三轴应力状态下不同湿度原状黄土的结构性定量化参数

通过对黄土结构性研究现状的分析，对与原状样干密度相同的扰动饱和土施加荷载来实现破坏结构性的目的，以三轴试验得到的原状黄土以及扰动饱和黄土的应力-应变曲线为基础，用一个定量化结构性参数综合反映土的排列和胶结特征所表现出的综合结构势（结构性强弱），探讨不同围压及含水量下结构性参数在剪切过程中的变化特性。研究结果表明：（1）定义的结构性参数能够反映围压、含水量对原状黄土剪切过程中结构性的影响，具有很好的合理性、灵敏性和稳定性：（2）结构性参数随着含水量的增大而减小，低应变时含水量对结构性的影响很明显，这种影响随着应变增大而逐渐减弱；（3）初始加荷和试样破坏时，结构性参数随着围压的增大而减小，应变达到15％时，结构性参数随着围压的增大呈先增大后减小的趋势。     

原状黄土结构性及其定量化参数研究

较详细地考察了黄土结构性的研究现状,在三轴试验的基础上,提出了一个既能反映土粒微观排列的结构性,又能反映土粒间由于特殊的胶结结构而综合表现出的宏观力学特征,从而可以开展对土的结构性进行研究的结构性参数mσ。在分析大量试验数据的基础上,证明了结构性参数的合理性,灵敏性和稳定性,揭示了mσ与影响土结构性的因素之间的变化规律,使黄土的结构性定量化研究有了一个新的基础。     

重塑及原状饱和黄土结构性参数研究

从土力学途径出发,在三轴试验的基础上,提出了反映重塑黄土和原状饱和黄土结构性的定量化参数。开展了对重塑、原状饱和黄土的结构性定量化研究。对重塑、原状饱和及重塑饱和黄土进行了大量常规三轴试验。较为详细地研究了重塑黄土和原状饱和黄土的结构性变化特征,论证了所建议的重塑黄土及原状饱和黄土的结构性参数具有很好的适用性。完善了黄土结构性定量化参数。     

软土结构性定量化参数研究

土结构性研究的根本任务是寻找能全面反映土在应力作用下结构破损规律的定量化指标。对黄石、漳州、青岛地区软土进行单向与等向压缩试验,分析结构性土的压缩特性,探讨了不同试验条件对软土结构性的影响,结果表明:当压力低于结构屈服压力时,主要是初始结构的自我调整过程,结构存在少量的破损,压缩性较小;当压力大于结构屈服压力时,结构大量破坏,除了颗粒间的滑移,还伴随结构的塌陷,压缩性大大增加;重塑样在压缩过程中压缩性变化不大,这是由于重塑样已失去了结构性的影响。根据土样在压缩过程中结构破损情况提出了一个新的判别结构性强弱的定量化参数—结构破损系数,该值可通过AutoCAD软件简单获取,便于推广。利用该方法判别试验土样中结构性最强的为青岛软土,黄石软土次之,漳州软土最弱。最后利用结构破损系数解释了不同扰动程度对压缩曲线的影响。     

三轴应力状态下原状黄土的结构性研究

通过对黄土结构性现状的分析,以三轴试验得到的原状黄土以及对应的同干密度、同含水量的重塑土样、饱和土样的应力应变曲线为基础,用一个定量化结构性参数来综合反映土的排列和胶结特征,探讨了不同含水量、不同围压下结构性参数的变化特性,证明了此结构性参数的合理性、灵敏性和稳定性。     

结构性砂土胶结厚度分布特性试验研究

颗粒间胶结物厚度对胶结颗粒接触力学特性有显著影响,进而影响结构性砂土离散元模拟结果。为更好地模拟天然砂土的结构性,需要明晰结构性砂土中颗粒间胶结厚度分布特性,并且能在离散元模拟中反映该分布特性。本文采用人工制备结构性砂土,开展电镜扫描试验,对结构性砂土中颗粒间胶结厚度分布特性进行了研究。研究结果表明:在结构性砂土中,随着水泥含量的增加,平均胶结厚度近似线性增加;但是水泥含量对胶结厚度的概率分布规律影响不大,水泥含量不同的结构性砂土,其颗粒间胶结厚度概率分布均为先线性增大,后指数型衰减。在试验研究结果的基础上,提出了离散元模拟结构性砂土胶结厚度的方法,可以较好地反映结构性砂土中颗粒间胶结厚度指数型衰减的分布特性。     

黏土的结构性定量化表征及其弹塑性本构模型研究

结构性可增强土骨架的稳定性,在相同的应力条件下,结构性土与重塑土相比可保持更大的孔隙比。从结构性土的形成过程出发,详细分析了结构性对土体变形特性的影响及变形过程中结构性的衰退规律,提出了土体结构的定量化表征参数——相对结构度,并给出了该变量在土体变形过程中的演化方程。随后基于该参数推导了结构性土的体变方程,该方程反映了结构性土在变形过程中土体结构对压缩特性的影响。最后,结合修正剑桥模型推导了三轴应力状态下结构性土的本构模型,该模型可较好地预测结构性土的力学与变形特性,通过3种天然结构性土的试验结果与模型预测对比验证了本模型的合理性。     

对“土结构性及其定量化参数研究的新途径”讨论的答复

讨论”认为“新途径”(原文 )一文中的综合结构势概念不适用于砂土 ,因为它没有从本质上揭示广义吸力的变化是释放土结构势的根本原因 ,进而提出了再引入瞬态变形模量的建议。现就上列讨论答复如下。 (1)所谓广义吸力 ,实际上是对非饱和土中吸力效应、胶结效应、咬合效应等在总体概念上的一个统称 ,是为避免具体区分各种效应的困难而引出的一种简易处理的思路。它同从颗粒的排列特征与颗粒的联结特征两个方面反映各种效应在本质上是一致的 ,而后者关于综合结构势的概念既包含了土结构性破坏的难易程度 (与胶结和排列有关 ,越不易破坏 ,土的结构性越强 ,笔者称之为可稳性或可稳势 ) ,又包含了土结构一旦受到破坏后的变     

土体结构性损伤模型研究

结构性土体具有明显的损伤破损效应,结构性土体可看作是重塑土附含有一定的结构性。在荷载作用下,结构性土体的结构性逐渐消失,即土体的结构性发生损伤,直至结构性土体转化为重塑土。基于此认识,可将结构性土体的损伤变量与经典连续介质损伤力学中关于损伤变量的定义一致,同时也是经典损伤力学的扩展。将损伤而耗散的能量定义为损伤耗散能,并引入到土体的能量平衡方程中。通过对结构体元的能量分析,推导了相应的损伤演化方程,并给出了模型参数的确定方法。最后将试验结果和本文方法的结果进行对比,结果表明本文方法能较好反映土体损伤演化规律。     

路用无黏结集料的动载结构性评价方法研究

由松散集料组成的级配碎石在路面结构中具有很强的动载结构性,但目前对材料的结构性描述是定性的。为了探讨级配碎石动载结构性的定量化描述,采用上表面振动方法成型试样,以水为扰动因素,在3种围压下对试样进行的3000次动载试验,并根据松散集料基层沥青路面的典型破坏形式,定义了级配碎石的动载可稳性、可变性和综合结构性。试验表明:结构可稳性反映了填充料水稳定性,结构可变性表征了骨架排列的稳定性能,二者是土结构性的两个方面,围压σ3≧15 0 kPa时,级配碎石的结构性被钝化,结构性参数应在小围压下测定;采用结构性参数定性评价级配碎石的结构性是可行的。     

Viscous Properties of Granular Materials Having Different Particle Shapes in Direct Shear

The viscous properties of air-dried relatively poorly-graded granular materials having different particle shapes were evaluated by performing a series of direct shear (DS) tests. The applied loading histories include repeated step changes in the shear displacement rate (s) or repeated sustained loading stages during otherwise monotonic loading (ML) at a constant s under constant vertical stress. Test results of an angular gravelly soil (i.e., Chiba gravel-a) obtained from the present study and those of a wide variety of poorly-graded granular materials (i.e., glass beads and natural sands including Toyoura, Hostun, Silica No. 6a, Ticino, Silver Leighton Buzzard, Ottawa, Albany and Monterey sands) previously obtained by the authors are analysed. The viscous properties of granular materials can be adequately described by three basic parameters: i.e., the rate-sensitivity coefficient, the residual rate-sensitivity coefficient (or their ratio, i.e., the viscosity-type parameter) and the decay parameter. These parameters, as well as the viscosity type (i.e., Isotach, Combined, TESRA and P&N), are strongly affected by particle shape as quantified in terms of the degree of particle angularity while being rather independent of particle size. The creep deformation that takes place by sustained loading increases with an increase in the shear stress level, and it also increases with changes in the viscosity type associated with an increase in mainly the particle angularity and partly the coefficient of uniformity. The various viscous property types and transitions among them can be described by a single general equation incorporating these parameters. A non-linear three component model incorporating this general equation can simulate very well all of the various viscous responses observed in the DS tests referred to in the paper.     

复杂应力状态下的土结构性参数

分析了应力综合结构势具有的局限性，继承了其合理内核，探求了一种新的、可以方便应用于复杂应力状态下的结构性参数——应变综合结构势，突破了结构性参数在复杂应力条件下应用的局限性，拓展了其应用空间。     

Crashworthiness design of functionally graded foam-filled multi-cell thin-walled structures

Foam-filled thin-walled structure has recently gained attention due to its excellent crashworthiness. Based on the previous study, a new kind of foam-filled thin-walled structure called as functionally graded foam-filled thin-walled structure has more excellent crashworthiness than the traditional uniform foam-filled thin-walled structure. Moreover, as far as we know multi-cell thin-walled structure has more excellent crashworthiness than the traditional single-cell thin-walled structure. As an integrator of the above two kinds of excellent thin-walled structures, functionally graded foam-filled multi-cell thin-walled structure (FGFMTS) may has extremely excellent crashworthiness. Based on our study, the crashworthiness of the FGFMTSs is significantly affected by the design parameter of the graded functional parameter m. Thus, in order to obtain the optimal design parameters, the FGFMTSs with different cross sections and different wall materials are optimized using the multiobjective particle swarm optimization (MOPSO) algorithm to achieve maximum specific energy absorption (SEA) capacity and minimum peak crushing force (PCF). At the same time, the corresponding uniform foam-filled multi-cell thin-walled structures (UFMTS) which have the same weight as these FGFMTSs are also optimized in our study. In the multiobjective design optimization (MDO) process, polynomial functional metamodels of SEA and PCF of FGFMTSs are used to reduce the computational cost of crash simulations by finite element method. The MDO results show that the FGFMTS with PCF in the initial period of its crash not only has better crashworthiness than the traditional UFMTS with the same weight but also performs superior balance of crashing stability. Thus, the optimal design of the FGFMTS with PCF occurring in the initial crash is an extremely excellent energy absorber and can be used in the practical engineering.     

基于ANN的岩土体热阻系数预测模型研究

为准确预测土体热阻系数,通过室内热探针测试与数据分析,简要分析了含水量、干密度、矿物成分和颗粒形态等因素对土体热传导特性的影响,利用人工神经网络(ANN)技术,建立了计算土体热阻系数的预测模型,并与传统经验关系模型进行对比,明确所提计算模型的可靠性与优越性.结果表明:土体传热性能受众多因素影响,其热阻系数难以准确估算,基于ANN的计算模型可以较好地解决这一问题;以含水量和干密度为输入参数的单个模型适用于特定类型土体,而4个输入参数(含水量、干密度、黏粒含量和石英含量)的广义模型不受此限制,增加相关输入参数可有效保证模型计算结果的精确度;单个模型和广义模型的计算结果与实测结果吻合良好,预测能力均显著优于传统经验关系模型;对于工程性质差异显著、沉积环境复杂的不同类型土体,建议优先选用广义模型来估算其热阻系数.     

基于 DEM 的颗粒级配对粗颗粒土三轴试验影响分析

通过建立DEM离散元模型,分析不同颗粒组成的土颗粒三轴试验中的应力应变及强度特性。为充分描绘不同颗粒级配对应力应变特性的影响,在采用传统应力应变曲线基础上,对颗粒三轴试验中颗粒位移场的变化进行了分析。结果表明,随着围压的增加,颗粒位移场变得均匀,粗粒土更容易发生体缩变形,向更密实的挤压状态转变,强度增高。曲率系数与不均匀系数对土的强度及变形性能影响较大,在级配曲线连续的条件下,有效粒径与中值粒径或限制粒径相差较大时,粗骨料之间接触形成骨架结构,其内摩擦角增大,强度及抗变形性能提高。     

不同地层条件泥水盾构开挖面失稳状态颗粒流模拟方法研究

采用颗粒流方法合理地模拟泥水盾构隧道掘进的全过程及对模拟结果的有效处理是一个难点。基于钱江隧道和上海长江隧道工程复杂地层条件,建立能全面反映盾构隧道掘进全过程的模拟实现方法,并在结果处理中采用细观尺度与宏观表象相结合方法,研究宏观现象下隐藏的细观机制,同时用定量的细观结构变化解释或预测宏观力学行为。研究结果表明：通过设计,颗粒流方法可合理并有效地模拟盾构推进过程中的开挖问题,即开挖量与土体的密实度及开挖面压力有关：当土颗粒刚度大于模拟开挖面的墙体单元刚度时,表示该压力下土体被开挖掉;反之,压力过小盾构机将停止掘进。研究成果在应用于背景工程中取得了良好的一致性,可为类似工程提供参考。     

Estimation of thermal conductivity of cemented sands using thermal network models

Effective thermal conductivity of soils can be enhanced to achieve higher efficiencies in the operation of shallow geothermal systems.Soil cementation is a ground improvement technique that can increase the interparticle contact area,leading to a high effective thermal conductivity.However,cementation may occur at different locations in the soil matrix,i.e.interparticle contacts,evenly or unevenly around particles,in the pore space or a combination of these.The topology of cementation at the particle scale and its influence on soil response have not been studied in detail to date.Additionally,soils are made of particles with different shapes,but the impact of particle shape on the cementation and the resulting change of effective thermal conductivity require further research.In this work,three kinds of sands with different particle shapes were selected and cementation was formed either evenly around the particles,or along the direction parallel or perpendicular to that of heat transfer.The effective thermal conductivity of each sample was computed using a thermal conductance network model.Results show that dry sand with more irregular particle shape and cemented along the heat transfer direction will lead to a more efficient thermal enhancement of the soil,i.e.a comparatively higher soil effective thermal conductivity.     

The intake of lead and associated metals by sheep grazing mining-contaminated floodplain pastures in mid-Wales, UK: I. Soil ingestion, soil-metal partitioning and potential availability to pasture herbage and livestock

This paper first evaluates the relative importance of the soil-plant-animal and soil-animal pathways of Zn, Cu and (especially) Pb investigated over a 15-month study period at 12 floodplain sites located within and downstream of the mineralised and historic mining area of mid-Wales, and secondly considers the implications of a sequential extraction procedure (SEP) undertaken on soils of varying particle size sampled from the study locations. Generally, very good agreement was found between the chemical partitioning of the three metals for each of the physical soil fractions subjected to the SEP. The availability of Pb to pasture vegetation, especially at the contaminated sites, is indicated with its associations with the more soluble (i.e. exchangeable and Fe/Mn oxide) soil phases, yet soil and/or plant barriers effectively restrict above-ground herbage concentrations of this metal. Consequently, with sheep ingesting soil at rates varying according to season from 0.1% to 44% or more of dry matter intake, the soil-animal pathway accounts for the majority of Pb consumption through most of the year, and at moderately and highly contaminated sites significant quantities of relatively soluble soil-Pb can be ingested at rates exceeding safety threshold limits.