西方山地人居环境建设理论流变对我国的启示

通过对西方近现代山地人居环境建设理论的简要回顾,提炼出人本主义思想在山地人居环境建设过程中的重要性,在此基础上,针对我国目前在山地人居环境建设过程中人本主义思想的缺失,提出应借鉴西方国家山地人居环境建设过程中的人本主义思想,构建我国可持续发展的山地人居环境。     

Accumulation of heavy metals in circumpolar willow ptarmigan (Lagopus l. lagopus) populations

A circumpolar survey of heavy metals in willow ptarmigan liver and kidney revealed considerable variations in Cd content in Canada and Scandinavia. The Cd content in central Canada was comparable with that in Scandinavia and Russia, at least for kidney. However, in both liver and kidney the median for Canada as a whole was much higher than in the other countries. Some Canadian locations had exceptionally high levels, several birds having >50 mg kg(-1) in liver and >400 mg kg(-1) in kidney. In Norway, the Cd content was highest in central mountain areas in south Norway and inland locations in the two northernmost counties. Five locations in central and north Norway showed mean Cd levels in kidney above 100 mg kg(-1). It is difficult to evaluate regional differences in Sweden, but most locations had the same Cd level as moderately contaminated locations in Norway. Cd levels in Russia were comparable to moderately contaminated locations in the other countries. Due to a high intake of willow, naturally rich in Cd, direct comparison of the Cd level in willow ptarmigan from different locations cannot reveal the effects of long-range pollution. The Pb concentration in willow ptarmigan kidney and liver varied significantly in Norway and Canada, but not in Sweden and Russia. Levels in Sweden and Russia were comparable to those in Canada and low levels in Norway. The highest median value from all locations within countries was found in Norway, both in liver and kidney. The highest Pb content was found in south Norway, indicating an effect of long-range pollution in willow ptarmigan. The level in western Canada was significantly higher than in central Canada. The Hg content in liver varied significantly from one location to another in all the countries and in kidney everywhere except Sweden. In Scandinavia, there is no distinct regional pattern. Canada had a significantly higher Hg level in central than western regions in both tissues the opposite of that found for Cd and Pb. Cu and Zn showed significant variations from one location to another in liver and kidney in Canada and Norway, but only in kidney in samples from Sweden. Comparison between western and central Canada revealed a significant difference for Cu in liver, samples from central Canada having more. There are no significant differences from one country to another, but some localities in Canada seem to have higher Cu concentrations in kidney than are found in Scandinavia and Russia.     

Heat and cold stresses in different climate zones across China: A comparison between the 20th and 21st centuries

Summer and winter discomfort in terms of heat and cold stresses in the nine major architectural climate zones and sub-zones across China in the 21st century were investigated using predictions from general circulation models for the low and medium emissions scenarios. For the six severe cold and cold climate zones in the north, reductions in cumulative cold stress outweighed the increase in cumulative heat stress resulting in an overall decreasing trend in the annual cumulative stress, and vice versa for the other three warmer climate zones in the south. Compared with the 20th century, significant reduction in the cumulative cold stress was observed across the six zones in severe cold and cold climates, ranging from 15.8 in cold-III to 42.3 in severe cold-II. There were modest increases in the cumulative heat stress from 0.3 in cold-II to 12.3 in cold-III. For the warmer climates in the south, reduction in cumulative cold stress ranged from 7.6 in hot summer and warm winter (HSWW) to 10.3 in hot summer and cold winter, while cumulative heat stress increased from 9.9 in the mild zone to 30.6 in HSWW. A reduction in cold stress would result in less winter heating and an increase in heat stress more cooling requirement.     

Development and applications of trenchless technology in China

Trenchless technology has developed for almost 10 years in China since the first symposium on trenchless technology was held in Beijing (Peking) in 1996 and the China Society for Trenchless Technology-CSTT was established in 1998. Driven by the dramatically increased demand for underground pipeline installation throughout the nation, China has made significant progress in research and development in trenchless technology in the past 10 years. For example, there are more than 200 contractors engaged in trenchless construction, using more than 2000 horizontal directional drilling machines, among which approximately 700 have been introduced in the last year, and the biggest HDD rig in the world is now in China. In addition, China has made many achievements in education, research, and new products development and has accomplished many challenging projects in terms of complexity, diameter and distance in this field. There is a huge market potential for trenchless technology in mainland China.This paper presents the latest research, education, training, marketing and technical status of trenchless technology in China, and discusses the potential market, trends and factors that will influence trenchless technology in the next decade in China.     

浅谈CFG桩复合地基在龙岩综合体育主馆工程中的应用

通过龙岩体育公园主馆大型公共建筑采用CFG桩复合地基进行处理的工程实例,阐述了该工程采用振动沉管灌注CFG桩混合料施工工艺、CFG桩复合地基设计及处理效果。     

Historical changes in lead concentrations in tree-rings of sycamore,oak and Scots pine in north-west England

Lead concentrations in tree rings of sycamore (Acer pseudoplatanus L.), oak (Quercus robur L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) sampled at a parkland in north-west England were measured in wood formed since the mid-1800s. Concentrations of Pb in Scots pine and oak peaked in wood formed between 1900 and 1940, most likely because of Pb accumulation in heartwood, indicating that oak and Scots pine are unsuitable for monitoring temporal changes in Pb deposition at the study site. In contrast, Pb concentrations in sycamore, a species that has similar heartwood and sapwood chemistry, were relatively constant in wood formed between the mid-1800s and 1950. Lead concentrations decreased steadily in sycamore tree rings formed after the 1950s, and decreased more abruptly in wood formed after 1985. This sharp decrease in wood Pb cannot be due to decreases in soil Pb concentration. Stable Pb isotope analysis was used to further investigate Pb patterns in sycamore wood. Excess 206Pb/207Pb ratios in tree-rings of sycamore were relatively constant, approximately 1.17, in wood formed prior to the 1930s, but decreased steadily thereafter reaching a minimum value of approximately 1.16 in wood formed between 1975 and 1985 after which time 206Pb/207Pb ratios increased. This pattern is consistent with changes in Pb isotope ratios measured in peat, sediment and aerosol samples in the UK. However, the magnitude of the decrease in 206Pb/207Pb (largely due to gasoline Pb) is considerably lower than in other studies and our estimates indicate that less than 20% of the total Pb in sycamore wood measured since the mid-1800s is derived from gasoline emissions. A more likely explanation for the pattern of Pb observed in sycamore tree rings is that soil Pb accumulates within rings of the diffuse porous wood over a number of years. Such uptake patterns would result in lower Pb concentrations in the outer (more recently formed) tree rings, which coincide with recent reductions in Pb deposition in the UK. Overall, this study indicates that tree ring chemistry is unsuitable for monitoring historical changes in Pb deposition at the study site.     

Application of potassium chloride to a Chernobyl-contaminated lake: modelling the dynamics of radiocaesium in an aquatic ecosystem and decontamination of fish

This study tests a whole-lake experiment to reduce the bioaccumulation of radiocaesium (137Cs) in fish in lakes contaminated by the Chernobyl accident. In many lakes in the Chernobyl contaminated areas, radiocaesium activity concentrations in fish are still significantly higher (up to 100 times in some species) than acceptable limits for human consumption. Estimates of the long-term rate of decline of 137Cs in fish in these regions, in the absence of countermeasures, show that radioactivity in fish in some lakes may remain above acceptable consumption limits for a further 50-100 years from the present date. In February 1998 we applied 15 t of potassium chloride to Lake Svyatoe, Kostiukovichy. The addition of potassium chloride fertilizer to the lake resulted in a decrease in activity concentration of 137Cs to approximately 40% of pre-countermeasure values in a number of different fish species. In contrast to Lake Svyatoe, 137Cs activity concentrations in fish from four control lakes showed no systematic decrease over the study period. Simplified models for transfers of 137Cs in lakes successfully 'blind' predicted the changes in 137Cs in water and fish resulting from this major alteration of the potassium concentration of the lake. The experiment represents the first test of a predictive model for the dynamics of radiocaesium in response to a major perturbation in potassium (its major competitor ion) in a whole lake ecosystem.     

Changes in herbicide concentrations in Midwestern streams in relation to changes in use, 1989-1998

Water samples were collected from Midwestern streams in 1994-1995 and 1998 as part of a study to help determine if changes in herbicide use resulted in changes in herbicide concentrations since a previous reconnaissance study in 1989-1990. Sites were sampled during the first significant runoff period after the application of pre-emergent herbicides in 1989-1990, 1994-1995, and 1998. Samples were analyzed for selected herbicides, two atrazine metabolites, three cyanazine metabolites, and one alachlor metabolite. In the Midwestern USA, alachlor use was much greater in 1989 than in 1995, whereas acetochlor was not used in 1989 but was commonly used in 1995. The use of atrazine, cyanazine, and metolachlor was approximately the same in 1989 and 1995. The median concentrations of atrazine, alachlor, cyanazine, and metolachlor were substantially higher in 1989-1990 than in 1994-1995 or 1998. The median acetochlor concentration was higher in 1998 than in 1994 or 1995.     

江西省城市社区卫生服务中心人力资源追踪调查

目的全面、客观地了解江西省城市社区卫生服务（community health service,CHS）中心人力资源状况,评价江西省城市CHS中心建设工程实施效果情况。方法采取普查方法,调查城市CHS中心所在基本情况与卫生人力情况。结果 2010年平均每中心服务人口数为4.00万人,比2007年少1.00万人。2010年的每万人口卫生技术人员数为7.57人,高于2007年的6.11人;2010年每千人口注册护士数为0.28人,高于2007年的0.21人;2010年每万人口全科执业医师数为1.41人,高于2007年的0.67人。2010年职工的学历构成仍以大专和中专为主,占比分别为32.24%和33.43%,均比2007年有所上升;2010年职工的职称构成仍以中级、高级占比为主,占比分别为6.88%和29.07%,均比2007年有所上升。2010各岗位职工的培训情况均较2007年有所提升。结论江西省城市CHS中心建设工程人力资源的实施效果较为明显,但仍需进一步改善人力资源结构,合理配置人力资源。     

夏热冬冷地区建筑节能措施综合集成研究

根据夏热冬冷地区的气候特征,分析了夏热冬冷地区建筑节能措施,指出夏热冬冷地区建筑节能工作是一项复杂的系统工程,只有采取综合集成的研究方法进行深入研究,才能获得长远的社会效益和经济效益。     

改善寒地高层住宅适居性的设计策略

针对高层住宅在寒地的建设现状从规划、建设、环境等方面总结并分析其特有的适居问题 ,进而提出改善寒地高层住宅适居性的设计策略 :规划设计合理化、景观设计适宜化、交通设计室内化、构造设计节能化、套型设计精密化、装饰设计人性化。     

Lead concentrations and isotope ratios in street dust in major cities in Greece in relation to the use of lead in petrol

Until recently, the most important source of environmental lead pollution in cities was thought to come from the combustion of leaded petrol. A simple way to monitor the extent of this phenomenon, used in a number of studies in the past, has been to measure lead levels in street dust. Nowadays, it would be expected that lead concentrations in urban dust would have decreased from earlier values, following the progressive reduction of lead in petrol over the past few years, and this hypothesis has recently been confirmed in Manchester, UK. The object of the present work is to determine levels of lead pollution in cities in Greece on 1997 and, if possible, to discover whether similar reductions in lead concentrations have occurred there also. Surveys have been conducted in Thessaloniki, Athens and Piraeus. Samples of roadside dust were collected from streets (categorised by traffic density), national gardens and school playgrounds, and lead was extracted by digestion with concentrated nitric acid. Lead concentrations were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry and lead isotope ratios measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Results for Thessaloniki showed that mean lead concentrations in all categories of location are similar to present levels in Manchester. Further, lead concentrations in dust in the busiest streets in Thessaloniki have fallen by about 55% since a previous study 17 years ago. In Athens and Piraeus, the lead levels in street dust are much higher and significant differences were observed between the various types of street. In particular, it was observed that lead levels in school playgrounds in these two cities were much higher than in similar locations in Thessaloniki and Manchester, with a possible hazard to children. Isotope ratio measurements showed that Thessaloniki's lead is isotopically distinct from that found in Athens and Piraeus, which presumably reflects differences in sources of supply.     

城市绿地系统规划发展潮流初探

随着城市规划观念转变及视角转移，城市绿地规划建设面临着新的发展。现代城市绿地规划发展潮流主要是规划理性化、布局多元化、结构系统化、空间开放化、绿化森林化、景观人文化、水景生态化、设施人性化等八种。     

大都市专门化街区研究

文章将大都市专门化街区分为以商业服务业、文化产业、信息产业等为主的专门化街区类型，并按空间特征差异将大都市专门化街区归纳为细胞、环节、风扇3种典型结构，认为大都市专门化街区的产业集聚特征表现为同行业的中小企业密集和相互竞争，及产业按照一种高度弹性的模式集聚和发展。产业集聚动力机制包括自我“演替”机制、外来“侵入”机制。提出我国大都市专门化街区的发展与演变主要表现在景观变化、结构变化、功能变化3个方面。     

动脉瘤样骨囊肿的综合影像学分析

目的分析影像学检查对动脉瘤样骨囊肿的综合诊断价值。方法对32例经病理证实的动脉瘤样骨囊肿的影像学表现进行回顾性分析。32例均摄X线片,26例做CT扫描检查,8例做MRI检查。结果 26例发生在长管状骨,脊柱4例,扁骨2例。32例动脉瘤样骨囊肿主要表现为：1）膨胀性囊样骨质破坏：平片26例,CT 17例,MRI 8例;2）病灶周围骨硬化：平片15例,CT8例,MRI 2例;3）病灶内骨嵴：平片22例,CT 6例,MRI 4例;4）骨膜反应：平片2例;5）液-液平面：CT 7例,MRI 5例。结论动脉瘤样骨囊肿有一定特征性影像学表现,MRI及CT对本病诊断较平片有优势,综合影像学检查才能提高诊断符合率。     

中国营造学社与清代官式建筑研究

中国营造学社是最早对清代官式建筑进行系统研究的学术组织。正值中国营造学社成立八十周年之际．本文将营造学社所作的清代官式建筑研究进行了梳理，可以归纳为以下两个主要的方面：第一，清代官式建筑研究自成体系．具有史学研究的独立性价值；第二．清代官式建筑的研究是解读宋《营造法式》的基石。     

Health effects of fluoride pollution caused by coal burning

Recently a huge amount of fluoride in coal has been released into indoor environments by the combustion of coal and fluoride pollution seems to be increasing in some rural areas in China. Combustion of coal and coal bricks is the primary source of gaseous and aerosol fluoride and these forms of fluoride can easily enter exposed food products and the human respiratory tract. Major human fluoride exposure was caused by consumption of fluoride contaminated food, such as corn, chilies and potatoes. For each diagnostic syndrome of dental fluorosis, a log-normal distribution was observed on the logarithm of urinary fluoride concentration in students in China. Urinary fluoride content was found to be a primary health indicator of the prevalence of dental fluorosis in the community. In the fluorosis areas, osteosclerosis in skeletal fluorosis patients was observed with a high prevalence. A biochemical marker of bone resorption, urinary deoxypyridinoline content was much higher in residents in China than in residents in Japan. It was suggested that bone resorption was stimulated to a greater extent in residents in China and fluoride may stimulate both bone resorption and bone formation. Renal function especially glomerular filtration rate was very sensitive to fluoride exposure. Inorganic phosphate concentrations in urine were significantly lower in the residents in fluorosis areas in China than in non-fluorosis area in China and Japan. Since airborne fluoride from the combustion of coal pollutes extensively both the living environment and food, it is necessary to reduce fluoride pollution caused by coal burning.     

Manganese and land-use in upland catchments in Scotland

Manganese (Mn) in surface waters is a micronutrient, but elevated concentrations are toxic to fish and impair drinking water quality. In Scotland, undesirable Mn concentrations (> 0.05 mg l(-1)) occur predominantly in upland freshwaters because the acidic pH and organic nature of catchment soils favour Mn mobilisation. The relationship between upland land-use in Scotland and Mn concentrations in surface waters is reviewed. Conifer afforestation is associated with enhanced Mn in runoff. Mn is leached from conifer foliage and litter, and mature conifers enhance acid deposition and loss of Mn from acidified catchment soils. After harvesting, increased soil pools of water-soluble Mn and elevated Mn concentrations in runoff have been observed. Liming, fertiliser addition, drainage ditch construction and ploughing to improve upland pastures, and muirburn on grouse moors may also increase Mn concentrations in runoff, but the evidence is less clear-cut. The extent to which land-use influences Mn concentrations in upland catchments in Scotland is modified by catchment hydrology and soil type. Catchment geology, instream processes and standing water stratification are probably lesser influences on Mn concentrations in surface waters of upland catchments in Scotland. The location of land-use in upland catchments, especially in the riparian zone, is critical in determining its effect on Mn in runoff. Climate change is expected to increase Mn concentrations in runoff from upland catchments in Scotland because of predicted changes in soil hydrology.     

Impacts of climate change on phosphorus loading from a grassland catchment: Implications for future management

Dynamic modelling was used to quantify the impact of projected climate change, and potential changes in population and land use, on phosphorus (P) export from a sub-catchment in SW Ireland using the Generalised Watershed Loading Functions (GWLF) model. Overall the results indicated that the increase in annual total phosphorus loads attributable to climate change was greater than that from either population or land use change, and therefore that future climate variability will pose an increasingly significant threat to the successful long-term implementation of catchment management initiatives. The seasonal pattern in projected P export mirrored changes in streamflow, with higher rates between January and April and lower rates in summer. The potential reduction in export in summer was, however, negated when increases in population were included in simulations. A change in the slurry spreading period from that stipulated in national regulations to the months between April and September could potentially mitigate against future increases in dissolved P export in spring. The results indicate that projected changes in climate should be included when undertaking modelling exercises in support of decision making for catchment management plans.     

Cyanobacteria and earthy/musty compounds found in commercial catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) ponds in the Mississippi Delta and Mississippi--Alabama Blackland Prairie

The compounds responsible for earthy and musty "off-flavors" in farm-raised channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus) in the southeastern United States of America are geosmin and 2-methylisoborneol (MIB), respectively. These compounds are produced by certain species of cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) that grow in the aquaculture ponds. Previous research has focused on the species of cyanobacteria found in catfish ponds in west Mississippi (the leading region of catfish production in the USA), while the species responsible for earthy/musty off-flavors in catfish produced in the Mississippi-Alabama Blackland Prairie (MABP) region (second greatest region of catfish production) have not been described. We examined water samples from commercial catfish ponds in both regions to contrast the different types of cyanobacteria and assess the prevalence of geosmin and MIB. Results established that filamentous cyanobacteria are more common in west Mississippi compared to the MABP region. Also, the MIB-producing cyanobacterium Oscillatoria perornata is present in catfish ponds in both geographic locations, and geosmin is more prevalent in catfish ponds in the MABP region than in west Mississippi.