Assessment of convective heat transfer coefficient and mass of water evaporated from a single-slope passive solar still by different thermal models: an experimental validation

In this paper, an effort has been made to evaluate the convective heat transfer coefficient and mass of water evaporated from a single-slope passive solar still for different water depths (0.01, 0.015, 0.02 and 0.025?m) by various thermal models, namely Dunkle’s model, Chen et al.’s model, Clark’s model, Adhikari et al.’s model, Kumar and Tiwari’s model, Zheng Hongfei et al.’s model and Tsilingiris’s model. These models were studied and compared with our experimental work. Also, the energy and exergy efficiency were calculated and the percentage deviation between experimental and theoretical prediction is also listed out. The experimental validation of energy and exergy efficiency of single slope passive solar still using different thermal models was carried out at Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India. By comparing the theoretical values of the hourly yield with the experimental data it was found that Dunkle’s, Chen et al.’s and Tsilingiris’s models gave better conformity between the forecasted and experimental results. Kumar and Tiwari’s model yield is very high, whereas Clark’s model, Adhikari et al.’s model and Zheng Hongfei et al.’s model predict lower values as compared with our experimental results.     

Energy and exergy analysis of single slope single basin solar still

A single slope basin type solar still has been designed and fabricated. The still is provided with a dripping arrangement to pour saline water drop by drop in the basin. Thermal modelling has been proposed based on the energy balance equations of the temperature elements of the still. A computer program has been written for the analytical solutions for the temperature of glass cover, water and basin, respectively, and numerical results are validated with the experimental for one of the typical days in summer and winter (2 October 2010 and 30 May 2011). The numerical results are in close agreement with the experimental results. Also exergy and energy analysis have been carried out to find the parametric influence on the performance of the still and to evaluate the fractional exergy and energy, instantaneous exergy and energy efficiency of the still.     

Design and fabrication of the passive solar still using blue metal stone

In this paper, an attempt has been made to find out the effect of blue metal stone on heat transfer coefficient for a passive single-slope distillation system in summer climatic conditions. The experiments have been conducted on a south facing, single slope, solar still of 10° inclination of condensing cover, in summer climatic conditions for 24?h on 5 different days for three different sizes of blue metal stone from 6 to 20?mm and this is finally compared by using the basin without any absorbing material. The thermal efficiency is calculated by using the energy balance equation.     

太阳能平板集热器关键参数对其热性能的影响

为了提升太阳能在建筑能源供给体系中的比重,形式多样的太阳能集热设备及其系统在建筑领域得到了广泛应用。基于机理分析法,建立了具有单层玻璃盖板的管板式太阳能平板集热器的稳态传热模型。并且针对集热管间距、集热管内径、工质入口温度和工质质量流量等关键参数对集热器集热效率的影响特性进行了数值模拟与分析。结果表明,建立的该稳态传热模型是可行的;此外,在其余参数值保持不变的情况下,减小集热管间距或增加集热管内径均可使集热器瞬时效率增大;增大工质入口温度会导致集热器瞬时效率下降;而增大工质质量流量会提升集热器瞬时效率。这些结论对于太阳能平板集热器在太阳能建筑一体化的实际应用中,具有一定的参考作用。     

Economic and exergy investigation of triangular pyramid solar still integrated to inclined solar still with baffles

This paper presents the detailed exergy and economic investigation of triangular pyramid solar still under passive and active mode of operation. For validation, experiments were carried out at different water depth maintained inside the basin under a continuous flow of water from an inclined solar still. Results confirm that the effect of integration rises the exergy efficiency during the offshine period, whereas during the sunshine hours the exergy efficiency decreases when the maintained the depth of water inside basin decreases. Similar study on economic analysis shows that the net pay back period increases from 5.6 to 11.4 with an increase in the water depth at an average selling price of water Rs 5/kg in a standalone triangular pyramid solar still.     

Exergetic performance assessment of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector

In this paper, an attempt is made to evaluate the exergetic performance of a solar photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) air collector. A detailed energy and exergy analysis is carried out to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters, exergy components and exergy efficiency of a typical PV/T air collector. Some corrections are done on related heat loss coefficients. An improved electrical model is used to estimate the electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector. Further, a modified equation for the exergy efficiency of a PV/T air collector is derived in terms of design and climatic parameters. A computer simulation program is also developed to calculate the thermal and electrical parameters of a PV/T air collector. The results of numerical simulation are in good agreement with the experimental measurements noted in the previous literature. Finally, parametric studies have been carried out. It is observed that the modified exergy efficiency obtained in this paper is in good agreement with the one given by the previous literature. It is also found that the thermal efficiency, electrical efficiency, overall energy efficiency and exergy efficiency of PV/T air collector is about 17.18%, 10.01%, 45% and 10.75% respectively for a sample climatic, operating and design parameters.     

寒冷地区被动式太阳能系统集热部件玻璃热性能研究——以陕西西安农村为例

目前节能玻璃种类繁多,不同气候区建筑外围护结构透光部分选用的玻璃也有所不同.对于采用被动式太阳能系统的建筑,不可盲目使用节能玻璃作为集热部件.被动式太阳能系统集热部件的关键部件(玻璃及框材)应根据气候条件因地制宜的选用.分析了西安农村地区常用的各种节能玻璃的传热系数、太阳能得热系数等性能指标,得出适宜应用在寒冷地区被动式太阳能建筑集热部件的节能玻璃类型.此种材料可有效地提高太阳能得热和室内热环境的舒适度,减少采暖能耗.     

季节性蓄热太阳能—土壤源热泵系统热经济学分析

本文建立了基于实际示范工程的季节性蓄热太阳能—土壤源热泵系统的热经济学模型,动态模拟了系统的运行。计算结果表明:系统的年度化成本为10 062元,单位能量成本为65.89元/GJ,单位成本为678.72元/GJ;全年供热供冷总的能效率为55.71%、效率为16.71%、能效比为5.68、效比为0.55,可知该系统经济且节能。另外,能效比和效比相对能效率和效率更具有实际操作意义;分析法能得出更加科学合理的结果,热经济学分析可作为系统优化和多方案经济性比较的依据。     

冷风渗透对太阳房热性能的影响研究

通过对青海某地太阳房的测试分析研究,确定了冷风渗透量对太阳房集热量和室温影响的计算方法。并知该太阳房的供暖效果和节能效果较好,但其集热墙的玻璃幕墙和房间门窗的密闭性较差,导致该玻璃幕墙和房间冷风渗透量较大,影响了集热墙的集热量及集热效率和太阳房的供暖与节能效果。因此在太阳房建设的设计与施工的各个环节中必须充分重视玻璃幕墙和房间门窗的密封性问题,以减少冷风渗透的能耗,提高太阳房的供暖效果和节能效率。     

两种手段提升太阳能新风热利用效率的研究

严寒地区居住建筑面临较为严重的冬季新风不足问题,太阳能新风系统是改善室内空气品质的一种重要手段。研究目的:了解空气流道厚度降低和使用双层玻璃盖板对于提升基础型太阳能新风集热器效率的实际效果。方法:通过搭建太阳能新风集热器实验平台,自制单层、双层玻璃盖板太阳能新风集热器,对比研究空气流道厚度(10mm和30mm)以及不同玻璃盖板层数对集热器效率的影响,并对不同工况下的出口温度和逐时效率进行监测和分析。结果表明:改小集热器空气流道厚度之后平均集热效率上升了10.8%,使用双层玻璃盖板之后平均集热效率上升了7.5%。双层玻璃盖板在低温下能够进一步发挥保温优势,减少了玻璃盖板表面的热损失。结论:减小空气流道厚度,采用双层玻璃盖板具有明显的实际效果,太阳能新风系统具有很好的推广应用潜力。     

建筑一体化太阳能热水系统运行综合评价

针对上海市生态住宅示范楼中的家用太阳能热水系统的瞬时热效率进行了实验测量,并通过全年不同季节的长期跟踪测试,分别对雨蓬一体化和阳台挂板一体化真空管式集热器这两种安装形式的热水系统的瞬时效率和日平均效率进行了测试,对比实际运行效果,分析影响集热效率的关键因素,从而探讨上海地区太阳能热水系统建筑一体化利用的可行性。     

太阳能烟囱自然通风的一维稳态模型

太阳能烟囱是一种利用太阳能加热来强化自然通风的技术.在前人简化模型的基础上,考虑了玻璃盖板和集热墙的导热热阻的影响,建立了一个修正的太阳能烟囱自然通风的一维稳态数学模型.并利用此模型,对太阳能烟囱内的空气平均温度、集热墙温度、空气流量以及集热效率等进行了模拟计算和讨论.模型计算结果与相关实验数据及前人的简化模型进行了对...     

中南地区建筑窗玻璃的热工性能模拟与选择

介绍了双层普通玻璃、单层Low-E低辐射玻璃及双层Low-E低辐射玻璃,并分析了其节能原理。用Opticals 5.0软件模拟了玻璃法向入射的太阳光学性能,针对中南地区的气候,用Window 5.0软件模拟了玻璃的热工性能。结果表明,单层Low-E玻璃具有较好的热工性能。考虑中南地区客观气候条件及成本因素,传热系数中等,太阳得热系数中等的单层Low-E玻璃是办公楼、酒店等建筑外窗玻璃的理想选择。计算了夏季7月21日建筑物不同朝向的单层普通玻璃和单层Low-E玻璃得热量,计算结果表明单层Low-E玻璃夏季节能效果明显。     

Economic and exergy analysis of alternative plants for a zero carbon building complex

The feasibility of zero carbon emission plants for heating, air conditioning and domestic hot water (DHW) supply, is analyzed, with respect to conventional plants, for a new residential building complex to be constructed, in Northern Italy. Two zero carbon plants are considered: the first is composed of air-to-water heat pumps for space heating and cooling, PV solar collectors, air dehumidifiers, thermal solar collectors and a wood pellet boiler for DHW supply; in the second, the air-to-water heat pumps are replaced by ground-coupled heat pumps. The conventional plant is composed of a condensing gas boiler, single-apartment air to air heat pumps, and thermal solar collectors. The economic analysis shows that both zero carbon plants are feasible, and that the air-to air heat pumps yield a shorter payback time. The exergy analysis confirms the feasibility of both plants, and shows that the ground coupled heat pumps yield a higher exergy saving.     

Evaluation of buoyancy-driven ventilation in respect of exergy utilization

Our work aimed to analyze and evaluate the buoyancy-driven ventilation based on the exergy analysis. We took the exergy load as a desired output for this consumer system and used the functional exergy efficiency to evaluate the ventilation performance. Through the numerical case studies for a high-rise building with a tall atrium, we found that the results from the energy and exergy analysis are quite different from each other, but the latter reveals the real essence of energy utilization in ventilation systems. The results showed that the exergy efficiency of the buoyancy-driven ventilation system is very poor, only 16.9% of the exergy input is effectively utilized and the exergy destruction counts for 83.1% of the total input. However, the exergy efficiency of the mechanical ventilation system is 100% because the input shaft work is entirely utilized to undertake the exergy load; no extra exergy losses are produced. We also analyzed the relationships between the temperature difference and the exergy efficiency. Furthermore, we found that the total radiation-to-exergy efficiency is 3.5 and 15% for ventilation systems equipped with solar collectors and solar cells respectively, it is concluded preliminarily that the latter is more efficient to utilize solar energy to create ventilation.     

中国传统民居中的被动节能技术

传统民居采取与当地气候相适应的策略,通过自身建筑的处理,以较低的能耗创造出相对适宜的居住环境,对如今的建筑节能仍有积极意义。该文分别从传统民居的用材、保温隔热、自然通风、太阳能利用与遮阳等几个方面分析了中国传统民居中的被动节能技术,以期对现代建筑的节能设计有所启发。     

带遮阳百叶热通道幕墙的热工数学模型

介绍了带遮阳百叶的热通道玻璃幕墙的简单数学模型。该幕墙由外侧单层玻璃幕墙和内侧中空玻璃幕墙组成热通道,通道中内置遮阳百叶以减少太阳能透射得热。在夏热地区,空气在通道中被太阳辐射加热,处于自然通风状态之下。列出了稳态条件下系统的热平衡方程,通过线性矩阵求解了太阳辐射和外界环境温度分别改变时,两个玻璃和通道内两个空气层及百叶的平均温度。计算模拟表明,内置遮阳百叶的热通道幕墙的内层中空玻璃的外表面温度较传统单层幕墙的表面温度有明显降低;与无遮阳百叶的热通道幕墙相比,室内透射得热量有很大减少,传热系数也比中空玻璃和无遮阳百叶的热通道幕墙有显著降低。     

Exergy efficiency analysis in buildings climatized with LiCl–H2O solar cooling systems that use swimming pools as heat sinks

Solar cooling is emerging as one of the most interesting applications in the harnessing of solar energy for alternative uses. Current devices can effectively control the climates of small buildings while addressing the issues associated with the excessive thermal energy captured during the summer months. This article presents an exergy analysis of buildings with solar thermal systems used for Domestic Hot Water (DHW) production and heating and cooling support. The cooling system analyzed is a LiCl–H₂O thermally driven heat pump with integral energy storage that uses outdoor swimming pools as heat sink. All subsystems were integrated into the model and considered as a single energy system, and data from installations in three different locations were used. The influences of the heating and cooling demand ratios and the dead state and house temperatures were analyzed. Further, the use of dissipated energy was analyzed, demonstrating that the proposed method facilitates the realistic study of these systems and provides useful analytical tools for improving the overall exergy performance. The energy delivered for heating, cooling and DHW production strongly influences global performance, suggesting that the appropriate sizing of each system is a priority.     

中空窗玻璃贴低辐射膜的性能研究

热阻和太阳能透过率是分别反映窗玻璃热工性能和光学性能的参数.在不贴膜和室内贴低辐射膜2种情况下,对中空窗玻璃的热阻和太阳能透过率进行实验研究,分析和比较2种情况下的窗玻璃性能及其对节能性的影响.结果表明,实验所用中空窗的固定窗和推拉窗2部分,贴膜后传热阻分别增大31.1%和40.7%,传热系数分别降低23.7%和28.8%.对于玻璃的太阳能透过率,贴膜后从40%减少到28.6%,透过玻璃的辐射热减少28.5%.     

Thermal performance analysis of the glass evacuated tube solar collector with U-tube

In this paper, based on the energy balance for the glass evacuated tube solar collector with U-tube, the thermal performance of the individual glass evacuated tube solar collector is investigated by analytical method. The solar collector considered in this study is a two-layered glass evacuated tube, and the absorber film is deposited in the outer surface of the absorber tube. The heat loss coefficient and heat efficiency factor are analyzed using one-dimensional analytical solution. And the influence of air layer between the absorber tube and the copper fin on the heat efficiency is also studied. The results show that the function relation of the heat loss coefficient of the glass evacuated tube solar collector with temperature difference between the absorbing coating surface and the ambient air is nonlinear. In the different ambient temperatures, the heat loss coefficient of the solar collector should be calculated by different expressions. The heat efficiency factor will be subject to influence of air layer between absorber tube and the copper fin. Specially, the influence is remarkable when the heat loss coefficient of the collector is large. When the synthetical conductance amounts to 5 W/m K, the solar collector efficiency decreases 10%, and the outlet fluid temperature decreases 16% compared with the case which the air thermal resistance is neglected. And the surface temperature of the absorbing coating increases 30 °C due to the effect of air thermal resistance. So the surface temperature of the absorbing coating is an important parameter to evaluate the thermal performance of the glass evacuated tube solar collector.