群体高层建筑的峰值风压分布特征

基于同步测压技术,研究了不同宽度比和不同高度比（记为Br和Hr,分别表示施扰和受扰建筑的宽度与高度之比）的2个高层建筑在串列、斜列和并列布置时峰值风压干扰效应。结果表明：邻近施扰建筑的侧面峰值风压主要呈现放大效应,且宽度比越大（Br≤1时）,高度比越大,放大效应越明显,立面最高负风压系数绝对值可升高30%。迎风面放大效应区则主要集中在施扰建筑位于横风向间距为3b(b为受扰建筑的迎风宽度)的迎风区域内,立面最高正风压系数可升高40%。当串列间距较小且高度比小于1（Hr=0.8）时产生的三维绕流现象可使得受扰建筑侧面局部风压升高61%,迎风面边缘局部风压升高24%。并列布置时产生的峡谷效应引起足够的重视,试验测得最大干扰因子可达2.13且随并列间距的增大而减少,当并列间距超过9b时峡谷效应才渐趋消失。由试验结果回归得到的并列布置时的侧立面最大峰值风压干扰因子随并列间距变化的关系式具有较高可信度。     

前方建筑对高层建筑风压分布的干扰效应研究

在大气边界层风洞中开展了某高层建筑群刚性模型测压试验,对比分析了不同前方干扰条件下受扰建筑物表面风压分布特性。结果表明:1)建筑前方无施扰建筑时,斜向布置的施扰建筑物以及并联布置的施扰建筑物对受扰建筑立面的正压影响较大;2)前方施扰建筑较低时,下部平均正压减小明显,最大高达70%,而高处则存在正压局部放大效应;3)前方施扰建筑较高时,迎风面的干扰因子在高度上分布是比较平均的,并且受到的遮挡效应十分明显。所得结果可为此类建筑进行结构风荷载设计提供参考。     

不同断面宽度群体高层建筑的动力干扰效应(第1部分 顺风向响应)

基于高频底座力天平技术,研究了不同宽度比的两个和三个建筑物间的顺风向动力干扰效应。文中采用了神经网络、统计和谱分析等方法对干扰特性和机理进行了分析。结果显示,当受扰建筑位于上游施扰建筑物的尾流边界时,会产生较大的动力响应;并且两个施扰建筑物的联合干扰作用会比单个施扰建筑物的干扰作用强,在B类地貌下两个施扰建筑物测出的干扰因子(IF)会比单个施扰建筑的增加79%。位于上游的施扰建筑所脱落的旋涡会使受扰建筑产生涡激共振响应并且产生数倍于非共振情况的IF值,尤其对于小宽度的施扰建筑,在较小的折算风速时就会产生涡激共振问题。粗糙化地貌的高湍流度会对上游施扰建筑尾流的旋涡形成产生一定的抑制作用,在D类地貌下的IF值要远小于B类地貌情况,但在D类地貌下观察到IF值仍有2.2。     

不同断面宽度群体高层建筑的动力干扰效应(第2部分 横风向响应)

采用本文第1部分所介绍的试验技术和软件分析工具,研究了不同宽度比(Br)的两个和三个建筑物间的横风向动力干扰效应。和顺风向响应分析一样,处于斜列的上游施扰建筑的尾流同样是引起受扰建筑横风向响应增大的主要原因,但试验结果同时也显示,当施扰建筑和受扰建筑处于并列和串列时,也会使受扰结构的横风向响应显著加大。在B、D两类地貌下,和受扰建筑大小一样的两个施扰建筑的干扰因子(IF)会比单个施扰建筑情况分别高出80%和25%。小宽度的上游建筑在低风速时就会产生涡激共振而产生较大的IF值,尤其要指出的是位于(3.1b,0)上的Br=0.5的施扰建筑物在B类地貌下和较低的风速下会产生高达7.09的IF值。粗糙化地貌的高湍流度会对上游施扰建筑尾流的旋涡形成产生一定的抑制作用,故在D类地貌下的IF值要远小于B类地貌情况,但在D类地貌下观察到的IF值仍有1.83。     

开洞超高层建筑的风致内压干扰效应

为研究超高层建筑风致内压的干扰效应,在不同干扰工况下对一典型开洞超高层建筑进行了内压风洞试验。分析了不同截面宽度、不同高度施扰建筑干扰下的平均与峰值内压干扰因子的分布规律,并通过功率谱分析,研究了有、无干扰建筑时脉动内压的能量分布。结果表明:有、无干扰下的超高层建筑风致内压近似服从高斯分布;串列布置时,随着施扰建筑与受扰建筑的截面宽度比的增大,内压干扰因子逐渐减小;在并列布置且侧面开洞时,平均与峰值内压均呈放大效应,且干扰因子随着宽度比的增大而随之增加,峰值内压干扰因子最大值为1.33,此时若并列间距较小时,旋涡脱落共振峰值消失,但Helmholtz共振峰值能量会被大幅提高;当串列布置且施扰建筑高度与开洞所在高度相近时,侧面开洞受扰建筑的峰值内压始终被放大,峰值内压干扰因子最大值为1.12。     

任意排列双柱体的风致干扰效应

研究了5种不同宽度和5种不同高度比的两个正方形截面柱体间在不同地貌类型下的静力和动力干扰效应。结果显示,不同宽度比的施扰物体的动态干扰效应存在较大的差异,且宽度比受扰物体小的施扰物体在较低折算风速下会诱发涡激共振问题而产生较为严重的动力干扰效应,这个结果也澄清了已有文献的一些错误的结论。回归分析发现不同配置间干扰因子所存在的相关性并得到可以描述不同因素对干扰效应影响的定量关系,这些结果在很大程度上简化了干扰效应研究结果描述的繁杂性,同时使结构在受扰后的风荷载取值更趋于简洁和合理。文中根据对于试验数据的归纳分析结果,提出了一些可供规范修改时参考的建议。     

干扰风作用下超高层建筑风谱特性研究

以CAARC标模为研究对象,通过采用刚性模型同步测压试验和高频覆面积分计算方法(HFPI),展开单一施扰情况下施扰建筑高度、位置对受扰建筑静力和动力风荷载特性的影响研究。研究结果表明:当施扰建筑处于受扰建筑上游正前方时,表现出遮挡效应;当施扰建筑处于侧向时,静力干扰系数均在1.0~1.1之间;施扰建筑对顺风向基底弯矩谱的影响较小,对横风向基底弯矩谱起到一定程度的削弱作用,且随着施扰高度增加,削弱程度会增加。     

超高层建筑间的干扰效应:建筑外形的影响及干扰因子分布的相关特征

采用高频底座力天平方法,研究了不同断面形状的施扰建筑对一正方形断面受扰建筑的静力和动力干扰影响,分析了正方形断面施扰建筑和正方形切角断面施扰建筑的干扰效应的相关性。结果显示:施扰建筑结构断面的特征尺寸对其所产生的干扰响应起着关键性的作用,当施扰建筑的特征尺度相同时,切角和正方形截面施扰建筑的包络干扰因子(EIF)分布存在明显的相关性,并由此得到了一类特征尺寸相同的不同断面施扰建筑对包络干扰因子分布影响的回归关系(相关系数大于0.91,回归余差小于0.08),较大程度地简化了干扰响应研究结果的繁杂程度,简化了受扰建筑的荷载取值过程。     

高层建筑静风荷载的干扰效应研究

在相邻建筑物的干扰下,受扰高层建筑的风荷载与其在孤立状态下相比会有较大的变化。本文采用测力天平模型风洞试验研究了两个高层建筑间的静力干扰效应,得到了两个相同的方形截面建筑在不同相对位置时的静力干扰因子IFm。并且首次引入了正交试验法设计试验方案,研究了施扰建筑高度、截面尺寸和外形对顺风向静力干扰因子IFm的影响。应用人工神经网络方法对试验结果进行了模拟和推广,给出了IFm的等值线图,可供规范应用和参考。     

任意排列两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰机理研究

风致干扰效应是高层建筑群抗风设计中的常见难点问题之一。采用刚性模型测压试验,研究了均匀层流和两种大气边界层风场条件下任意排列两方形断面高层建筑的风致干扰效应,通过平均和脉动基底弯矩系数的干扰因子、风力系数、风压系数分布以及风荷载功率谱的研究,解释了其风致干扰效应的机理。结果表明,任意排列的两方形断面高层建筑风致干扰中,至少存在横风向静力干扰、顺风向静力干扰和横风向动力干扰三个值得注意的干扰区域。 窄道形成的加速效应使受扰结构上形成指向施扰建筑横风向平均吸力和阻塞形成的受扰建筑的横风向平均推力;遮挡效应使得受扰建筑承受指向位于上游的施扰建筑的顺风向风力;漩涡叠加增强位于尾流区受扰建筑上的横风向脉动荷载。不同风场的试验结果表明,提高来流的紊流度有助于减弱上述干扰效应。     

Across‐wind dynamic response of high‐rise building under wind action with interference effects from one and two tall buildings

Systematic studies on the across‐wind dynamic interference effects on two and three tall buildings are presented in this paper. It is found that surrounding and upstream interfering building(s) can significantly affect the across‐wind load on the interfered principal building. Generally speaking, two interfering buildings can cause more adverse dynamic effects on the principal building than a single one does. The results show that the maximum interference factor (IF) among three buildings increases 80% over that between two buildings in terrain category B which has been defined in Chinese load code for design of building structures; a noticeable difference of 29% of IF is also observed in terrain category D. Vortex shedding from the upstream buildings can lead to vortex‐induced resonance, resulting in excessive across‐wind loads on the downstream building. Although interference effects in terrain category D are much smaller than those in exposure category B, the maximum IF is found to be 1·83 in the case of three buildings with the same size in terrain category D and 2·27 in other configurations. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of plan ratios on wind interference of two tall buildings

Tall buildings are vulnerable to lateral loading. The facades of these buildings are susceptible to wind loads. It is very difficult to assess the wind condition around the tall building in the presence of other surrounding buildings due to the wind interference effect. An experiment is carried out in the Boundary Layer Wind Tunnel at Tokyo Polytechnic University, Japan, to study the wind interference effect on tall buildings with varying plan ratios. The maximum and minimum local peak pressure coefficient contours on front face of the principal building are plotted. The interference effect is quantified in terms of interference zone charts. It is observed that interference zones extend over a larger area as the building plan ratios increases. The minimum interference factor depends on the plan ratios of the interfering building especially along the oblique direction. The results of this study may be useful for the preliminary design of cladding of tall buildings with interfering buildings.     

Influence of an upstream building on the wind-induced mean suction on the flat roof of a low-rise building

The effect of an upstream building on the suction forces on the flat roof of a low-rise building placed in the wake of the former is analyzed. The analysis has been performed by wind tunnel testing of a flat roof, low-rise building model equipped with pressure taps on the roof and different block-type buildings (only configurations where the upstream building is as high or higher than the downstream one are considered in this paper). The influence of the distance between both buildings on the wind loads on the downstream building roof is analyzed, as well as the height of the upstream one and the wind angle of incidence. Experimental results reveal that the wind load increases as the relative height of the upstream building increases, the wind load being highest for intermediate distances between buildings, when a passage between them is formed.     

Interference effects on local peak pressures between two buildings

Local peak pressure coefficients between two buildings were studied by using wind tunnel experiments for various locations, different height ratios of interfering building and wind directions. The measured local peak pressure coefficients were compared to those obtained previously from a study on an isolated building. This study also investigated interference effects for local peak pressures on a principal building with various configurations and different height ratios of an interfering building. The experimental results have been examined and presented from the viewpoint of cladding design. The results show that highest peak suctions on a principal building increased with increase in height ratios of the interfering building. The oblique configuration generated more severe peak suction than the tandem configuration. To examine the interference effects for local peak pressures in detail, interference factors for maximum positive and minimum negative peak pressures at each measurement point (i, j) of the principal building for all wind directions are presented and discussed.     

基于风洞试验的双塔楼超高层建筑风荷载与风致响应

当超高层建筑的高度和间距都比较接近的时候,相互的干扰效应对结构的表面风荷载与结构的风致响应都会产生较大影响。基于刚性模型表面测压风洞试验,得到了双塔楼超高层建筑表面各测点的风压时程。在此基础上,通过数据处理,得到结构的三维动力风荷载模型,进而分别采用频域法进行结构动力响应分析。最后,通过分析结构表面风荷载与风致响应,研究了塔楼之间的干扰对结构风荷载的影响以及对结构风致响应的影响,结果表明:当双塔连线与来流方向平行时,三维风荷载和风致响应都会明显增大,干扰效应影响十分明显。