Fostering Urban Digital Integrated Systems: The Case of Carrè Laval,Canada

City governments are embracing digital technologies to improve hard and soft urban systems, so as to create and improve urban experiences, foster an entrepreneurial city, as well as devise novel services that can improve the livability of citizens and boost the local economy. Unlike traditional infrastructure and urban systems, which tend to be natural monopolies, data-driven digital platforms can engage multiple stakeholders simultaneously. This article, introducing the notion of hybrid urban digital integrated systems, proposes a methodology aims at the integration of digital and physical elements in urban environments. We based our discussion on the work developed by students at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Senseable City Lab, which focused on the integration of the digital-technology-based solutions in Carré Laval of the city of Laval, Canada. As the result of the workshop, six projects have been developed by students, namely, “Activating Surface,” “Infinite memories,” “Fora,” “iTable,” “MinecARft,” and “Foodprint.”These designs aim at promoting civic engagement as intrinsic elements of the re-appropriation and redesign of this severely underutilized site. The human-centered designs rooted in specific context will help digital technologies embedded in the city and increase the attractiveness of the city to local and new stakeholders.     

某动画工作室火灾数值重构与应急处置对策

为深刻吸取多层建筑发生火灾造成重大人员伤亡的事故教训,有效遏止和预防群死群伤恶性火灾事故发生,利用场模拟方法对某动画工作室火灾进行了数值重构,通过对火灾烟气浓度场、温度场、能见度的定量计算,表明火灾造成重大人员伤亡的主要原因与火灾现场勘察结论一致,并根据数值分析提出应急处置对策。     

围压对横观各向同性砂岩弹性参数的影响

通过层理面角度为0°、45°和90°的长方体砂岩试样的单轴和三轴试验,直接测量了不同围压下砂岩的5个独立的横观各向同性弹性参数:弹性模量E,E′;泊松比ν,ν′;剪切模量G′。测得了前人难以测量的不同围压下的ν和G′值,得到了横观各向同性弹性参数与围压之间的函数关系,并揭示了弹性参数随围压变化的力学机制。试验结果表明,随着围压增大,弹性模量增大,泊松比减小,剪切模量增大。当围压超过30 MPa时,2个垂直方向的弹性模量、泊松比和剪切模量分别趋于相同值,表现为各向同性。由此可以推断:该砂岩的横观各向同性由内部微裂纹在平行于和垂直于层理面方向分布不均引起,围压升高造成裂纹闭合,最终导致各向异性消失。岩石的裂纹闭合效应可以用裂纹密度来定量评价与描述。     

基于贝叶斯网络的酒店火灾概率评估

为加强酒店场所对火灾风险的预警和管理工作,对《中国消防年鉴》及广东省东莞市火灾数据进行分析总结并查阅相关文献,建立了基于贝叶斯网络的酒店火灾风险模型,采用权重占比法计算出了东莞市酒店火灾发生概率,使用软件 Genie2.1 对东莞市酒店火灾风险因素建模,并对各火灾风险进行了敏感性分析,识别对火灾风险影响显著的因素,针对显著因素提出酒店的火灾风险改进意见。     

空间结构半刚性C型节点优化及转动性能试验研究

提出了一种新型空间半刚性C型节点。为使该节点具有较好的转动能力及耗能能力,基于“强节点、弱构件”的抗震基本原则,提出了“强连接、弱板件”的空间半刚性节点。首先根据规范及理论分析初步确定节点各组件的合理尺寸;然后运用ABAQUS有限元软件建立非线性有限元模型,对节点各组件的尺寸进行优化,确定合理的组件尺寸。通过有限元分析和试验对该节点的性能进行研究。结果表明：该空间半刚性C型节点在弯矩荷载作用下表现出了较好的受弯承载能力和延性;节点刚度及承载力均随锥头侧连接板厚度、前端板厚度的增加而增大。节点锥头部分的材料本构模型选取对有限元分析结果的影响显著,采用三折线模型模拟所得结果更为精确。     

儿童友好型社区营造中的参与者社会网络构建与分析 —以湖南省长沙市育才第三小学"娃娃农园"营造实践为例

Introducing the case of the Kids’ Gardens in Yucai No. 3 Primary School in Changsha City, Hunan Province, this study established sociograms upon the contact-frequency-based network with UCINET to systematically analyze the characteristics of different participants in the process of the childfriendly community building and the varying pattern of all social relations, aiming at addressing problems emerging in public participation and multi-stakeholder collaboration in Chinese mainland. It was found that by bonding stakeholders including citizens, the government and party organizations, universities, and public institutions and enterprises, this practice encouraged the school — as a community — to leverage its internal resources. The school finally overcame the organizational inertia and achieved independent operation and growth during the process of community building. The study also demonstrated that the social network of participants was developed and defined with both independent and dependent modes from an overall perspective, of which the former characterized for its dominant internal ties and a dense tree-like hierarchical management structure might be more efficient. From a participant perspective, the brokerage roles in key nodes were critical to the community building. Finally, spatial design strategies, including enhancing the spatial affordance to serve diverse activities, space zoning and allocation, offering “half-done” spaces, and phased development, were provided for similar community building practice.     

可调通风型站台门系统在地铁火灾中的适用性

以青岛某地铁车站为研究对象,通过 PyroSim 软件对火灾场景进行数值模拟,设置屏蔽门与通风窗不同的开闭组合方式,着重分析站台内整体和局部测点的温度、CO 质量浓度、能见度等指标。结果表明,相比于单独开启通风窗的工况,同时开启屏蔽门和通风窗的排烟效果较优,单独开启屏蔽门时的排烟效果最差。     

Screens

The screen is a recurring element in the work of Niall McLaughlin Architects . Environmental considerations have provided the opportunity for inclusion of the screen in built works, but it has been embraced by them for its geometric and material qualities, as well as the play it affords with light. The practice has relished the transformative powers of inserting everyday found objects into the screens to provide an additional level of surprise and delight. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

环境风速对前室自然排烟效果的影响

采用实体火灾试验与 FDS 数值模拟相结合的方式,研究不同环境风场条件下,面积为 6 m 2 的前室中两个相对开启外窗的自然排烟效果,分析温度和烟密度分布。结果表明,影响排烟效果的主导因素是开窗面积,风速对前室下部温度的影响幅度大于上部温度。随着环境风速的增大,上部温度呈现缓慢线性下降的趋势,而下部温度由于烟气的沉降反而上升。根据模拟结果,提出当风速增大时,关闭迎风面窗户能改善烟气沉降现象,降低下层烟气温度,有利于人员安全疏散。     

Stable expression and control parameters in the numerical simulation of unsaturated flow

The Richards’ equation describes the flow phenomenon in unsaturated porous media and is essential to hydrology and environmental science. This study evaluated the numerical stability of two different forms of the Richards’ equation. Sensitivity analyses were performed to investigate the control parameters of the equation. The results show that the h-form Richards’ equation has better applicability for calculating variable saturation flows than the θ-form Richards’ equation. For the h-form Richards’ equation, the hydraulic conductivity of the soil in the low-suction range and the specific moisture capacity in the high-suction range primarily influenced the solution. In addition, sensitivity analyses indicated that the saturated hydraulic conductivity, initial condition, and air-entry pressure have a higher sensitivity to the simulation results than the saturated water content, rainfall intensity, and decline rate of hydraulic conductivity. Moreover, their correctness needs to be guaranteed first in numerical simulations. The research findings can provide a helpful reference for improving the reliability of numerical simulations of unsaturated flows.     

活性粉末混凝土研究进展

介绍了活性粉末混凝土的配制原则和技术,全面总结了活性粉末混凝土及其构件的力学性能、耐久性和耐高温性能。分析表明,钢筋在活性粉末混凝土中黏结锚固长度计算时,钢筋外形系数比在普通混凝土中的大;活性粉末混凝土梁弯曲开裂应变为705×10-6~864×10-6,大于普通混凝土梁的80×10-6~120×10-6;活性粉末混凝土梁受压边缘极限压应变4 100×10-6~5 500×10-6,高于普通混凝土梁的3 300×10-6;活性粉末混凝土梁截面抵抗矩塑性系数随纵向受拉钢筋配筋率的增加而增大;由于斜裂缝两侧无粗骨料相互咬合,活性粉末混凝土梁斜截面受剪承载力试验值较预估值低;活性粉末混凝土相对于普通混凝土具有较强的抗氯离子渗透性能、抗碳化性能、抗冻融性能和抗腐蚀性能;在活性粉末混凝土中合理掺加纤维可有效预防高温爆裂。扼要介绍了活性粉末试点工程,展示了其广阔的应用前景。     

Residues of veterinary antibiotics in manures from feedlot livestock in eight provinces of China

The residue levels of selected fluoroquinolones, sulfonamides and tetracyclines in 143 animal dung samples collected in 2007 from large-scale livestock and poultry feedlots in 8 provinces were determined by using ultrasonic extraction and liquid chromatography. Recoveries from spiked pig dung samples (spike level = 1 mg/kg) ranged from 73.9 to 102.0% for fluoroquinolones, from 81.6 to 92.3% for sulfonamides, and from 57.2 to 72.6% for tetracyclines. Relative standard deviations of the recoveries were less than 10% within the same day. Method quantification limits were measured from 0.031 to 0.150 mg/kg for fluoroquinolones, from 0.023 to 0.082 mg/kg for sulfonamides, and 0.091 to 0.182 mg/kg for tetracyclines in spiked pig manure samples. Analysis of 61 pig, 54 chicken and 28 cow dung samples collected in China revealed that in pig and cow dung, up to 33.98 and 29.59 mg/kg ciprofloxacin, 33.26 and 46.70 mg/kg enrofloxacin, 59.06 and 59.59 mg/kg oxytetracycline, and 21.06 and 27.59 mg/kg chlortetracycline could be detected, respectively. A maximum concentration of 99.43 mg/kg fleroxacin, 225.45 mg/kg norfloxacin, 45.59 mg/kg ciprofloxacin and 1420.76 mg/kg enrofloxacin could be detected in chicken dung. No appreciable sulfonamide antibiotic concentrations (less than 10 mg/kg) were found in any animal dung, and only sulfadimidine was observed, at a maximum concentration of 6.04 mg/kg, in chicken dung. Both enrofloxacin and chlortetracycline were detected with a very high occurrence in three animal manure samples. The residue levels for most antibiotics showed significant statistical differences among the sampling districts and the animal species.     

Differential patterns of antimicrobial resistance in population subsets of Escherichia coli isolated from waste- and surface waters

The species Escherichia coli comprises different subgroups with distinct phylogeny, physiology and ecology and, thus, presumably, with different roles in antimicrobial resistance dissemination. E. coli strains isolated from raw and treated municipal wastewater and from urban water streams were characterized in terms of phylogenetic groups, antimicrobial resistance patterns and the presence of class 1 and class 2 integrons. Our main objective was to investigate the contribution of the different phylo-groups in antimicrobial resistance dissemination in urban waters. Groups A and B1 were predominant in all types of water, evidencing, respectively, the lowest and the highest resistance prevalence. Municipal wastewater treatment was accompanied by significant increases of ciprofloxacin and streptomycin resistance (p < 0.01). Antimicrobial resistance prevalence differed significantly between the different phylo-groups and within the same group, mainly in group A. Such differences contributed to explain the higher ciprofloxacin and streptomycin resistance rates observed in treated effluent in comparison with the raw wastewater. We conclude that the dynamics of the bacterial populations has a major role on the dissemination of antimicrobial resistance in the environment.     

PLANT’S-EYE VIEWS OF TAIPEI

The installation of “Plant’s-Eye Views of Taipei” is the result of an international workshop that took place in Taipei in summer 2018, organized as part of the 2018 Taipei Biennial. Under the direction of two participating artists, and with the help from ecologists and videographers, university students from the Asia-Pacific region each imagined themselves as a particular plant. Students began by examining the physiology of selected plants to better understand their characteristics and life histories, as well as their adaptive features and ecosystem behaviors. In viewing themselves as plants, students were able to see Taipei through a new lens as a place coproduced by the city’s urban flora and human communities. The installation including scaffolds, sketches, and films was exhibited at the Taipei Fine Arts Museum to explore different ways through which plants view the city, as well as notions of anthropomorphism, phytomorphism, and phototropism.     

Rationalist Practice

Max Dudler's buildings, conceived as apparently autonomous and self-referential objects, nonetheless demonstrate a reciprocal relationship with the city and have, over the past two decades, presented a consistent Rationalist approach. Born in 1949 in Switzerland, Max Dudler studied architecture in Frankfurt/Main and Berlin. From 1981 to 1986 he worked in the office of OM Ungers on the projects for the Frankfurt trade fair, and has run his own practice, with offices in Berlin, Frankfurt and Zurich, since 1992. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

结构主义思想在我国当代大学校园规划中的应用

本文简述了结构主义的主要思想及其在建筑领域的影响,探讨了结构主义规划设计理念在我国当代大学校园规划设计中的体现,分析了这种大学校园的主要特征和不足,希望能够提供一些思考和借鉴。     

The Replanting and Localizing of Chineseness in Whampoa’s Garden of Singapore

Private Chinese gardens in 19th-century Singapore were rarely designed in the same way as their contemporary counterparts in China, though there were a few authentic Chinese mansions in the city. In response to this phenomenon, this paper attempts to use Whampoa’s Garden, the finest and earliest private Chinese garden on the island, as an example, to explain how and why garden owners selectively adopted certain Chinese features while designing the rest of their gardens in a way deviating from Chinese traditions. The study of Whampoa’s Garden begins with a sketchy introduction to the career and cultural background of the garden’s owner, Cantonese businessman Hoo Ah Kay, addressing his social connections, personal hobbies, and cultural identities. As the garden no longer exists, a study of available pictorial and written records from Chinese and Western sources is conducted in order to reveal the spatial layout and other designed features of the garden, some of which may have facilitated the display of Chineseness. Contemporaneous gardens from Hoo’s hometown will be compared to unveil hidden linkages between Whampoa’s Garden and Chinese garden ideas. Furthermore, the relationship between the selection of Chinese symbols and the identities of their audience is examined as an approach to studying what affected how Chineseness was presented and how the landscape of south China was transplanted to this equatorial colony.     

观念·技术·政策--关于发展"节能省地型"住宅的思考

为了贯彻落实中央领导提出的要大力发展"节能省地型"住宅的指示精神,文章从进一步解决好观念、技术、政策三个方面的问题出发,提出要把发展"节能省地型"住宅与推进住宅产业现代化紧密地结合起来,在全面建设小康社会新的历史时期,在解决我国住房问题过程中,落实科学发展观,构建和谐社会.     

从新冠病毒疫情反思住宅建筑消防安全对策

抗击新冠病毒最有效的方法之一是居家隔离。但是我国住宅火灾一直居高不下,如果住宅火灾消防安全不到位,将会对“抗疫”这场特殊战斗构成非常不利的因素。文章分析了住宅建筑火灾特点,对住宅建筑应对居家隔离消防安全方面存在的问题进行调研,探讨了现行消防规范对住宅建筑的适用性问题,从避难间、感烟报警器、电气火灾监控器、装修材料等方面提出加强和改进的措施,对加强消防安全网格化管理和消防宣传教育培训、提高住宅小区火灾防控能力等提出了建议。     

The Localization of “Imported” Urban Form in Northeast China: The Case Study on Circular–Radial Space in Dalian City

After the “imported” urban forms, which originated from foreign cultures, were transplanted into Chinese cities, they generate brand-new urbanscape but suffer from a lack of cultural roots and a disconnection with the mainstream of contemporary urban planning. Thus, their current value and potential in urban renewal are questioned. The study takes the circular–radial space from the Baroque cities as an example to clarify the motivation of its import from the west to northeast China. It further clarifies their adaptive changes in form and function in the local urban context, through a case study on Dalian City. The study finds that different geometric patterns of existing circular–radial space were influenced by European, American, and Japanese urban planning theories to varying degrees, but with equal emphasis on symbolism and functionality. Their implementation in Dalian has a continuity in time and space. But due to the changes in topography, traffic, and planning concepts, their forms and functions tend to be independent, their connection weakens, and their importance recedes after the street network. The circular–radial space in Dalian led to distinctive urbanscape. But during their inheritance and transformation, the rationality of new forms and functions, as well as the necessity of continuing the initial ones need to be dialectically considered, so as to avoid dogmatic revival and antique reproduction. Finally, the study reconsiders the concept of “localization” of “imported” urban form, and constructs a general research pattern to provide a new perspective for understanding the transformation of similar types of urban forms.