考虑变形效应的非饱和土相对渗透系数模型

 相对渗透系数是土体非饱和渗流分析的重要参数,Mualem统计模型在土体相对渗透系数预测中得到广泛应用。然而,Mualem统计模型假定土体具有刚性的孔隙结构,因而无法反映变形对非饱和渗透系数的影响。笔者最近提出的变形土土水特征曲线模型为基础,建立考虑变形效应的非饱和土相对渗透系数的修正Mualem统计模型。修正模型引入某一饱和度条件下被水充满的平均孔隙半径这一参量,来反映有效饱和度及土体变形过程中孔隙形态变化对其非饱和渗透特性的影响。采用4种不同类型土体的非饱和渗透试验数据对修正模型进行验证。结果表明,修正模型给出的相对渗透系数预测值与实测值的均根误差相比Mualem统计模型减小27%,说明修正模型对于变形条件下土体的相对渗透系数具有更强的预测能力。研究成果为非饱和土渗流规律以及水–力耦合数值模拟等研究提供了更为可靠的理论模型。     

考虑土体非饱和特性的无限长斜坡降雨入渗解析解

由降雨诱发的残积土滑坡在亚热带和热带地区非常普遍,产生此类滑坡的主要原因是雨水入渗使斜坡内非饱和土体的负孔隙水压力降低导致了土体抗剪强度的减小。基于二维非饱和渗流控制方程,采用指数函数描述非饱和土体的土水特征曲线及其渗透系数随含水率(或负孔隙水压力)的变化,建立了降雨入渗条件下无限长斜坡内水分运移模型,在合理简化的基础上给出了模型的解析解。通过与成熟的有限元数值模拟软件计算结果的比较与分析,证明该解析解稳定可靠。由该解析解获得的负孔隙水压力剖面可用于评估降雨入渗对非饱和土斜坡稳定性的影响。     

无限长均质斜坡降雨入渗解析解

降雨是导致边坡失稳的最主要的环境因素,研究降雨入渗对边坡稳定性的影响,关键和难点是计算降雨入渗在边坡土体中引起的渗流场。采用Fourier积分变换分别对降雨强度小于和大于土体饱和渗透系数情况下的斜坡入渗解析解进行了推导,并给出了这两种情况下斜坡入渗解析解的统一表达式。该解不仅能反映非饱和土特性及斜坡的影响,还能反映当降雨强度大于土体饱和渗透系数时,坡面边界由流量边界转化为水头边界的动态变化过程,便于更全面地对降雨情况下斜坡的入渗规律进行研究。通过与有限元软件的计算结果进行对比,证明该解是稳定可靠的,且其形式简单,计算效率高;该解可精确计算坡面积水时间及任意时间点及空间点的孔隙水压力值,并用于评估降雨入渗对非饱和土斜坡稳定性的影响。     

全吸力范围非饱和土水力渗透系数的计算

非饱和土水力渗透系数决定了水分在非饱和土体中迁移的速率,因此非饱和土水力渗透系数是研究水分在非饱和土中迁移规律的关键参数.一般情况,渗流数值计算软件将水力渗透系数方程作为输入参数,水力渗透系数方程的准确性直接影响渗流模拟结果的可靠性.常用的非饱和土水力渗透系数方程大多基于毛细水的相关理论,在低吸力区其计算结果与试验数据...     

非饱和土的渗透特性试验研究

由于非饱和土的复杂性和多变性，其渗透特性明显不同于饱和土，并且试验难度较大。利用特制的非饱和土三轴仪对黄河大堤非饱和土的渗透特性进行了试验研究，为非饱和土渗透系数的直接测定奠定了基础。根据试验结果，得出了黄河大堤非饱和土土体在不同含水量下的围压．渗透系数关系及其变化规律，以及不同围压条件下质量含水量．渗透系数关系及其变化规律，同时，对其关系曲线模型进行了拟合，得出了相应的拟合函数。     

非饱和黏土的一维电渗排水解析理论

采用饱和土的电渗固结理论通常会高估非饱和状态下土体的电渗排水能力。基于流体质量守恒原理、Darcy定律以及电渗流方程,采用指数函数描述土水特征曲线及水力渗透系数与电渗透系数和吸力间的关系,建立非饱和黏土的一维电渗排水控制方程,推导孔隙水压力、体积含水率及排水量的解析方法,并开展试验验证。在此基础上,分析饱和电渗透系数与水力渗透系数比值(k_e/k_s)、减饱和系数(α)以及残余体积含水率(θ_r)对非饱和黏土电渗排水特性的影响。结果表明,电渗排水量随着饱和电渗透系数与水力渗透系数的比值以及减饱和系数的增大而增大,且均呈非线性关系;土体持水性对非饱和土体的电渗排水性状影响显著。所提出的解析解可为非饱和黏土的电渗排水设计及效果评价提供参考。     

分形理论在研究非饱和土力学性质中的应用

试验室内确定非饱和土的力学性质有许多困难,土体结构与其力学性质密切相关,土体结构可以用分形模型描述,分形理论能很好地用来估算非饱和土的力学参数。文中由非饱和土孔隙分布的分形模型导出了非饱和土的水分特征曲线、渗透系数、剪切强度的表达式,并与已经有的经验公式和试验数据进行了比较,验证了本文的理论结果。     

由土–水特征曲线预测上海非饱和软土渗透系数

在分析总结由土–水特征曲线预测非饱和土渗透系数方法的基础上,根据Childs和Collis-George(1950)利用充水孔隙空间形状提出的、并经多次修改的预测渗透系数模型,预测了上海非饱和软土的相对渗透系数。上海非饱和软土渗透性参数随吸力(含水率)变化呈现非线性变化,吸力增加(含水率降低)渗透性快速降低。对不同粒径的上海非饱和软土层,在减饱和初期(低吸力阶段),土体中骨架颗粒大小对渗透性影响不大;但随着减饱和过程的进行,大骨架颗粒的土体的渗透性衰减速率大于小颗粒土体;而减饱和后期,这种衰减速率上的差异又趋于不明显。这一衰减特征主要与参与减饱和的土中水的赋存状态有关。     

基于Mein-aLarson模型的非饱和锐利浸润锋模型

降雨入渗模型在渗流理论、地质灾害评价等方面具有重要的理论意义及工程应用价值。基于饱和入渗的Mein-Larson模型及李宁等学者提出的非饱和入渗模型,利用非饱和土的Van Genuchten水土特性及渗透系数模型,提出了简化的非饱和锐利浸润锋模型,用以分析均匀含水率土体及含水率随深度变化的土体,其含水率、浸润深度、吸力等随雨强、降雨持时的变化。通过3种模型在不同工况下与有限元模拟结果进行对比,验证了本文提出的模型能更好的描述黄土中的非饱和水分迁移。     

基于Mein–Larson模型的非饱和锐利浸润锋模型

降雨入渗模型在渗流理论、地质灾害评价等方面具有重要的理论意义及工程应用价值。基于饱和入渗的Mein–Larson模型及李宁等学者提出的非饱和入渗模型,利用非饱和土的Van Genuchten水土特性及渗透系数模型,提出了简化的非饱和锐利浸润锋模型,用以分析均匀含水率土体及含水率随深度变化的土体,其含水率、浸润深度、吸力等随雨强、降雨持时的变化。通过3种模型在不同工况下与有限元模拟结果进行对比,验证了本文提出的模型能更好的描述黄土中的非饱和水分迁移。     

Laboratory measurement of hydraulic conductivity functions of two unsaturated sandy soils during drying and wetting processes

The importance of applying unsaturated soil mechanics to geotechnical engineering design has been well understood. However, the consumption of time and the necessity for a specific laboratory testing apparatus when measuring unsaturated soil properties have limited the application of unsaturated soil mechanics theories in practice. Although methods for predicting unsaturated soil properties have been developed, the verification of these methods for a wide range of soil types is required in order to increase the confidence of practicing engineers in using these methods. In this study, a new permeameter was developed to measure the hydraulic conductivity of unsaturated soils using the steady-state method and directly measured suction (negative pore-water pressure) values. The apparatus is instrumented with two tensiometers for the direct measurement of suction during the tests. The apparatus can be used to obtain the hydraulic conductivity function of sandy soil over a low suction range (0–10 kPa). Firstly, the repeatability of the unsaturated hydraulic conductivity measurement, using the new permeameter, was verified by conducting tests on two identical sandy soil specimens and obtaining similar results. The hydraulic conductivity functions of the two sandy soils were then measured during the drying and wetting processes of the soils. A significant hysteresis was observed when the hydraulic conductivity was plotted against the suction. However, the hysteresis effects were not apparent when the conductivity was plotted against the volumetric water content. Furthermore, the measured unsaturated hydraulic conductivity functions were compared with predictions using three different predictive methods that are widely incorporated into numerical software. The results suggest that these predictive methods are capable of capturing the measured behavior with reasonable agreement.     

Application of fractal theory to unsaturated soil mechanics

The mechanical properties of unsaturated soils are a function of the saturation degree or matric suction, and can be obtained based on currently available procedures. However, each procedure has its limitations and consequently, care should be taken in the selection of a proper procedure. The fractal approach seems to be a potentially useful tool to describe hierarchical systems and is suitable to model the structure and hydraulic properties of unsaturated soils. In this paper, the soil-water characteristics, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity function, unsaturated shear strength, swelling deformation and compression were derived from the fractal model for the pore-size distribution, and were expressed by only two independent physical parameters, the fractal dimension and the air entry value. The predictions of the proposed soil-water characteristics, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity, unsaturated shear strength, swelling deformation and compression were in good agreement with published experimental data. Comparisons between the experimental results of unsaturated hydraulic conductivity and the predictions of the both fractal model and the van Genuchten-Mualem model were also performed, and it was found that the predictions of the fractal model were better than that of the van Genuchten-Mualem model. __________ Translated from Chinese Journal of Geotechnical Engineering, 2006, 28(5): 635–638 [译自: 岩土工程学报]     

考虑蒸发影响的非饱和土坡渗流分析

运用分形模型理论预测了粘土、粉土与砂土的土-水特征曲线与导水系数曲线。讨论了大气降雨-蒸发作用对非饱和渗流场的变化规律。在大气蒸发作用下,粘土边坡表层土体的负孔压逐渐增大。随着降雨入渗,粘土边坡坡脚处的土体首先达到饱和状态,并出现正孔隙水压。在降雨过程中,粉土边坡与砂土边坡的坡脚处,难以形成正孔隙水压。粘土边坡的实际降雨入渗量较小,且与土体的初始含水量、降雨类型、土体的导水系数等因素有关。非饱和土的实际蒸发量不等于其饱和状态时的土体蒸发能力。当土体达到饱和状态时,两值相等。实际蒸发量与潜在蒸发量的比值是土体表层基质吸力的函数。     

膨胀性非饱和土水力和力学性质的弹塑性模拟

Alonso等人提出的非饱和土弹塑性本构模型(BBM),不能用于预测膨胀性非饱和土的力学性质。现有的膨胀性非饱和土的弹塑性模型(BExM),其微观参数及微宏观变形的转换关系确定非常困难。从宏观角度,在已有的非膨胀性非饱和土水力特性和力学性质耦合的弹塑性本构模型的基础上,发展和建立了一个可预测非饱和膨胀土的水力特性和力学特性的弹塑性本构模型。模型引入不同形状的等孔隙比线与屈服线,并考虑了变形对土水特性的影响。对已公开发表的非饱和膨胀土的试验结果进行预测,包括常净应力的吸湿试验,吸力不变的等向压缩试验及三轴剪切试验。预测结果表明该模型能够定量的描述膨胀性非饱和土的水力和力学特性。     

Numerical parametric investigation of infiltration in one-dimensional sand–geotextile columns

Geotextiles are routinely used in separation and filtration applications. Design of these systems is currently based on saturated properties of the geotextiles and the surrounding soils. However, in the field, soil and geotextile can be in an unsaturated state for much of their design life during which they are essentially hydraulically non-conductive. Periodic wetting and drying cycles can result in rapid and large changes in hydraulic performance of soil–geotextile systems. The writers have reported the results from physical water infiltration tests on sand columns with and without a geotextile inclusion. The geotextile inclusions were installed in new and modified states to simulate the influence of clogging due to fines and to broaden the range of hydraulic properties of the geotextiles in the physical tests. This paper reports the results of numerical simulations that were undertaken to reproduce the physical tests and strategies adopted to adjust soil and geotextile properties from independent laboratory tests to improve the agreement between numerical and physical test results. For example the paper shows that the hydraulic conductivity function of the geotextile must be reduced by up to two orders of magnitude to give acceptable agreement. The lower hydraulic conductivity is believed to be due to soil intrusion that is not captured in conventional laboratory permeability tests. The calibrated numerical model is used to investigate the influence of geotextile and soil hydraulic conductivity and thickness as well as height of ponded water at the surface on wetting front advance below the geotextile and potential ponding of water above the geotextile due to a capillary break mechanism. A simple analytical model is also developed that predicts the maximum ponding height of water above the geotextile based on two-layer saturated media and 1-D steady state flow assumptions. The analytical model is used to generate a design chart to select geotextiles to minimize potential ponding of water above the geotextile. Ponding can lead to lateral flow of water along the geotextile in reinforced wall, slope, embankment and road base applications.     

生态边坡的水力和力学特性分析:试验研究

植物护坡是一种新型的护坡方式,是很多边坡防治灾害的首选方案。然而在降雨过程中植物的根系可能会诱发沿根系的优势流,使得坡体内孔隙水压力升高,从而降低土体的抗剪强度。另一方面,植物的根系在土中相互缠绕,可增强浅层土体的抗剪强度。在植物护坡过程中到底哪种效应占主导地位目前尚无定论。通过现场试验联合室内三轴试验综合评价植物土体的水力特性和力学特性。首先在室外建立香根草覆盖区、狗牙根草覆盖区和无植被裸土区,在经历一年半自然状态下的干湿循环之后监测3种覆盖区的体积含水率和基质吸力,并计算3个区域的非饱和渗透系数。其次研制取样器并对现场区域的3种土体进行取样,利用现场土样进行三轴剪切试验,研究室外裸土、含狗牙根草土体和含香根草土体的应力–应变关系和抗剪强度指标。同时为了与上述经历干湿循环的土体进行对比,也测量了重塑土的渗透系数和抗剪强度。结果为生态边坡的稳定性研究提供了必要的数据和基础。     

基于土水特征曲线预测城市固体废弃物（MSW）非饱和渗透系数研究

基于对人工配制的城市固体废弃物（ MSW ）的土水特征试验,研究了不同有机含量、不同孔隙比下 MSW 的非饱和渗透系数,得到了 MSW 非饱和渗透系数随有机含量和孔隙比变化的定量关系式。研究结果表明在双对数坐标系下, MSW 的气相和液相非饱和渗透系数和吸力几乎为线性关系;对于相同的吸力作用,孔隙比越大,其液相和气相非饱和渗透系数也越大;总体上液相非饱和渗透系数的变化范围为 10 ^{- 11} ～ 10 ^{- 5} cm/s ,气相非饱和渗透系数的变化范围为 10 ^{- 5} ～ 10 ^{- 2} cm/s 。与有机含量的变化相比,孔隙比的变化对 MSW 非饱和渗透特性的影响较为明显。公式验证表明,利用该方法预测已知成分和孔隙比的 MSW 的非饱和渗透系数是可行的。     

岩石节理非饱和渗透特性初步研究

利用不溶混驱替的方法，在室内精确地观测了花岗岩节理非饱和渗透排泄和吸湿过程，探讨了节理非饱和渗透机理，提出了基于节理张开度概率分布的毛细压力与饱和度的解析模型以及节理非饱和水力传导度的理论表达式。研究表明，单节理非饱和渗透特性与二维非均质多孔介质具有一定的相似性，文中提出的有关模型可作为确定岩石节理非饱和渗透参数的参考方法。