.     

变温条件下粉煤灰对混凝土抗压强度的影响

以混凝土绝热温升为温度参考依据,模拟混凝土早龄期的变温过程,研究了在变温条件下掺加粉煤灰对混凝土抗压强度的影响.强度等级为C30级时.粉煤灰混凝土3 d后的抗压强度高于纯水泥混凝土;强度等级为C80级时,粉煤灰混凝土4 d后的抗压强度高于纯水泥混凝土.通过工程实例研究了不同养护条件对大掺量粉煤灰混凝土强度发展的影响,发现温度匹配养护下7 d的抗压强度远高于在标准养护和同条件养护下的抗压强度.     

高温中钢纤维混凝土抗压强度试验研究

综述了国内外混凝土及纤维混凝土高温后及高温中的性能变化规律。研究了3种水胶比混凝土及钢纤维混凝土在20、200、400、600、800℃五个温度段高温中的抗压强度,结果表明:素混凝土及钢纤维混凝土高温中抗压强度都呈先升高再降低趋势,素混凝土和钢纤维混凝土分别在200、400℃时达到峰值,400℃时钢纤维的增强效果最明显。