我国城市化进程的原则框架

适合我国的城市化进程的原则框架,是制定我国城市化具体道路、城市化合适水平、城市化恰当发展速度等方面的原则基础,是我国城市化进程能否持续、顺利发展的关键。本文就宏观调控指导我国城市化进程、促进我国城市化进程中的城市现代化建设、促进城市和区域的经济、社会、资源和环境的协调发展和加快城乡一体化进程等四个方面七条原则进行了分析。     

中国城市化的第四波

建国以来,我国城市化经历了不同的发展阶段。尤其是1978年开始的改革开放对城市化进程、动因、模式都产生了深远影响。本文通过对我国城市化历程的回顾,将我国建国以来城市化划分为四个主要阶段(波),并对各阶段城市化的特征进行总结。在此基础上,提出我国城市化正进入快速发展的第四波,并对第四波城市化所面临的问题和挑战进行了分析。     

我国城市化与经济发展关系的偏差分析

从分析改革开放后我国经济发展概况和我国城市化现状入手，利用经济发展与城市化的关系，从我国城市化水平与经济增长、产业结构、就业结构变化三个方面的偏差度来分析我国的城市化水平是否适应我国经济的发展，结果表明我国的城市化水平滞后于经济发展水平。     

西南地区乡村城市化评价指标体系研究

建设与发展小城镇是我国全面建设小康社会的一个重要方面。我国的具体国情决定了小城镇建设与城市化是一项极为艰巨的任务。要实现农村城市化和我国城市/城镇体系的健康协调发展,合理制定城市化评价指标体系及正确评价城市化的各个因素是十分必要的。而我国区域差异与不平衡现状客观上要求对城市化进行区域性及差异性研究。本文通过深入研究建立了我国西南地区城市化评价指标体系,并采用层次分析法建立了该指标体系的评价模型,旨在为我国西南地区农村城市化提供理论及实践上的服务。     

我国新型城市化问题研究综述

<正>走新型城市化道路是我国城市化发展的必然趋势。本文在研究相关文献资料的基础上,总结了目前学术界关于我国新型城市化的内涵和特点,新型城市化与产业结构的关系,加快推进我国新型城市化的对策措施等问题的探讨和主要观点,并提出了我国新型城市化领域需要进一步深入研究的问题。一、传统城市化模式存在的问题及新型城市化的提出     

世界城市化发展历程及规律研究

随着社会经济的快速发展和人们生活水平的提高,全球城市化进程不断加快。尽管发达国家和发展中国家城市化发展历程不尽相同,但是其两者的差异性和共性揭示了世界城市化发展的规律。我国城市化发展应以此为蓝本,结合我国国情,运用现代城市规划功能,探究我国城市化发展方向,走具有中国特色的社会主义城市化道路。     

从城市化与现代化的关系探讨中国城市化道路

从城市化和现代化的内涵出发，阐述了城市化的本质就是现代化，本文结合建立国后我国城市化的历程，说明我国城市化与现代化并没有很好结合这一事实，探讨性地提出了我国城市化道路。     

1990年代我国省区间城市化进程的差异研究--基于第五次人口普查口径的分析

1990年以来,我国进入了城市化的快速发展时期,本文主要对我国20世纪90年代各省区的城市化进程进行比较分析。鉴于1990年和 2002年我国各城镇人口统计的口径不一,按照双轨城市化的概念,本文先对我国1990年代各地区的城市化水平进行调整,然后与各地区历年的经济发展水平(以人均GDP来表示)进行相关分析,得到1990年代我国各省区城市化进程的五种演变类型。结果表明:由于经济发展水平和速度的差异,我国省区间城市化进程差异较大,区域城市化不平衡现象依然显著;东部沿海部分发达省区城市化程度较高、速度较快;东北和西部省区城市化水平发展相对较慢、城市化水平也是最低; 而京津沪三个直辖市已经进入城市化的稳定增长阶段,未来提升的速度和幅度都不高。     

城市化升级转型中的社会保障和社会法分析

随着经济的发展和社会的进步,我国的城市化进程也在不断演进。当今我国的城市化面临着一些问题,城市化转型升级迫在眉睫,即以市场为主导的城市化向以市场与社会保障并重的城市化过渡。当然,在城市化升级转型的过程中需要社会保障和社会法,同时城市化转型升级也为社会保障和社会法的运行提供支持。鉴于此,本文对城市化升级转型中的社会保障和社会法进行分析,希望能为解决我国的城市化面临的问题尽一份绵薄之力。     

论我国城市化发展道路选择

如何加速推进城市化发展进程日益成为我国一项十分重要而紧迫的任务。多年来，学术界对我国城市化道路选择一直在进行着热烈的讨论。文中在充分认识城市化基本理论和我国目前城市化基本特点的基础上，对我国城市化不同模式进行了比较研究，探讨出了新的具有可操作性的城市化发展道路。     

Recent advances in fire physics in Japan

Some recent studies concerned with fire physics in Japan are considered. The studies are classified in two groups, one which deals with fire in its broad sense and includes mathematical fire modeling, model experiments, studies on an overall characterization of fire, and a statistical approach: the other group includes research projects to clarify particular aspects of fire which may lead to improvements in the sub-programmes of fire modeling. The involvement between phenomenological fire research and the systems approach to fire safety design is also discussed.     

Therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens: A review of Chinese literature in relation to the studies in western countries

The paper deciphers the Chinese literature to English speaking scholars and bridges the gap between China and the western countries on the topics of therapeutic landscapes and healing gardens. Three parts of contents are included in the paper. Firstly, four schools of theories explaining how and why nature can heal, are introduced based on the studies in western countries with the examination of terminology used. In the second part, 71 publications in Chinese are systematically reviewed, with 19 significant studies analyzed in details, including focus areas, the research method, and major findings. In the final part, Chinese studies are evaluated in relation to the theories in western countries.     

The ventilation of multiple-bed hospital wards in the tropics: A review

Hospital and healthcare facilities have diverse indoor environment due to the different comfort and health needs of its occupants. Currently, most ventilation studies revolve around specialised areas such as operating rooms and isolation rooms. This paper focuses on the ventilation of multiple-bed hospital wards in the tropical climate, taking into account the design, indoor conditions and engineering controls. General ward layouts are described briefly. The required indoor conditions such as temperature, humidity, air movements and indoor air quality in the ward spaces are summarized based on the current guidelines and practices. Also, recent studies and engineering practices in the hospital indoor environment are elaborated. Usage of computational fluid dynamics tools for the ventilation studies is discussed as well. As identified during the review, there is an apparent knowledge gap for ventilation studies in the tropics compared with temperate climates, as fact studies have only been published for hospital wards in countries with a temperate climate. Therefore, it is highlighted that specific tropical studies along with novel engineering controls are required in addressing the ventilation requirements for the tropics.     

Artificial Intelligence in Bridge Engineering

Abstract: The idea to use artificial intelligence (AI) in civil engineering is as old as AI itself. Since the 1950s, studies on AI applications in civil or bridge engineering have proliferated. Most of these studies have dealt with specialized isolated engineering subtasks. Few of the applications have been delivered to practitioners and were used to advance their work. This paper presents a model of the life-cycle flow of information in bridge engineering as an organizing framework for reviewing previous work on AI applications in bridge engineering. Several common patterns that emerge from the studies are summarized. A subsequent analysis of the status of the bridge stock in many countries suggests that a more integrated approach to AI applications may have a larger practical impact. Several practical areas that can benefit significantly from AI techniques are identified, and several studies are proposed including the AI technology needed and the methodology according to which these applications should be developed.     

城市意象研究的主题、范式与反思——中国城市意象研究评述

通过对中国城市意象研究文献的分析,归纳出中国城市意象研究主要的三大主题:第一类是基于林奇认知地图五大要素的揭示城市意象元素及城市结构的研究;第二类是以挖掘地方特色为目标的城市意象研究;第三类通过城市意象研究试图对城市规划和城市设计进行评估;分别对这三种研究取向进行分析,阐释其存在的两种研究范式:解释性研究和诊断性研究,并对城市意象研究目标、方法等进行讨论和反思。     

婺州传统民居厅堂木构架特色研究 #

本文主要研究婺州民居中厅堂木构架的特色及其成因。婺州传统民居被誉为中国东方民居的“明珠”,将木雕艺术与建筑艺术的融合发展到了极致。但相关研究主要集中在总平面布局和营建技术两方面,对厅堂木构架构成及特色的专题研究较少。本文首先对婺州传统民居产生的自然及社会背景进行研究,然后通过田野考察及文献研究,明确其厅堂木构架在特定环境下形成的地域特色。本研究可对婺州传统民居的研究进行补充,并为进一步探索江南地区厅堂木构架的特色与区划做出铺垫。     

生命线工程的研究进展与发展趋势

概述了生命线工程研究中的若干进展。内容包括:随机地震动场的波动数值模拟、工程结构非线性地震反应的概率密度演化分析方法、大型生命线工程网络系统的抗震可靠性分析与优化等。在论述研究进展的同时,对若干相关的国内外研究发展状况作了简要的评述。对生命线工程研究的未来发展趋势做出了预测和展望。     

Levels and trends of poly- and perfluorinated compounds in the arctic environment

Poly- and perfluorinated organic compounds (PFCs) are ubiquitous in the Arctic environment. Several modeling studies have been conducted in attempt to resolve the dominant transport pathway of PFCs to the arctic—atmospheric transport of precursors versus direct transport via ocean currents. These studies are generally limited by their focus on perfluorooctanoate (PFOA) fluxes to arctic seawater and thus far have only used fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs) and sulfonamide alcohols as inputs for volatile precursors. There have been many monitoring studies from the North American and European Arctic, however, almost nothing is known about PFC levels from the Russian Arctic. In general, there are very few measurements of PFCs from the abiotic environment. Atmospheric measurements show the widespread occurrence of PFC precursors, FTOHs and perfluorinated sulfonamide alcohols. Further, PFCAs and PFSAs have been detected on atmospheric particles. The detection of PFCAs and PFSAs in snow deposition is consistent with the volatile precursor transport hypothesis. There are very limited measurements of PFCs in seawater. PFOA is generally detected in the greatest concentrations. Additional seawater measurements are needed to validate existing model predications. The bulk of the monitoring efforts in biological samples have focused on the perfluorinated carboxylates (PFCAs) and sulfonates (PFSAs), although there are very few measurements of PFC precursors. The marine food web has been well studied, particularly the top predators. In contrast, freshwater and terrestrial ecosystems have been poorly studied. Studies show that in wildlife perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS) is generally measured in the highest concentration, followed by either perfluorononanoate (PFNA) or perfluoroundecanoate (PFUnA). However, some whale species show relatively high levels of perfluorooctane sulfonamide (PFOSA) and seabirds are typically characterized by high proportions of the C₁₁-C₁₅ PFCAs. PFOA is generally infrequently detected and is present in low concentrations in arctic biota. Food web studies show high bioaccumulation in the upper trophic-level animals, although the mechanism of PFC biomagnification is not understood. Spatial trend studies show some differences between populations, although there are inconsistencies between PFC trends. The majority of temporal trend studies are from the Northern American Arctic and Greenland. Studies show generally increasing levels of PFCs from the 1970s, although some studies from the Canadian Arctic show recent declines in PFOS levels. In contrast, ringed seals and polar bears from Greenland continue to show increasing PFOS concentrations. The inconsistent temporal trends between regions may be representative of differences in emissions from source regions.     

Spatial and temporal variability in the structure of invertebrate assemblages in control stream mesocosms

Outdoor stream mesocosm studies conducted between 1992 and 1996 at two facilities enabled the investigation of structural variability in invertebrate assemblages within and between studies. Temporal variability of benthic invertebrate assemblages between eight replicate streams within a study was assessed in a 28-day mesocosm study without chemical treatment. Cluster analysis, non-metric multidimensional scaling, and principal component analysis each showed the untreated assemblages as structurally distinct groups on the three sampling days. The assemblages between the eight replicate streams showed >88% Bray-Curtis similarity at any one time during the study. In addition, pre-treatment data from a series of four studies conducted at one facility were used to examine structural variability in the starting benthic invertebrate assemblages between studies. Invertebrate assemblages were structurally distinct at the start of each mesocosm study conducted in different years at the same facility and the taxa responsible for differences in the assemblages were also different each year. The implications of temporal and spatial variability in benthic invertebrate assemblages within and between mesocosm studies with regards to species sensitivity and study repeatability should be considered when results of such studies are used in risk assessment.     

Comparing Low-Income Housing Outcomes in Self-Help and Contractor-Driven Projects: the Case for Longitudinal Research

The South African housing research environment is commonly known for its application of the case study approach as a preferred research method. Even the evaluation and assessment of low-income housing developments, to a large degree, are being done through several case studies. However, longer-term assessment or longitudinal studies are virtually absent from this fairly large body of research on low-income housing in South Africa. Although this paper does not deviate from the case study approach, the difference lies in its intent to demonstrate through the housing outcomes of two low-income housing projects (laissez-faire self-help and aided self-help which used a contractor-driven approach) the value and significance of long-term evaluation or longitudinal studies in housing research. Essentially, the paper argues that the limitations associated with one-off case studies and to a large extent, the general absence of longitudinal studies in housing research, lies in the domination of political and economic frameworks. Therefore, the paper showcases the limitations with regard to the interpretation and methods in one-off case studies as opposed to our findings based on longitudinal surveys.