景观水体富营养程度对藻类分布的影响

首先对西安市两个不同景观水体水质进行了为期一年的连续监测,在此基础上采用湖泊综合营养状态指数法评价了两水体富营养程度的差异,最后分析了两水体中藻类的分布与富营养程度的关系。结果表明:1重度和中度富营养化水体中可检测到的藻类分别为53属和39属,重度富营养化水体中可检测到的藻属明显大于中度富营养化水体的对应值,但中度富营养状态水体优势藻的主导能力强于重度富营养化水体,尽管两者的年均藻细胞密度并无数量级的差异。2虽然区域相同,但重度和中度富营养化水体中,最多和最少藻属出现时间并不相同,前者分别为8月和11月,后者分别为10月和12月。3伪鱼腥藻是再生水补给的中度富营养化水体中颇具竞争力的藻属,可在一年的10个月中超越小球藻而成为该类水体的主导藻属。总之,城市景观水体的富营养程度对其中藻的类属、优势藻的主导能力及藻属数极值时间均有影响。     

基于物元可拓模型的隧道围岩分级评价应用

选取影响隧道围岩稳定性的三个主要因素,应用物元可拓评价模型建立了隧道围岩稳定性的分类方法,评价结果表明：物元可拓评价模型可以应用于隧道围岩的稳定性分级,并证实了该方法的正确性。     

可拓学理论在洞室岩体质量评价中的应用

将可拓工程方法与洞室岩体质量评价相结合,从洞室工程的角度选取能够反映岩体综合工程特性的参数进行评价。在物元理论、可拓集合论和关联函数运算的基础上,建立了洞室岩体质量评价的物元模型。通过实际洞室岩体质量等级的关联度计算,对石牌岭公路隧道岩体质量进行了可拓学评价,将评价结果与以往的“RMR”评价方法的评价结果对比分析,认为洞室岩体质量的可拓学评价能够较准确地反映洞室岩体的工程特性。     

优度评价法在工程评标中的应用

由于建筑工程评标受到多种因素的影响,提出用类间标准差法和优度评价法相结合进行施工评标的思想,根据项目的特点,选取了8项指标组成评价体系,结合可拓学方法构建工程评标的物元模型,通过可拓优度评价法对物元模型进行求解,同时运用类间标准差法进行权系数的计算,得出了各单位的优度排序。     

多级可拓综合评价法在绿色建筑评价中的应用

为进一步完善我国绿色建筑评价方法,以适应绿色建筑的快速发展,将多级可拓综合评价法引入绿色建筑评价中。针对已满足《绿色建筑评价标准》在相应等级所规定要求的绿色建筑,对其在一般项和优选项中的所有达标项目建立多级可拓物元评价模型,引入可拓理论的简单关联函数确定评价指标权重;计算待评对象对各等级的综合关联度,从而判定此绿色建筑的综合评价等级。并以某一绿色办公建筑为例,验证了该方法应用于绿色建筑评价合理可靠,能够较客观、细致地表达绿色建筑的绿色程度。研究成果为丰富和完善我国绿色建筑评价方法开拓了思路。     

基于物元模型的装配式建筑施工安全评价

本文从人员、材料、机械、管理、技术和环境风险六个方面,共计23个评价指标来建立装配式建筑施工安全风险评价指标体系.采用物元可拓模型并引用熵权法计算指标权重,从而建立熵权物元可拓模型评价装配式建筑施工.结果 表明:合肥某装配式该项目总体等级处于Ⅱ级,属于较安全状态,其中管理、机械、材料、环境风险等级为Ⅱ级,属于较安全状态,但是其人员危和技术风险等级为Ⅲ级,属于一般状态,对其安全影响较大.     

优度评价法在暖通空调方案决策中的应用

结合我国北方地区不同采暖方案的选择的例子,根据可拓学方法构建方案优选的物元模型,通过可拓优度评价法对物元模型进行求解,同时运用熵权进行权系数的计算,最后进行几种供暖方式的优度排序,得出热电联产集中供热是最优方案。     

「微污染含藻水处理技术」

天津市的饮用水与工业用水的水源主要来自引滦输水下游的于桥水库,其水体属于中度富营养化湖泊水。     

公路工程项目评价中的可拓方法应用

公路工程项目分类评价是复杂的多目标决策问题。可拓工程方法运用同征物元体概念,较好解决了被评价事物量变与质变的有机演化过程,可拓评价方法中使用简单关联函数确定参评因素间可拓权重分配,避开以往综合评价确权中人为主观因素的影响,给出更为合理、实用的项目等级评价方法,并通过实例分析证明可拓评价方法在公路建设项目等级评价中应用的可行性。     

地下隧洞岩体质量的可拓学理论评价

基于可拓理论识别方法,在物元模型理论的基础上建立了地下隧洞岩体质量评价的物元识别模型,提出采用层次分析法计算物元模型中各评价指标的权系数的方法.通过实际地下隧洞岩体质量等级的关联度计算,对锦屏二级水电站深埋长大引水隧洞的围岩岩体质量进行了评价,得出了与现场实际相符合的结论.研究分析表明:可拓理论识别方法用于隧洞围岩分类是可行的,能够较全面地反映多因素指标对隧洞围岩分类的影响,对解决岩土工程中的类似问题具有重要的借鉴意义.     

Report on eutrophication studies in the U.S.S.R.

Some results of eutrophication studies in the U.S.S.R. are briefly reviewed. It is shown that eutrophication has been spread into many water bodies in the U.S.S.R. Especially strong eutrophication and as its consequence heavy bloom of Cyanophita occur in Dnieper-impounding reservoirs. The problems of eutrophication prediction are briefly discussed. Preliminary work on the recovery of algal biomass from eutrophic water and its utilization are reported.     

藻型富营养化水体的治理方法

对国内外藻型富营养化水体的治理和控制方法进行了总结和分析，主要有物理法、物理化学法、化学法、生物法等方法。并在此基础上提出了水体富营养化治理的研究方向。     

浐河水质污染特征及水质改善措施分析

针对浐河水体遭受污染问题,通过对浐河水质特征断面的10项指标进行连续监测,分析了浐河水中污染物的组成和水质特征,对污染物的携入方式进行了调查,分析评价了浐河水体污染的原因,并提出了控制浐河水质污染的对策。结果表明,浐河水体中的物理指标水温、p H、重金属指标相对正常;重金属指标中只有少量的Fe、Zn、Cr元素;污染物主要为N、P等营养物质,水体的富营养化程度较为严重;河流水体浊度总体较高且与地表径流存在较高的相关性;污染的主要原因是浐河周边的水厂、污水处理厂所排出污水的点源污染;污染改善措施采用人工湿地、管网改建等适合不同断面特征的控制方式。     

乡镇集中式饮用水水源地水质监测与评价

采用水质综合评分法、富营养化状态评价、综合污染指数评价及背景值评价方法,对浙江中部山区型乡镇集中式饮用水水源地水质进行了评价.结果表明,以农村面源污染为主的山区型水库饮用水水源地人为污染明显,氨氮和总磷为主要污染因子,农村密集分布区存在一定程度的富营养化.根据水质监测评价结果提出了山区型饮用水水源地的污染防治对策,以确...     

异养硝化菌强化饱和基质材料降解水体氨氮的研究

将优势菌技术运用于饱和基质材料中,考察基质材料对水中氨氮的吸附特性以及微生物原位强化饱和基质材料后对氨氮的降解效果。试验结果表明,沸石对氨氮的吸附量高于活性炭。对氨氮含量为110mg／L的模拟富营养化水体进行360h动态吸附后,沸石和活性炭吸附后出水中氨氮平均含量分别为73．3l和89．18mg／L,沸石显示出作为基质材料的优越性。对饱和基质材料进行异养硝化茵强化96h后,沸石柱和活性炭柱出水氨氮平均含量分别降低8．58和17．31mg／L,并且活性炭和沸石表面形成稳定的生物膜。因此,对富营养水体在基质吸附基础上进行微生物降解的方法是可行的。     

大汶河梯级拦蓄水库富营养化评估

基于大汶河沿线4个监测点2007—2014年水质资料,分析溶解氧、化学需氧量、氨氮等9项指标的年际变化特征,采用灰色模式识别模型评价大汶河水质状况。通过9个梯级水库2015年丰、平、枯水期水质现场调查,分析氮、磷营养盐时空变化特征,运用加权综合营养状态指数法评价梯级水库营养状态。结果表明:2007—2014年间,受流域内各项减排措施影响,大汶河有机污染得到有效缓解;受拦蓄工程影响,河段内TP明显变优,TN总体变差;灰色综合指数表明,水质状况整体有所好转,且季节波动趋于平稳。因污染程度不同,梯级水库富营养化状态有明显差异,部分库区丰水期和枯水期已分别爆发蓝藻和硅藻水华,不同水期因下泄流量不同等造成流动条件的差异,对库区水质有较大影响,水污染程度、工程拦蓄与运行造成的流动条件差异共同对库区内藻类生长与爆发产生重要影响。     

The use of a GIS-based inventory to provide a national assessment of standing waters at risk from eutrophication in Great Britain

A three-tiered, hierarchical, risk-based prioritisation system was developed to assess the number of standing waters in Great Britain (GB) at risk from eutrophication. The scheme is based on four properties: importance, hazard, sensitivity to enrichment and sensitivity to recovery. Lake size, conservation status and legislative requirements were used to assess importance. The anthropogenic total phosphorus (P) load estimated from land cover, livestock and population data was used as a measure of the eutrophication hazard. Lakes with a retention time >3 days were considered to be sensitive to enrichment. The Wederburn depth (an estimate of the average summer thermocline depth) was used to predict the potential response of a lake to nutrient reduction. Lakes which were mainly stratified or fully stratified during the summer were expected to respond quickly to remediation. An initial Tier 1 risk assessment was made for all standing waters in GB (approximately 14,300 with surface area greater than 1 ha), using the four parameters derived from nationally available, GIS-based data sources held in the GB Lakes Inventory. Of the 2362 important lakes in GB, the system identified 1736 with low hazard but under potential threat because of their high sensitivity to enrichment. The system assessed that the ecology of 212 was likely to be damaged by eutrophication owing to high hazard and high sensitivity but with relatively poor chance of recovery following remediation. A further 332 lakes were considered to be damaged but were likely to respond to rehabilitation. In summary, the risk-based prioritisation system performed well and provides a useful tool for assessing standing waters at risk of eutrophication on a national basis. Inevitably, however, the need for nationally available datasets at Risk Tier 1 results in data resolution issues and errors may occur. The results highlight the importance of data validation using lake-specific information at Risk Tier 2.     

沈阳城市绿化植物综合评价分级选择

城市绿地系统是城市生态环境建设的核心内容。园林植物种类选择与配置，决定城市绿地系统生态效益与综合功能能否充分、有效发挥。对城市植物生态适应性及生态功能性相结合的综合评价，是合理应用选择城市园林植物的科学依据。通过专家咨询评价的方法，从生态适应能力、绿化生态效益、美化效果、抗病虫害性、抗污染性、经济效益等方面，全面系统地建立了沈阳市绿化树种生态功能与生态适应性评价应用的综合指标体系，对沈阳常见的230种绿化树种进行了评判与分级。评价结果表明：综合效能为一级植物有60种；二级植物为104种：三级植物50种：四级植物16种。     

Organic compounds in typical surface waters of the northern part of Western Siberia

The article presents the results of hydrochemical research conducted at the end of August 2014 and in spring 2013 in the northern part of Western Siberia. The research concerns unfiltered waters of small streams, medium-sized rivers, the Ob’ River and two large thermokarst lakes. A special mobile laboratory enabled the research team to conduct many on-site analyses several hours after the collection of samples. The results have been assessed in terms of their significance for the general quality evaluation of the examined waters and the nature of organic substances contained in the waters. Additionally, the paper discusses results of chemical and physical tests to evaluate the amount of organic substances. General features concerning the evaluation of organic compounds among different type of surface waters have been suggested on the basis of the studies.     

Influence of land use and watershed characteristics on protozoa contamination in a potential drinking water resources reservoir

Relative changes in the microbial quality of Lake Texoma, on the border of Texas and Oklahoma, were investigated by monitoring protozoan pathogens, fecal indicators, and factors influencing the intensity of the microbiological contamination of surface water reservoirs. The watershed serves rural agricultural communities active in cattle ranching, recreation, and is a potential drinking water source. A total of 193 surface water samples were tested over a 27-month period to determine levels of parasite contamination. The overall occurrence of Cryptosporidium oocysts was higher in both frequency and concentration than Giardia cysts. Cryptosporidium oocysts were found in 99% and Giardia cysts in 87% of the samples. Although Cryptosporidium and Giardia occurrence were significantly but not strongly correlated, all other correlation coefficients including turbidity and total dissolved solids were non-significant. Statistically supportable seasonal variations were found suggesting that Cryptosporidium and Giardia were higher in summer and fall than in other seasons of the year. While Cryptosporidium levels were correlated with rainfall, this was not the case with Giardia. The maximum numbers for both protozoan parasites were detected from a site impacted by cattle ranching during calving season. Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used for confirmation of Cryptosporidium in surface waters influenced by agricultural discharges. As we had expected, oocysts were of the bovine type indicating that the Cryptosporidium parvum detected in surface waters perhaps came from cattle living in the watershed.