长期循环荷载下饱和软黏土安定性模型

鉴于传统显式、隐式模型计算饱和软黏土长期循环荷载下轴向塑性累积应变的不足,在建立饱和软黏土总应力弹塑性模型基础上,考虑软黏土在长期小动应力比循环荷载作用下具有安定性特点,结合过应力模型及安定性理论提出计算饱和软黏土长期循环荷载下轴向塑性累积应变安定性本构模型.安定性模型能合理描述饱和软黏土循环荷载下的变形特性,模型只考...     

单向循环荷载下超固结软黏土的永久变形特性

为研究超固结饱和软黏土在单向循环荷载作用下的永久变形特性,采用GDS动三轴,对不同超固结度的温州饱和软黏土试样进行了一系列单向循环加载试验,分析了循环动应力水平以及超固结比对饱和软黏土永久轴向应变的影响。试验结果表明:在单向循环加载作用下,超固结饱和黏土存在循环动应力阈值,通过几何作图法综合确定温州饱和软黏土的循环动应力阈值为0.59~0.68,可作为软土路基沉降控制的标准。基于试验结果并结合指数模型,构建了可以综合考虑循环动应力水平、超固结比以及循环次数的饱和软黏土永久轴向应变显式计算模型,适合饱和软黏土地基在交通循环荷载下的累积变形分析。     

双向激振下饱和软黏土应变软化现象试验研究

循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土将发生刚度软化现象。由于受试验条件的限制,以往对软黏土循环软化现象的研究大都基于单向循环荷载试验。通过GDS双向动三轴系统对双向循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的刚度软化现象进行了初步的探讨。着重分析了循环偏应力、径向循环应力、初始剪应力等因素对双向循环作用下软黏土刚度变化规律的影响。研究结果表明:循环偏应力的增加、径向循环应力的提高都将加快刚度软化。随着径向循环应力比的增加,临界循环应力比减少。双向激振循环荷载作用下软黏土存在门槛径向循环应力比。当径向循环应力比小于该门槛值时,双向振动不能加速土体软化。随着初始固结剪应力的增加,刚度有所提高。在试验的基础上初步建立了双向循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的软化模型。将该软化模型引入到修正的Iwan模型中来描述土体的应力–应变关系,证实了模型的准确性。     

循环偏应力和循环围压耦合效应对饱和软黏土变形特性的影响

利用GDS变围压动三轴系统对温州地区典型饱和软黏土进行了一系列循环偏应力和循环围压耦合应力路径下的部分排水循环加载试验,重点分析了部分排水条件下循环偏应力和循环围压耦合效应对正常固结饱和软黏土变形特性的影响。试验结果表明:部分排水条件下,与围压保持恒定,偏应力单独循环剪切相比,循环偏应力和循环围压耦合剪切作用有效地促进了饱和软黏土的累积塑性应变的发展,循环围压和循环偏应力的比值每增加2/3,相应的永久轴向应变就增加32%。进一步根据部分排水条件下饱和软黏土永久轴向应变发展曲线特点,建立了考虑循环偏应力和循环围压耦合效应的正常固结饱和软黏土的永久轴向应变经验公式。     

部分排水条件下软黏土的循环三轴变形特性

为研究软黏土路基在长期交通荷载下的变形特性,针对温州地区的路基软黏土开展了一系列部分排水循环动三轴加载试验,研究部分排水条件下正常固结软黏土的孔压及变形随循环加载次数的发展规律,重点分析循环动应力比对软黏土回弹模量以及轴向累积塑性应变的影响。以5%的轴向累积塑性应变作为温州软黏土在部分排水条件下的破坏标准,确定了其临界循环动应力比为0. 275。通过进一步考虑循环动应力比的影响,采用对数型经验模型对轴向累积塑性应变进行预测并建立了拟合参数与循环动应力比之间的关系。     

循环荷载作用下流变性软黏土的边界面模型

为了预测交通荷载作用下流变性软黏土的长期运行沉降,提出了一个能够描述循环加载条件下饱和软黏土流变特性的弹黏塑性本构模型。本模型以边界面弹塑性理论为基础,采用滞后变形理论。模型不仅能单独考虑土体的流变效应和循环加卸载效应,还能考虑交通荷载作用下软黏土在循环荷载和流变耦合作用下的变形特性。模型概念清晰,参数少。通过多组上海软黏土循环加载流变试验结果的模拟,初步验证了本模型的合理性和有效性。     

基于修正Masing准则的萧山软黏土动应力-应变关系研究

地震、波浪、交通等不排水循环荷载的作用将引起土体孔隙水压力上升,从而使土体的刚度、强度发生软化现象,以往对软粘土动应力-应变关系的研究大都忽略循环软化的影响。采用Masing准则及其修正来描述软黏土的动应力-应变关系往往与实际偏差较大,主要是因为该准则未能考虑软黏土的循环软化特性。通过对萧山软黏土进行应力控制的循环三轴试验,研究循环次数、循环应力、偏应力对萧山软黏土的循环软化特性的影响。通过对每次循环中的刚度进行无量纲化得到量纲一的刚度Gsec/Gmax与循环应变幅值εs的关系曲线。研究结果表明,当循环应力较小时,Gsec/Gmax-εs曲线由硬化及软化两部分组成;当循环应力大于58kPa时,该曲线仅表现为软化特性。在试验基础上得到量纲一的刚度软化模型,该模型可体现每次循环过程中的刚度软化规律。同时,基于修正的Masing准则,结合循环软化模型,得到考虑循环软化特性的萧山软黏土动应力-应变关系曲线。     

基于修正Masing准则的萧山软黏土动应力–应变关系研究

地震、波浪、交通等不排水循环荷载的作用将引起土体孔隙水压力上升，从而使土体的刚度、强度发生软化现象，以往对软粘土动应力–应变关系的研究大都忽略循环软化的影响。采用Masing准则及其修正来描述软黏土的动应力–应变关系往往与实际偏差较大，主要是因为该准则未能考虑软黏土的循环软化特性。通过对萧山软黏土进行应力控制的循环三轴试验，研究循环次数、循环应力、偏应力对萧山软黏土的循环软化特性的影响。通过对每次循环中的刚度进行无量纲化得到量纲一的刚度Gsec/Gmax与循环应变幅值 的关系曲线。研究结果表明，当循环应力较小时，Gsec/Gmax- 曲线由硬化及软化两部分组成；当循环应力大于58 kPa时，该曲线仅表现为软化特性。在试验基础上得到量纲一的刚度软化模型，该模型可体现每次循环过程中的刚度软化规律。同时，基于修正的Masing准则，结合循环软化模型，得到考虑循环软化特性的萧山软黏土动应力–应变关系曲线。     

典型深海软黏土全流动循环软化特性与微观结构探究

深海软黏土具有不同于陆相或近海软黏土的岩土工程性质。针对取自中国南海西部深水区5个典型站位的海床软黏土,采用一种改进的全流动贯入装置对其强度特征进行测试,并结合深海软黏土特殊的微观结构和生物硅矿物,对其循环软化特性进行分析和探讨。研究结果表明:南海西部深海软黏土普遍具有高含水率、高液性指数、高活性值、低不排水抗剪强度和高灵敏度等特点,极慢的沉积速率和稳定的沉积环境是深海软黏土具有高灵敏度的主要原因。全流动循环软化过程中土体结构的变化主要体现在絮凝体的破坏和孔隙结构的改变两个方面。特殊的生物硅颗粒在循环作用下会发生破碎,导致内部孔隙水释放,从而加剧了土体循环软化的程度。     

单向循环荷载作用下饱和软黏土的性状研究

模拟交通荷载的作用,对珠江三角洲地区的高液限饱和软黏土和低液限饱和软黏土分别进行单向加载的循环三轴试验,研究饱和软黏土在压缩循环荷载下的轴向累积应变和累积孔压的发展情况,并充分考虑轴向循环压力大小、围压与塑性指数等因素对饱和软黏土性状的影响。试验结果表明:(1)单向循环荷载作用下,饱和黏土存在着临界循环应力,对于同一种土、不同围压下的临界循环应力,可引入临界循环应力比,用饱和黏土在各个围压下的不排水强度对临界循环应力进行归一化处理。(2)临界循环应力比的大小与饱和黏土的塑性指数有关,塑性指数越大,临界循环应力比越小。(3)循环应力大于临界循环应力时,累积轴向应变与累积孔压随循环次数变化的曲线是破坏型的。(4)循环应力小于临界循环应力时,累积轴向应变与累积孔压随循环次数变化的曲线是衰减型的,在相同的加载条件下,塑性指数大的试样累积变形和累积孔压均比塑性指数小的累积变形和累积孔压发展得快。(5)在单向循环荷载作用下,饱和黏土破坏时,孔压均没有达到围压值,只有围压的60%～70%。该研究成果可为交通荷载作用下软土地基沉降分析提供有益的参考。     

Zustandsuntersuchung und Instandsetzung am Hauptdach des Hauses der Kulturen der Welt in Berlin

The main roof of the ”Haus der Kulturen der Welt“ in Berlin Which is very well‐known on account of its history and striking structural design – was to be inspected by the author to determine its condition and analysed with regard to the durability of the existing liquid synthetic sealant. The roof structure consists of a biaxial, curved area‐covering structural element with circumferential edge beams of pre‐stressed lightweight concrete. This is the result of the reconstruction between 1984 and 1987 following a partial collapse of the then Berlin Congress Hall in 1980. The very thin roof shell is also made of lightweight concrete and, like the edge beams, has a polyurethane‐based spray‐on seal that was specially developed for this purpose as protection against the ingress of moisture. The reason why this, at the time, novel type of seal was chosen was that it should take into account the fact that the roof design urgently needed some kind of protection against moisture that had to compensate the expected changes shape and crack movements of the roof with no damage. The following article reports on the nature, scope and main results of the analysis of the condition of the roof seal, edge beams and abutments. It will also describe the repair recommendations resulting from the investigations, which form the basis of the execution of work at the present point in time. Apart from presenting the technical principles and special features of the building that have to be taken into account during any repairs, the special features of the execution will also be addressed.     

Magnetoelastische Spannkraftmessung in Bauwerken

Magnetoelastic Measurement of Prestressing Force in Civil Structures The knowledge of the tensile force of prestressing steel elements and its reliable and non‐destructive determination are of essential importance for the assessment of the structural health condition of prestressed concrete structures and tie‐back systems in terms of structural safety, serviceability and durability. For the evaluation of the prestressing force in steel tension members, the measurement technique presented in this contribution is using the magneto‐elastic effect (ME‐effect) of ferromagnetic materials. This effect describes the reverse‐proportional correlation between the mechanical stress and the magnetic properties of ferromagnetic materials. The cylindrical coiled sensors pushed over the tendon and the measuring device developed and practically optimized at the iBMB/MPA of the TU Braunschweig enable a fast and reliable measurement of the prestressing steel force after an initial calibration. In this contribution first the state of the art of prestress measurement techniques for steel tension members is presented. Afterwards, the ME‐measuring method with the basics and merits of magneto‐elastic prestressing force identification is shown. Further recent research results as well as several building applications will be discussed.     

Landscape Planning at the Regional Scale: an example from North West England

Landscape planning in the UK tends to concentrate on the site and the landscape scales. Concepts of sustainable development and the re-discovered importance of regional-level planning suggest, however, that there is a growing case for the landscape community to develop a regional planning perspective and to engage in wider areas of decision making in order to assist landscape planning goals. These challenges are explored with particular reference to the North West of England which, through the work of an organization called Sustainability North West and the production of a Regional Landscape Strategy, has been at the forefront of regional-level landscape planning in the UK. A brief account is provided of the production of the Regional Landscape Strategy with some reflections on the experience, highlighting some of the problems and potential of the approach. An exploration of the scope for the wider integration of landscape planning within the new regional arrangements is given.     

Evaluating effect of chloride attack and concrete cover on the probability of corrosion

Corrosion of reinforced concrete (RC) structures is one of the significant causes of deterioration of reinforced concrete (RC) structures. Chlorination is a major process governing the initiation and advancement of the injurious corrosion of steel bars. Now, several researches on the chlorination of concrete structures have been ongoing around the world. Present article reviews several recently performed chlorination studies, and from results of a field survey evaluates the effect of chloride content on the probability of corrosion and the influence of concrete compressive strength on the chloride content and penetration, also evaluates the effect of concrete cover over the chloride content of the RC structures at rebar depth and on the probability of corrosion.     

预应力鱼腹式基坑钢支撑抗倒塌分析

为了有效评估预应力鱼腹式基坑钢支撑抗倒塌能力,利用“拆除构件法”,开展了该预应力支撑体系的冗余度研究。基于验证后的三维预应力鱼腹式钢支撑体系有限元模型,实现了深基坑施工全过程模拟,获得了不同开挖阶段预应力筋轴力和桩体位移等参数的变化规律。研究表明:在施工过程中应更关注钢绞线和支撑轴力的监测,通过及时对钢绞线进行补张拉和调整支撑的预加轴力控制基坑的变形;二层支撑的各杆件冗余度比一层支撑更小即更为关键;在各构件的横向比较中,对撑的冗余度<角撑的冗余度<钢绞线的冗余度,即对撑失效对结构连续性倒塌的抵御能力最差。     

Ecological succession in mountain lake ecosystems of Southern Siberia after the introduction of the peled – Coregonus peled (Gmeli, 1778)

Abstract

This article summarizes a long-standing study of the process of introduction of the peled to the Southern Siberian mountain lake ecosystems. The peled has adapted to changes in food supply. Pressure of the euryphagous peled caused the substitution of larger forms of zooplankton by smaller ones. Similar changes occurred in the content of phytoplankton. Succession of zoobenthos in the littoral part of the lakes manifested itself as the decrease in the total biomass, in its part of zoobenthos (Gammarus) and as the increase in the biomass of other groups. The opposite changes were encountered in the profundal zone of zoobenthos (the decrease in the total biomass owing to the existence of larger forms of alpha-polysaprobes). The restructuring observed in various communities signifies the substantial changes in the whole process of generation and transformation of organic substance in the mountain ecosystems with the dominance of the introduced peled.     

基于点云的钢筋数量和间距自动检查算法

为改进钢筋骨架质量自动检查方法,提出了基于点云的钢筋骨架中钢筋数量和钢筋间距的自动检查算法。该算法在获取钢筋骨架实际点云和设计点云的基础上,首先对这两片点云分别进行降采样,以得到空间密集程度相同的钢筋骨架实际点云和设计点云; 其次,对降采样后的钢筋骨架实际点云和设计点云使用基于主成分分析(PCA)的方法进行粗配准。由于粗配准后的钢筋骨架实际点云和设计点云的配准精度较低,无法直接用于钢筋数量和钢筋间距的检查,对粗配准后的钢筋骨架实际点云和设计点云进行精配准。最后,基于精配准得到的钢筋骨架实际点云和设计点云,依次对钢筋骨架中的钢筋数量和钢筋间距进行检查。结果表明:精配准后的钢筋骨架实际点云和设计点云的配准精度较高,可以用于钢筋数量和钢筋间距的检查; 该算法对钢筋数量检查的准确率为100%,对钢筋间距检查的准确率为80%; 应用该算法可以有效提高复杂钢筋骨架中钢筋数量和钢筋间距检查的效率,降低人工成本。     

Alternative Methods of Procurement for Works of Water and Environmental Management

The paper considers methods of procurement for the construction of water- and sewage-treatment works other than the traditional use of the ICE 5th Edition Conditions of Contract and Bills of Quantities. This is as a consequence of the speed at which schemes are currently required within the water industry.
The paper particularly focuses on the use of target contracts, using the Institution of Chemical Engineers'Green Book form, and considers various types of target. It also discusses the form which tender documents may take, and how targets may be calculated.
Tendering procedures, including the use of two-stage tenders and negotiated targets, are considered, as are the procedures for cost monitoring and the financial management of the contract. Finally, the role of the engineer and quantity surveyor is considered.     

Application of sonic and radar tests on the piers and walls of the Cathedral of Noto

The authors applied systematically sonic tests, radar tests and other diagnostic techniques on the remaining walls and piers of the Cathedral of Noto. The experimental survey was carried out by the Laboratory of the DIS, Politecnico of Milan (Person in Charge: Prof. Binda, Prof. Baronio) in collaboration with the designers (Ing. R. De Benedictis, Arch. S. Tringali) and the experts working on the reconstruction. The Prefettura of Siracusa founded the research. The right aisle and most of the dome of the Cathedral collapsed in 1996. The aim of the research was to verify the state of damage and the possibility of conservation of the walls and piers in view of the reconstruction of the damaged part of the Cathedral. Furthermore, the sonic tests were used to control the effect of grout injection used as a possible technique for repair of the damaged masonry (Proceedings of the Conference on Nondestructive Evaluation of Civil Structures and Materials, Boulder, Colorado; (1992) 329; Proceedings of the Sixth Conference on Structural Faults and Repair, 3 (1995) 195). In the following the results will be reported and the reliability of the tests will be discussed as it was confirmed by the use of other complementary diagnosis techniques (Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference on Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Historical Buildings, STREMAH 99, Dresden, Germany, (1999) 323).     

Mining seismicity in the Witwatersrand Basin:monitoring, mechanisms and mitigation strategies in perspective

The Kaapvaal Craton in South Africa hosts one of the largest gold placer deposits in the world. Mining in the Witwatersrand Basin here has been the source of about one third to one half of the gold ever produced in the world. Gold was discovered in the Johannesburg area in 1886 and after 120 years of continuous operation, mining is currently approaching depths of 4 000 m. In spite of the challenges and risks that the industry has had to deal with including rock temperature, ventilation and water, one of the most feared hazards in the basin has been the threat from the ongoing occurrence of seismicity and rockbursts. The problem first manifested itself by way of the occurrence of tremors roughly twenty years after the commencement of mining operations. This paper traces the history of the approach to rockbursts and seismicity during the 120 year history of mining in the basin. It portrays a picture of the mining seismicity in terms of monitoring phases, mechanisms and mitigation strategies. The work of research organizations over the years is highlighted with a brief mention of current regulation strategies on the part of the mining inspectorate.