节理间距对滚刀破岩影响的线性破岩试验研究

掘进机(TBM)开挖过程中受到各种地质因素的影响,其中节理间距是影响TBM滚刀破岩的一个重要因素。设计节理间距为100mm和400mm两组试验方案。试样为甘肃北山花岗岩,应用北京工业大学自行研制的大型机械破岩实验平台,选用17英寸(432mm)的常截面盘形滚刀进行线性切割破岩试验。试验过程中记录滚刀三向力、滚刀下岩样裂纹扩展并收集了岩片。从三向力、裂纹的扩展模式和岩片等角度分析节理间距对滚刀破岩的影响。结果表明:节理间距100mm的岩体切入所需要的推力小于完整岩石的推力,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程中推力有一突变的过程。节理间距100mm岩体滚刀作用下存在两种破坏模式,节理间距400mm的岩体破岩过程则包括了正常破岩和节理面影响破岩两个过程,并且节理对竖向主裂纹向节理面扩展有加剧的作用。节理面下方岩石较完整,节理面阻碍裂纹朝节理面下方岩石传播。     

高地应力作用下大理岩岩体的TBM掘进试验研究

滚刀破岩效率的研究主要集中在室内线性试验机破岩试验和数值分析2个方面,在工地开展TBM掘进试验尚不普遍。锦屏二级水电站采用3台TBM开挖隧道群,3台TBM在不同洞深(不同地应力)条件对大理岩岩体进行TBM掘进试验、岩石渣片筛分试验及大渣片统计分析,研究岩体条件、TBM机器参数、TBM运行参数对TBM掘进速度的影响及高地应力作用下岩体可掘性指数的变化。研究结果表明:在高地应力条件下,尽管TBM掘进速度随推力增加而增大,但推力超过一定值后,TBM并不在优化状态下运行,TBM的运行需与岩体条件及地应力条件相匹配。     

TBM滚刀破碎节理岩体效率分析及刀间距优化方法研究

在全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)开挖隧道过程中,常遇到节理岩体.为了研究不同刀间距下的滚刀破岩效率,对刀间距进行优化,对不同节理间距和节理情况岩体开展二维滚刀贯入试验.试验中,节理倾角设为0°、30°、45°、60°、90°,节理间距设为30mm、40mm、50mm、60mm、70mm,滚刀间距S设为60mm、80mm、100mm、120mm.试验结果表明:当节理倾角为60°时,破岩效率最高;随着刀间距的增加,破岩效率逐渐降低;不同节理条件下,刀间距为100mm,滚刀的破岩效率均达到了最优,最佳s/p值约为10.     

围压对滚刀作用下节理岩体开裂特征影响的数值分析

为了研究围压对TBM滚刀破碎节理岩体机理的影响,采用颗粒流方法建立了二维TBM滚刀破岩数值模型。模型中,节理岩体的倾角45O,节理面间距50mm。围压分别为2.5 MPa、5 MPa、7.5 MPa、10 MPa和12.5MPa。计算了滚刀贯入岩体的力链分布、裂纹数量和破岩效率。研究表明,在低围压条件下,节理面对力链的传播具有阻碍作用。高围压下,这种阻碍作用降低;随着围压的增加,岩体的整体强度变高,微裂纹数量减少,岩体的破坏程度降低,破岩效率减小。     

水平厚层状岩质边坡地震动力破坏过程颗粒流模拟

基于二维颗粒流软件(PFC2D)的人工合成岩体技术,研究岩桥长度和节理间距不同组合形式下的含水平断续节理厚层状岩质边坡在地震作用下的破坏模式、动力响应规律以及岩桥段应力演化特征。研究结果显示:地震动作用下,含水平断续节理厚层状岩质边坡主要发生溃散型破坏、拉裂–滑移–块体倾倒混合破坏和拉裂–水平滑移混合破坏;水平断续节理是控制边坡动力稳定性的关键因素。节理间距对边坡破坏模式起控制性作用:当节理间距较小时,易发生溃散型破坏;当节理间距较大时,易发生拉裂–滑移–块体倾倒破坏和拉裂–水平滑移混合破坏。岩桥长度和节理间距共同控制着边坡岩体破碎程度,从而控制着边坡失稳破坏时滑动面的个数,当节理间距很小或者节理间距较大、岩桥长度较小时,发生单滑动面破坏;当节理间距和岩桥长度均较大时,发生双滑动面破坏。在地震动力作用下,岩桥段首先发生破坏,随后各节理间也产生破坏并贯通。岩桥长度和节理间距对边坡动力响应均产生一定影响,随着节理间距减小、岩桥长度增大,峰值位移、峰值速度增大,对加速度PGA放大系数的影响区域集中在边坡坡表、坡脚等部位。地震作用下,含水平断续节理厚层状岩质边坡岩桥段应力演化、裂纹萌生与输入的地震波加速度具有良好的一致性。     

围压对TBM滚刀破岩影响规律的线性切割试验研究

随着TBM技术在深埋隧道工程领域的应用及发展,TBM开挖过程中由高埋深或各向异性引起的岩石应力问题越来越受到人们的重视。应用北京工业大学自行研制的大型机械破岩试验平台,对4组双向等围压水平下(0,5,10和15 MPa)的大尺寸(1.0 m×1.0 m×0.6 m)北山花岗岩岩样进行线性切割试验,研究不同围压条件下滚刀破岩时作用力的曲线特征,分析围压对滚刀法向力、滚动力、岩体特征掘进指数、破岩岩片厚度和破岩比能的影响效应,并探讨围压对TBM现场掘进速率的影响。研究结果可为不同地应力条件下TBM开挖时刀盘动力参数设计与施工运行参数优化提供参考。     

复合岩体的TBM破岩机理数值模拟

为了指导TBM刀盘刀具的研制和不同地质条件下刀盘刀具的选型,TBM破岩机理的研究成为核心。在TBM滚刀的作用下,岩体中裂纹的生成、扩展和连接规律是深刻理解TBM破岩机理的前提,因此,TBM滚刀破岩机理的研究具有重要的工程应用价值。目前,TBM滚刀破岩机理的研究主要集中在单一岩体中,但在TBM施工过程中会遇到各种复杂的地质条件。笔者采用离散元方法,研究了复合岩体的破岩机理,复合岩体中岩片的形成不同于单一岩体,其裂纹的最终连接是由起裂于复合岩体交界面上的微裂纹的扩展,将两滚刀之间的赫兹裂纹连接,最终形成岩片。因此,在一定情况下复合岩体更有利于TBM隧道施工。     

节理倾向对TBM滚刀破岩模式及掘进速率影响的试验研究

 岩体中节理面与掘进方向的夹角是影响TBM破岩速率的一个重要因素。通过试验对TBM滚刀破岩时不同节理面与掘进方向夹角的影响效果进行研究,试验采用2种不同强度的混凝土试块模拟岩石,节理面与加载力夹角?分别为0°,30°,60°和90°。通过试验分析,主要得出以下结论：(1) 当?从0°增大至60°时,破岩角? 随之增大;当? = 90°时,? = 33°～50°,与Hertzian裂纹破岩角相近。侧向裂纹与节理方向夹角Δ? 随?变化时则保持为40°～70°。对于中间裂纹与节理方向夹角Δ?,当?≤30°时,Δ? = 0°～10°,中间裂纹与节理面接近平行;当?≥60°时,Δ?迅速增大,中间裂纹与节理面相交从而形成破岩碎片;(2) 节理岩体有3种破岩模式：第一种是从刀具下方破碎区生成侧向裂纹并向自由面或节理面扩展形成碎片;第二种是?≥60°时,中间裂纹向节理面扩展而形成碎片;第三种是?≥30°时,由于节理变形使裂纹从节理面起裂并向自由面扩展从而形成破岩碎片;(3) 当? = 60°时,破岩速率达到最高值,节理对高强度岩体的破岩影响程度更大。     

围压对TBM滚刀破岩影响的数值模拟研究

采用一种新的无网格数值计算方法—广义粒子动力学法(GPD),研究了水平方向围压为0,5,10,15,20 MPa条件下,全断面隧道掘进机(TBM)滚刀的破岩过程及破岩模式,分析了围压对岩体可掘性的影响。得到:(1)围压的存在抑制中央裂纹的扩展;(2)随着围压的增加,赫兹裂纹的扩展方向发生偏转,与水平面的夹角变小;(3)相同贯入度下,随着围压的增加,滚刀法向力及其掘进指数均增加。利用GPD法分析了锦屏二级水电站隧道施工中,含节理的岩层中高地应力对TBM滚刀破岩的影响,成功模拟出高地应力下节理岩体的板裂化现象,得到高地应力能够使岩体产生板裂化促进滚刀破岩。     

开挖动态卸荷对节理岩体渗透特性的影响研究

 利用应力波理论分析高地应力条件下节理岩体边坡开挖过程中的动态卸荷效应，探讨卸荷松动后节理岩体渗透特性的变化规律。研究结果表明，高地应力作用下节理岩体边坡开挖过程中的动态卸荷松动效应显著，其影响必须考虑。开挖荷载幅值、岩体弹性模量和节理分布间距等因素通过影响节理开度而影响岩体的渗透特性；岩体中完整母岩与节理岩体的结合部位往往是开挖松动较大的部位，其渗透系数变化明显。对于等间距平行节理组垂直切割的直立坡岩体，若岩体的弹性模量由坡外向坡内呈线性增大，计算得到的节理岩体渗透系数分布符合幂函数衰减规律(由坡外向坡内)；若节理岩体的弹性模量由坡外向坡内无变化，则开挖动态卸荷松动现象不会发生。     

锦屏Ⅱ级水电站深部大理岩板裂化破坏试验研究及其对TBM开挖的影响

针对锦屏Ⅱ级水电站TBM引水洞及排水洞深部大理岩发生的剧烈板裂化岩爆与非剧烈板裂化片帮2种板裂化破坏现象,通过采集该工程区深部大理岩岩样,采用真三轴岩爆试验设备,对其在不同高应力作用下的板裂化破坏现象进行室内试验。通过对试验过程中发生的各种现象的全面描述和试验结果的分析表明,试验中岩样发生的板裂化破坏现象与TBM开挖隧道围岩的板裂化破坏具有很好的吻合性,未来围岩的主要破坏方式将以板裂化片帮与岩爆为主。围岩板裂化破坏将影响TBM开挖运行,分别探讨掌子面与洞壁板裂化破坏对TBM开挖的影响。     

Numerical modelling of the effects of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by TBM cutters

The influence of joint spacing on tunnel boring machine (TBM) penetration performance has been extensively observed at TBM site. However, the mechanism of rock mass fragmentation as function of the joint spacing has been scarcely studied. In this study, the rock indentation by a single TBM cutter is simulated by using the discrete element method (DEM), and the rock fragmentation process is highlighted. A series of two-dimensional numerical modelling with different joint spacing in a rock mass have been performed to explore the effect of joint spacing on rock fragmentation by a TBM cutter. Results show that the joint spacing can significantly influence the crack initiation and propagation, as well as the fragmentation pattern, and can hence affect the penetration rate of the TBM. Two crack initiation and propagation modes are found to fragment the rock mass due to the variation of joint spacing. The simulation results are analyzed and compared with in situ measurements.     

Study on the influence of joint spacing on rock fragmentation under TBM cutter by linear cutting test

Joint spacing is one of the most important geological factors influencing rock fragmentation by TBM cutters and TBM performance. In order to study the influence of joint spacing, full-scale linear cutting tests have been conducted for the Beishan granite samples with different joint spacing (i.e. one intact sample, two jointed samples with joint spacing of 100 mm and 400 mm). For different joint spacing, the influence of penetration depth on rock fragmentation was also explored by varying the penetration depth with an interval of 0.5 mm. During the test process, the three directional forces acting on the TBM cutter were recorded, and the rock chips formed by each cutting pass were weighed, respectively. By analysing the cutting force, crack initiation/propagation and rock chips, the influences of joint spacing on rock fragmentation process by TBM cutter were investigated. The test results showed that the increase of penetration depth cannot improve the TBM breakage efficiency after reaching a certain value for the intact rock sample, and the normal force for intruding the intact rock is larger than that for intruding the rock jointed samples. It is also found that the sample part below the joint plane is intact, thus joint can restrain the crack propagating cross the joint plane and facilitates the chips formation on the cutting surface. For the rock sample with joint spacing of 100 mm, two rock fragmentation modes were found during the cutting process. One mode is that the cracks initiate from the crushed zone under TBM cutter, and the cracks propagate to the joint plane, consequently form large rock chips. The other one is that the cracks initiate from the joint plane and then propagate to the rock cutting surface, and the cracks initiate before the formation of the crushed zone under the cutter. For the rock sample with joint spacing of 400 mm, there are two rock fragmentation stages, i.e., the normal rock fragmentation stage and the joint-controlled rock fragmentation stage. There is a transitional process between these two stages, and also the median crack can be promoted to propagate vertically to joint plane due to the joint existence. This study can provide useful guidance for operation optimization and performance prediction for TBM operating in jointed rock masses.     

Development of a rock mass characteristics model for TBM penetration rate prediction

The TBM tunneling process in hard rock is actually a rock or rock mass breakage process, which determines the efficiency of tunnel boring machine (TBM). On the basis of the rock breakage process, a rock mass conceptual model that identifies the effect of rock mass properties on TBM penetration rate is proposed. During the construction of T05 and T06 tunnels of DTSS project in Singapore, a comprehensive program was performed to obtain the relevant rock mass properties and TBM performance data. A database, including rock mass properties, TBM specifications and the corresponding TBM performance, was established. Combining the rock mass conceptual model for evaluating rock mass boreability with the established database, a statistical prediction model of TBM penetration rate is set up by performing a nonlinear regression analysis. The parametric studies of the new model showed that the rock uniaxial compressive strength and the volumetric joint count have predominantly effects on the penetration rate. These results showed good agreement with the numerical simulations. The model limitations were also discussed.     

锦屏二级水电站1#,3#引水隧洞TBM施工预测与施工效果对比分析

TBM施工预测在隧道施工方法选择、项目规划、施工规划、施工管理中发挥了很大的作用.针对锦屏二级水电站引水隧洞TBM施工,在获得隧洞沿线岩体参数及岩体所处环境参数的基础上,对TBM施工段的岩体进行分区分段,应用挪威科技大学(NTNU)TBM施工预测模型、岩体特性TBM施工预测模型对各段TBM掘进速度进行预测,应用NTNU...     

Analysis and prediction of TBM performance in blocky rock conditions at the Lötschberg Base Tunnel

This paper focuses on the analysis of the TBM performance recorded during the excavation of the Lötschberg Base Tunnel. The southern part of the tunnel was excavated by two gripper TBMs, partly through blocky rock masses at great depth. The jointed nature of the blocky rock mass posed serious problems concerning the stability of the excavation face. A detailed analysis has been carried out to obtain a relationship between the rock mass conditions and the TBM performance, using the Field Penetration Index (FPI). In blocky rock conditions, the FPI is defined as the ratio between the applied thrust force and the actual penetration rate. A database of the TBM parameters and the geological/geotechnical conditions for 160 sections along the tunnel has been established. The analysis reveals a relationship between the FPI and two rock mass parameters: the volumetric joint count (J_v) and the intact rock uniaxial compressive strength (UCS). Through a multivariate regression analysis, a prediction model for FPI in blocky rock conditions (FPI_blocky) is then introduced. Finally, other TBM performance parameters such as the penetration rate, the net advance rate and the total advance rate are evaluated using FPI_blocky.     

TBM滚刀破岩动态特性与最优刀间距研究

在对实际工况合理简化的基础上,从岩土细观角度出发,采用颗粒离散元法建立滚刀侵入岩体的二维模拟模型,研究双滚刀作用下岩体的动态响应机制,找出滚刀侵入过程中岩体裂纹、贯入度以及切削力三者的关系。在此基础上,通过数值模拟对常见切深下滚刀最优刀间距问题进行分析,得到不同切深下比能耗与刀间距的规律,并通过试验对双滚刀破岩过程中岩体动态特性以及最优刀间距问题进行验证,最后以工程实例验证研究结论。研究表明：仿真过程中,切削力随贯入度的变化与岩体的跃进破碎特性相一致,岩体破坏服从格里菲斯理论;较小切深下岩体为剪切破坏,较大切深下岩体发生拉应力破坏;切深为10 mm时比能耗有明显拐点,此时刀间距为100 mm;切深为6 mm时,60 mm刀间距下比能耗最小;切深小于2 mm时,实际工况下岩体不能产生贯穿裂纹。     

深埋特长公路隧道岩爆预测综合研究

岩爆预测一直是地下工程世界性难题之一。以台缙高速公路苍岭隧道的岩爆预测为例,从隧道区围岩的岩体特征和隧道区初始应力场两方面着手,通过工程地质调查研究和区域地质资料分析,对隧道区进行工程地质分类。划分隧道沿线各洞段隧道围岩类别,通过室内岩石力学试验,掌握隧道沿线围岩的物理力学特性;分析区域地震震源机制解、地应力实测资料,揭示区域构造地应力场环境。在研究过程中选取典型部位,采用水压致裂法实测工程区地应力的大小和方向。通过三维有限元反演工程区的初始应力场,在初始应力场和隧道围岩岩石力学性质研究的基础上,结合各洞段隧道断面开挖数值分析结果和现有国内外多种岩爆判别准则,对苍岭隧道岩爆发生的部位和等级进行预测,为制定合理的开挖支护方案提供依据。     

双护盾TBM开挖膨胀岩洞段施工应用技术研究

某膨胀岩洞段,围岩强度低,抗风化能力弱,水理性质不良,易发生吸水膨胀失水收缩现象。基岩洞段褶皱、褶曲发育,地层产状变化大,围岩呈层状～碎裂结构。双护盾TBM开挖后,隧洞发生不同程度的坍塌与塌方。现采取“三低一连续”（低推力、低转速、低贯人度;快速连续掘进）快速封闭围岩,严格控制施工用水;使用化学材料灌浆固结围岩等施工应用技术,成功通过了泥质软岩类隧洞长地段,为今后双护盾掘进机施工提供了宝贵经验,社会和经济效益巨大。     

Face stability analysis of circular tunnels in layered rock masses using the upper bound theorem

An analysis of tunnel face stability generally assumes a single homogeneous rock mass. However, most rock tunnel projects are excavated in stratified rock masses. This paper presents a two-dimensional (2D) analytical model for estimating the face stability of a rock tunnel in the presence of rock mass stratification. The model uses the kinematical limit analysis approach combined with the block calculation technique. A virtual support force is applied to the tunnel face, and then solved using an optimization method based on the upper limit theorem of limit analysis and the nonlinear Hoek–Brown yield criterion. Several design charts are provided to analyze the effects of rock layer thickness on tunnel face stability, tunnel diameter, the arrangement sequence of weak and strong rock layers, and the variation in rock layer parameters at different positions. The results indicate that the thickness of the rock layer, tunnel diameter, and arrangement sequence of weak and strong rock layers significantly affect the tunnel face stability. Variations in the parameters of the lower layer of the tunnel face have a greater effect on tunnel stability than those of the upper layer.