考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土临界状态研究

粗粒土的临界状态是构建本构模型的重要工具,目前考虑颗粒破碎影响的粗粒土临界状态并不明确。通过大型三轴CD试验,研究了粗粒土在临界状态时的颗粒破碎规律和应力变形特性,探讨了颗粒破碎对粗粒土临界状态应力比和临界状态方程参数的影响。主要结论如下:①粗粒土的临界状态应力比M_c并不是定值,而是与围压之间呈现出非线性的关系;②初始孔隙比对于临界状态应力比M_c的影响则可以忽略;③初始级配相同,围压和初始孔隙比不同的粗粒土,其临界状态在e–(p/p_a)~ξ平面可以用同一条直线来描述,且直线的参数是与初始孔隙比和围压无关的常数。     

常含水率三轴条件下非饱和原状黄土的吸力和力学特性

为了模拟实际工程在不排水条件下土体的快速破坏,对不同初始吸力非饱和原状黄土进行了常含水率等向压缩和三轴剪切试验,研究了常含水率下非饱和原状黄土的变形特性、临界状态、屈服及吸力变化特性。研究结果表明: 在等向压缩和三轴剪切应力条件下,非饱和黄土的变形和吸力变化特性不同;不同初始吸力下,偏应力与净平均应力临界状态线为平行直线,偏应力与有效平均应力临界状态线可以归一为一条直线,且可近似用饱和土临界状态线表示,半对数坐标系上孔隙比与净平均应力及有效平均应力临界状态线皆近似为平行直线,直线斜率比饱和土的大,比屈服后等向压缩曲线的小;对于不同初始吸力,相同有效平均应力下非饱和原状黄土与饱和黄土的临界状态孔隙比之比与气体饱和度关系可以归一;屈服净平均应力及屈服偏应力皆随着初始吸力的增大而增大;q-p平面上初始及后继屈服曲线为对称于K₀线的椭圆,吸力及应力硬化对屈服曲线的影响是等向的。     

考虑级配和颗粒破碎影响的堆石料临界状态研究

临界状态土力学理论在描述细颗粒土应力变形特性方面较为成功,已经成为建立许多黏土和砂土本构模型的基础。对于堆石料,在应力、密度、级配等因素影响下,其变形特性非常复杂,且高应力条件下颗粒易发生破碎,是否存在"唯一"的临界状态值得探讨。通过对不同级配、不同密度的试样在不同围压条件下的一系列大型三轴剪切试验,研究了堆石料的临界状态及其影响因素。研究发现:不同级配、不同密度、不同初始固结应力条件下,当剪应变较大时试样都趋于临界状态,临界状态的值与初始密度、初始级配、颗粒破碎有关;q–p'平面内,堆石料存在唯一的临界应力比M;在e–(p'/p_a)~ζ平面内,临界状态线基本平行,其截距可以根据初始密度和初始级配直接求得。通过对比分析各试样的临界状态,提出了考虑级配和颗粒破碎影响的堆石料临界状态数学表达式。     

不同初始状态下黄土的平面应变卸载力学特性

针对于黄土工程中的平面应变卸载问题,利用平面应变改造后的真三轴仪,开展了不同初始状态（原状、重塑和饱和）黄土在不同固结围压和含水率条件下的平面应变卸载试验,揭示了不同初始状态黄土的应力-应变演化关系、中主应力特性和强度特性。研究结果表明,不同初始状态黄土的应力-应变曲线在低含水率和低围压条件下呈现理想塑性,随着固结围压和含水率增大,从弱硬化型向强硬化型转变;黄土的不同初始状态对应力-应变关系演化特性影响较大,原状黄土曲线最高,重塑黄土次之,饱和黄土最低;固结围压越大、含水率越低,初始切线斜率越大,应力应变曲线越高,土的强度发挥越快。原状和饱和黄土的中主应力和中主应力参数均先减小后增大,衰减幅度大,增长幅度小,中主应力参数的增长幅度要大于中主应力;重塑黄土的中主应力和中主应力参数则先减小后基本保持稳定。平面应变卸载条件下不同初始状态黄土的黏聚力和内摩擦角均随含水率增大近似呈现线性减小;不同初始状态对土黏聚力的影响要明显大于内摩擦角。原状黄土在低围压和低含水率条件下沿着剪切带形成明显的侧向滑移破坏,其余条件下均发生测胀破坏。     

平面应变条件下原状Q3黄土的结构性演化特性研究

针对黄土工程中经常遇到的平面应变问题,通过扰动、加载和浸水充分释放土的结构势,开展Q₃原状、重塑和饱和原状黄土的无侧限压缩试验和平面应变剪切试验,依据初始结构性参数(构度)和剪切过程结构性参数(应力比结构性参数)定义了可综合描述从土的初始结构状态到平面应变剪切破坏状态的全过程结构性参数,分析了平面应变条件下,全过程结构性参数随轴向应变的衰减演化规律及结构性强度特性。研究结果表明,黄土的不同初始状态(原状、重塑和饱和)对应力 应变关系演化特性影响较大,原状黄土应力 应变曲线最高,重塑黄土次之,饱和黄土最低。随着含水率增大,构度指标不断减小,含水率小于土的塑限时,水的浸入对黄土结构的损伤较大。固结围压和含水率变化均对结构性参数及其演化规律有明显影响。建立的全过程结构性参数,可以很好的描述土的初始结构性及平面应变剪切全过程的结构损伤演化规律,亦可以反映出含水率和固结围压对于土结构性损伤演化全过程的影响规律。不同初始状态对土的强度影响显著,黏聚力随构度呈非线性增长,内摩擦角随着构度增大近似呈线性增长,但变化幅度较小。     

超固结度对超固结饱和黏土不排水蠕变特性的影响研究

以具有不同超固结度的重塑黏土试样为研究对象,在加载应力比等同于临界状态线斜率的应力条件下开展了一系列不排水蠕变试验,研究了超固结饱和黏土的蠕变特性。试验结果表明,对强超固结度黏土试样,随着蠕变时间的增加,孔压一直降低,并从正孔压降到负孔压。强超固结度试样的初始应力路径虽然都到达了正常固结土试验获得的临界状态线,但强超固结度的试样在蠕变阶段并不破坏。在蠕变初始阶段,对于不同强超固结度轴应变速率与对数蠕变时间的关系线是相互平行的直线。整个蠕变过程中,强超固结度试样都处于剪胀状态中,且超固结度越大,到达最大剪胀状态的蠕变时间越长。在相同的应力比下,超固结度是影响超固结试样不排水蠕变破坏与否的重要因素。     

非饱和粉砂临界状态的试验研究

非饱和土临界状态给出了土变形过程的终点,对于分析土的基本力学性质和建立相应的本构模型十分重要。以非饱和粉砂为研究对象,利用非饱和土双压力室三轴试验系统(GDS)开展相关试验研究,对不同干密度粉砂在不同净应力和吸力条件下剪切至临界状态过程中,分别测定了强度、体变、含水率及饱和度等相关状态参量的变化规律。结果表明:剪切至临界状态过程中,不同干密度非饱和粉砂的强度和变形特性差异明显;随轴向应变的不断增加,不同初始干密度粉砂试样的偏应力、体应变以及饱和度曲线最终趋于稳定值,试样剪切达到临界状态。基于试验结果,揭示了临界状态条件下非饱和粉砂强度、孔隙比、孔隙水比体积随吸力的变化规律,并建立了q–p?、ν–ln p?、νw–ln p?平面内的临界状态线方程,提出了从强度、变形和孔隙水三个方面对非饱和粉砂临界状态进行综合描述的方法。     

饱和粉土变形特性三轴试验

对取自南京市某拟建高速公路路基的粉土,在室内按不同的干密度和含水率进行了试样重塑。按不同干密度和不同初始制样含水率进行饱和三轴固结排水剪切试验,测得不同围压条件下的固结排水剪应力-应变曲线以及有效应力比曲线形态等工程特性。分析了粉土干密度、初始制样含水率和围压对饱和粉土强度的影响。试验结果表明:粉土的强度随干密度的增加而变大,随围压增大而增加;初始制样含水率对粉土的强度有不同程度的影响;粉土的应力应变表现为弱应变软化型。     

初始主应力方向对饱和粉土不排水剪切特性的影响

利用“土工静力–动力液压–三轴扭转多功能剪切仪”,针对山东东营原状饱和粉土和采用 3 种初始成样含水率夯击法制备的重塑饱和粉土,在初始平均主应力为 100 kPa ,初始中主应力系数为 0.5 ,初始偏应力比为 0.433 ,初始主应力方向角分别为 0 °, 30 °, 45 °, 60 °, 90 °的非均等固结条件下,保持平均主应力和中主应力系数恒定进行了应力控制式不排水静力扭剪实验。着重探讨了初始主应力方向和初始成样含水率对粉土应力–应变关系、孔隙水压力变化与有效应力路径等的影响。实验结果表明：初始主应力方向对原状粉土和重塑粉土的变形与强度特性的影响程度有所不同;初始成样含水率对饱和重塑粉土的变形及强度特性具有显著影响。     

原状黄土剪缩性测试与理论分析

 为揭示剪切过程中黄土的应力–剪缩规律,在黑方台典型滑坡后壁获取原状试样,开展了饱和黄土的等压固结不排水试验、等压固结排水试验,与非饱和黄土的常含水率试验,探讨了该黄土的应力应变规律和临界状态强度,调查了该黄土的状态参数与剪缩/剪胀行为,并进一步结合经典剪胀方程进行了对比研究。研究结果表明：首先,该饱和黄土在上覆荷载应力范围以内的临界状态线可近似为一条直线,在94～100 kPa基质吸力条件下非饱和黄土的临界状态线也可简化为一条与前者平行的直线;其次,该黄土总体表现为剪缩趋势或剪缩变形,但是受初始孔隙比、初始应力水平影响,该黄土可能表现出剪胀行为;第三,该原状土可用土的状态参数描述,且亦可表现出剪缩–剪胀的相转化行为;第四,剑桥模型的剪胀方程总体上能够反映该黄土的剪缩行为。     

Residual Strength Characteristics of Naturally and Artificially Cemented Clays in Reversal Direct Box Shear Test

The naturally cemented clay preserving chemical bonds that was gradually disintegrated by weathering is a soil exhibiting a progressive failure such as a landslide. The residual strength of soil possessing cementation properties given by diagenesis has not yet been investigated. The objective of this study is to clarify the residual strength characteristics of naturally and artificially cemented clays using an improved reversal direct box shear test apparatus. Based on the test results of reconstituted Kaolin clay, undisturbed, remolded and reconstituted samples of three natural clays, this paper describes the influence of normal stress, shear displacement rate, consolidation and shear histories on the residual strength of cemented clay. Especially, to simulate the same mechanical behavior as the naturally cemented clays, the cementation was artificially reproduced by adding cementing agents to slurry clay. Consequently, 1) the residual strength of cemented clay is independent of consolidation yield stress and initial void ratio. 2) The residual strength of cemented clay as well as non-cemented clay increases with increasing the shear displacement rate. 3) The residual strength of cemented clay as well as non-cemented clay is not affected by any stress history.     

基于热力学理论的超固结黏土边界面模型

基于热力学理论和临界状态土力学的框架,建立了耗散应力空间内的α-β屈服面。定义耗散势和背应力为应力的函数来实现在真实应力空间非相关联流动。基于边界面模型框架,准确模拟了超固结黏土在初始屈服面内的弹塑性响应。采用临界状态线与边界面交点在静水压力轴上的投影为映射中心,并定义剪胀函数,保证了"干侧"发生剪胀,而"湿侧"发生剪缩。与Boston Blue Clay,Lower Cromer Till和London Clay 3种土在不排水条件下的三轴试验数据进行对比,验证了模型的合理性和有效性。     

Effect of initial water content on undrained shear strength of K0 consolidated clay

This study investigates the effect of initial water content on the pore pressure response and undrained shear behavior of K₀ consolidated reconstituted clay. A series of K₀ consolidated undrained triaxial compression tests were conducted on reconstituted Lianyungang clay. Results were compared to those obtained by isotropic consolidated undrained triaxial tests. The testing results showed that the K₀ consolidated undrained strength envelope of reconstituted soil content is a straight line passing through the origin regardless of the initial water content. The initial water content would affect the undrained strength of K₀ consolidated clay as decreased normalized undrained shear strength was observed with clay at higher initial water content. The slope C of normalized pore pressure and stress ratio is affected by the consolidation method, where C is found to be a soil constant for K₀ consolidated clay and the value would be higher with clay under K₀ consolidation. The pore pressure increases with increasing initial water content at a certain axial strain under given consolidation pressure, and the difference in excess pore pressure increases with the increasing consolidation pressure. Pore pressure coefficient at failure (A_f) increases as the initial water content increases, where a trendline can be well fitted between the pore coefficient at failure and the ratio of initial water content to the liquid limit of clay. The undrained strength indexes, i.e., effective cohesion and effective internal friction angle have decreasing tendency with increasing initial water content; however, changes in the total strength indexes of soil in this study are insignificant with varying initial water content.     

Effect of Directional Stress History on Anisotropy of Initial Stiffness of Cohesive Soils Measured by Bender Element Tests

This paper describes the initial stiffness of reconstituted kaolinite clay in both vertical and horizontal planes under three different stress histories. The initial shear stiffness was obtained from bi-directional bender element tests during isotropic and K₀ stress loading and unloading. An empirical correlation was established based on the initial stiffness of normally consolidated soils. Unlike the unique relationship of the initial vertical stiffness of normally consolidated clays, the initial stiffness in the horizontal plane is dependent on the stress ratio and previous stress history; thus, three different relationships of the initial horizontal stiffness were obtained for the three loading programs. The effect of the stress history on the initial horizontal stiffness can be considered properly by defining the degree of overconsolidation in terms of the horizontal effective stress. The change in the initial stiffness has a directional dependency on the stress history in the direction of the particle motion and wave propagation in the bender element tests.     

非饱和砂土及黏土的水-力耦合双屈服面模型

使用精细的本构模型来同时分析非饱和砂土和黏土水力耦合特性依旧是一个挑战。提出了一种包含加载湿陷及剪切滑移双重塑性机制的水-力耦合模型。力学模型中选取Bishop应力作为应力变量,采用孔隙比和有效饱和度作为状态变量。模型中给出了孔隙比-平均土骨架应力的半对数坐标系内依赖于有效饱和度的临界状态线的表达式,其与剪切滑动屈服面的非关联流动准则的结合保证了模型可以更合理地预测非饱和土（包括砂土和黏土）的剪胀和剪缩性质。通过模拟粉砂和高岭土的三轴试验,对该模型预测非饱和土主要特征的能力进行了分析。