The Sounds of Two Landscape Settings: auditory concepts for physical planning and design

Sonic aspects relevant to landscape architects and planners are examined in order to show that soundscapes can be acknowledged and developed as an aesthetic resource for sustainable development. This auditory approach aims at an inter-sensory understanding of human perception and its significance for the design of physical environments. Two settings--a pasture landscape and a city garden--were studied by skilled listeners on site. They contributed to a preliminary terminology for the design of sonic environments, sonotopes. Clarity emerged as one cardinal principle for auditory refuges, and it was found to be related to the balance of particular sonic features and their background sounds. A figure/ground model described these proportions. The distances to sonic events and the tempo of sonotopes defined refuges. Sonic events mirrored the land use and constituted acoustic space according to the distribution of sound sources. Distant sources were suggested as a practical pointer and design tool for overall conditions together with tempo, which is described as the pace of interplay of figures that fade in and out of a background.     

Post-Crisis: Embracing Public Service Architecture With Humility

In the wake of large-scale disasters, architects often step forward with new visions for recovery and rebuilding. The widespread destruction of buildings and human landscapes presents an attractive opportunity to work in an atmosphere of moral clarity: to design and build as an act of defiance against hostile forces. The demands of post-disaster environments give the work of architecture a sense of urgency, both morally and economically. However, such rebuilding efforts can also expose problematic undercurrents, and while widely acclaimed for their altruistic vision, opportunistic architects may, in some cases, do more harm than good.     

工业建筑设计的发展变迁及发展趋势

工业建筑本质上作为现代新技术和新材料的主要载体,作为一种公认的房屋类型始于19世纪下半叶,开始成为建筑师工作的一个新的领域,同时促进了建筑工业化的发展。在很大程度上改善了人类的居住、生活条件,为大规模的商业活动、集会、教育学习、政治、文化生活等人类生活的各个方面提供便利。如今,建筑师不仅要设计有形的加工生产环境,研究工艺生产所需要的真实的空间,还要研究隐形技术对工业建筑的渗透和支持。随着科学技术的发展,建筑师满怀激情寻找美学和工程相结合,在工业建筑设计中建立人类工程学的概念,可使工程设计中注意"人的因素第一",避免在先进科技面前发生"见物不见人"的弊病。     

Thermal comfort assessment in semi-outdoor environments: Application to comfort study in stadia

The present study addresses thermal comfort assessment of outdoor and semi-outdoor environments. Two stadium case studies are used to demonstrate the potentiality of the approach that combines wind tunnel data and the calculation of human heat balance due to particular climatic environments. The thermal index PET (physiological equivalent temperature) is used to evaluate the thermal comfort in such complex environments. The specificities of stadium semi-outdoor spaces are summarised and the necessary assumptions made to apply the computation procedure are described. The approach includes assumptions on the thermo-physical phenomena as well as geometric computations. This work benefited from the development of an interactive design tool of built environments (outdoor urban surroundings): EVE (enriched virtual environments). It is a virtual reality platform developed at CSTB to help designers, architects and urban planners to evaluate the various options in competition regarding acoustic, visual, thermal and wind comfort of pedestrian in a particular urban environment.     

Design tools for building thermal analysis: The significance of integration

In this paper the importance of integration for the convenient use of building design tools by professionals is demonstrated. The paper shows the impact of new computer technologies, such as object orientation, artificial intelligence and expert systems, database techniques or speech recognition in the way architects might use design tools in the near future. It also shows that several new developments in the field of building physics calculation and simulation will lead to such integrated design tools.

Several projects currently under development are presented in order to illustrate the trend towards complete design environments.     

Excerpt from Designed for the Future — 80 Practical Ideas for a Sustainable World

In Designed for the Future^①, author Jared Green, who writes about cities and design for numerous publications, asks eighty of today’s most innovative architects, urban planners, landscape architects, journalists, artists, and environmental leaders the same question: What gives you the hope that a sustainable future is possible? Their imaginative answers show the way to our future success on earth and begin a much-needed dialogue about what we can realistically accomplish in the decades ahead. As an excerpt, this article introduces the author’s conception and intent of this book, and selects some inspiring ideas contributed by three leading landscape architects.     

20世纪30年代到40年代日本建筑中关于“传统”的想法与实践 通过现代建筑的滤镜转译日本建筑传统

文章主要介绍了日本现代主义建筑师如何思考和表达本国建筑传统。在20世纪30至40年代的民族主义背景下,这一主题引起了很多日本建筑师的注意,他们热衷于将现代建筑表现为在钢筋混凝土建筑上加上一个倾斜的瓦屋顶。但也有日本建筑师认为这只是对中国建筑的继承而非日本建筑本质的转译,并进而在现代主义的视角下发展了自身的传统。     

Modernity in tradition: Reflections on building design and technology in the Asian vernacular

Vernacular buildings across the globe provide instructive examples of sustainable solutions to building problems. Yet, these solutions are assumed to be inapplicable to modern buildings. Despite some views to the contrary, there continues to be a tendency to consider innovative building technology as the hallmark of modern architecture because tradition is commonly viewed as the antonym of modernity. The problem is addressed by practical exercises and fieldwork studies in the application of vernacular traditions to current problems. This study investigates some aspects of mainstream modernist design solutions and concepts inherent in the vernacular of Asia, particularly that of the Chittagong Hill Tracts (CHT). This work hinges on such ideas and practices as ecological design, modular and incremental design, standardization, and flexible and temporal concepts in the design of spaces. The blurred edges between the traditional and modern technical aspects of building design, as addressed by both vernacular builders and modern architects, are explored.     

A new simplified thermal design tool for architects

Architects form an integral link in the design of efficient buildings. Energy-efficient design strategies therefore, require architects and engineers to work closely together in optimising the building shell. However, this is not always practical. Architects must therefore, be able to perform a preliminary thermal analysis if energy efficient design strategies are to succeed. Existing tools do not cater for them or fit their design methodology. A need therefore exists for a simplified thermal design tool for architects. This article discusses the development of a tool to fulfil this requirement.     

可持续之美,外观的性能——宣言之三

一般来说,要理解可持续性景观设计,可以从它与生态健康、社会公正以及经济繁荣3个基本要素之间的关系来着手.但在关于可持续性的讨论中,美学方面的要素鲜被提及,或者反过来,认为将视觉与审美融合对可持续和审美都是多余、无益的.主要考察美(beauty)与美学(aesthetics)在可持续性的各方面所起到的作用.本文主张,除了生态修复设计外,要使文化可持续,还需要许多别的作为.我们需要的是具有启示性的景观设计:让体验过如此景观的人能够更深刻地体会到他们的行为是如何影响环境的,而对环境足够的关切则能改善环境.这就需要考虑到“审美的环境体验”(aesthetic environmental experiences)的作用,例如对“美”的感知,应当更加倾向于“生物中心主义(bio-centric)”,而不是“个人中心主义(egocentric)”.受到美国风景园林师设计的许多作品的激发,把这种观点以宣言的形式表达出来,虽然这些作品通常并不被认为对生态设计有所贡献.     

可持续之美,外观的性能——宣言之一

一般来说,要理解可持续性景观设计,可以从它与生态健康、社会公正以及经济繁荣3个基本要素之间的关系来着手,但在关于可持导续性的讨论中,美学方面的要素鲜被提及,或者反过来,认为将视觉与审美融合对可持续和审美都是多余、无益的.主要考察美(beauty)与美学(aestheties)在可持续性的各方面所起到的作用.本文主张,除了生态修复设计外,要使得文化可持续,还需要许多别的作为,我们需要的是具有启示性的景观设计:让体验过如此景观的人能够更深刻地体会到他们的行为是如何影响环境的,而对环境足够的关切则能改善环境,这就需要考虑到“审美的环境体验”(aesthetic environmental experiences)的作用,例如对“美”的感知,应当更加倾向于“生物中心主义(biocentri()”,而不是“个人中心主义(egocentric)”,受到美国风景园林师设计的许多作品的激发,把这种观点以宣言的形式表达出来,虽然这些作品通常并不被认为对生态设计有所贡献.     

可持续之美,外观的性能——宣言之二

一般来说,要理解可持续性景观设计,可以从它与生态健康、社会公正以及经济繁荣3个基本要素之间的关系来着手.但在关于可持续性的讨论中,美学方面的要素鲜被提及,或者反过来,认为将视觉与审美融合对可持续和审美都是多余、无益的.主要考察美(beauty)与美学(aesthetics)在可持续性的各方面所起到的作用.除了生态修复设计外,要使得文化可持续,还需要许多别的作为.我们需要的是具有启示性的景观设计:让体验过如此景观的人能够更深刻地体会到他们的行为是如何影响环境的,而对环境足够的关切则能改善环境.这就需要考虑到“审美的环境体验”(aesthetic environmental experiences)的作用,例如对“美”的感知,应当更加倾向于“生物中心主义(bio-centric)”,而不是“个人中心主义(egocentric)”.受到美国风景园林师设计的许多作品的激发,把这种观点以宣言的形式表达出来,虽然这些作品通常并不被认为对生态设计有所贡献.     

景观类型——面向当代风景园林学的一种分类法

当代风景园林项目中所蕴含的设计哲学和形式来源缺乏一种系统的分类与讨论。通过提出11种类型,构建一种当代分类法。这些类型包括：场所精神、反传统主义、奇观、赛博格、数字景观、不确定性、管理主义、行动主义、弹性、景观都市主义和宏大规划。分类不企图将风景园林师的所有工作归入明确类型,而是强调其可识别性特质,不仅对特定项目,对整个风景园林学科也具有重要作用。每一种类型既可作为潜在语言工具,为当代设计构建更广泛的讨论基础,又可作为明确主题,帮助设计师更自觉地探索设计的原创性。望以此激发对景观类型的讨论。     

“空间”概念在现代日本建筑实践中的引入与应用丹下健三及其弟子的成就

文章介绍了“空间”这一概念在现代日本建筑师中的发展历程：在最初被引入日本之后,在其意识形态框架影响下,这一概念成为日本建筑师思考建筑的有效工具.文章的主要内容包括：1）可以说“空间”概念在20世纪40年代开始进入建筑话语.2）丹下健三（及其弟子）在其建筑设计及思想中首先大量使用了这一概念.这也让他们在20世纪50到60年代得以同时在日本和国际上确立了日本建筑生产及话语中的领导地位.     

Attentive Allies: Landscape Architects as Facilitators to Promote Early Childhood Nature-Based Educational Programs

In a forest kindergarten context, young children can get boost on their level of physical activity, motor skills, social skills, pro-environmental behaviors, etc. through structured and/or unstructured nature-based educational programs. Most studies mentioned teachers, parents, and researchers as facilitators in the early childhood outdoor learning programs, while landscape architects were rarely considered. However, beyond just being involved in the design and construction of the physical environment, landscape architects can play a more profound role in the long run. This study aims to show that involving landscape architects as facilitators in the nature-based educational programs can benefit the programs in many ways and the effect can be long-lasting. The study is based on the 16 years of collaboration between Miyano-oka, a forest kindergarten, and a team of landscape architects from Takano Landscape Planning in Japan to conduct nature-based educational programs to preschoolers. It presents examples of programs in Miyano-oka and the strategies applied to develop them. In this project, landscape architects employed various design strategies to improve the existing programs and help develop new programs. Among those strategies, participatory design is the primary one. During both the renovation (from 2006 to 2008) and follow-up (from 2009 to now) phases, active participation and collaboration between designers and the educators help achieve the sustainable development of both the outdoor natural environment and educational programs.     

“互联网+”背景下的建筑设计发展模式初探——以北京建筑大学城市住宅专题实验教学为例

文章从"互联网+"时代大背景出发,以北京建筑大学城市住宅专题实验教学为例,探讨在新环境下建筑师该如何将互联网与建筑设计相结合,使建筑师与甲方之间借助互联网平台的优势来进行沟通。文章试图从此次实验教学过程中遇到的问题来得出具有一定启示性的结论。     

Inside looking out: a framework for discussing the question of architectural design doctorates

This text proposes a framework for provoking and sustaining a debate on the question of architectural design doctorates. Through a series of aphorisms it argues that the formal structure of architectural research should be defined by architects according to disciplinary specificity.

1. Architectural design is to architecture what research is to science.
2. The recognition of architectural design as research is more a problem of academic and social legitimisation than an epistemological one.
3. The process of architectural design is close to the process of knowledge creation in the sciences.
4. Architectural design is a process that incorporates and reconstructs knowledge.
5. The doctorate is a link in the chain of professional training of scientists as researchers and of architects as designers.
6. The ArchD is an opportunity to improve the practice of architecture.
7. The ArchD is an exploration of architectural design, the main tool of architects.
8. The Interface ArchD connects architectural design to theories and practices, to other forms of design and to other types of knowledge.
9. The Didactic ArchD contributes to the training of design professors, to the conversion of design knowledge into educational content and to innovation in learning environments in architecture.
10. The Self-reflective ArchD questions real or simulated practice, or proposes visionary designs.
11. There is no axiological difference between architectural design and scientific research.

     

The “Change” and the “Constancy” of Landscapes

Scientifically recognizing and wisely intervening the evolution of landscape is an important topic in Landscape Architecture, since evolution (change) is absolute. For human, landscape changes, however, can be measured in a relative sense. Upon such an understanding, the concept “persistent landscape” highlights the landscape’s continuity and stability over time, as well as the stable variety of physical environment. The key to understand this concept lies in landscape architects’ observation of not only the stability of natural ecosystems but also the harmony of cultural-social contexts. However, the rapid urbanization has caused many pressing problems such as the loss of characteristics in urban and rural area, environmental pollution, ecological fragmentation, and cultural fracture, which calls for landscape architects who can re-recognize the man-land relationship and formulate scientific strategies for sustainable development. In this issue, LA Frontiers hopes to offer landscape architects with insights to meet contemporary needs by embracing new landscape forms and implications, so as to create healthier and more poetic-quality living environments with cultural and spatial characteristics.     

文化和建筑的表达需要强制条例和立法确定吗?(不需要,但在任何文化中,持续性原则必须有强制条例)

这里我做一个假设,如果建筑和文明都正在发生变化,(当然,这种变化远没有21世纪初的变化具有戏剧性),那作为建筑师的我们就正处在变化的顶点。然而,由于一定程度的盲目性,毫无准备,更多的由于支持经济全球化的共同公约的强制性条文,以及不断的分离建筑和文化的联系,我们经常受到批评。和这些变化并存的,是发展中的对于这个星球上自然系统前途的全球化观念。作为未来的一个主要窗口,对于建筑师和设计师,我认为这是一个时机,通过创造和维护可持续社区和区域的新规则,来产生一个新的范例去重新建立文化和设计之间的纽带。然而,在这样一个新的现实环境中,我们将需要相当多的对于教育,规章的修正,和对于实际建筑的期望值的修正。这篇文章为正在成为和正在培养“新型建筑师”的人提出了一些基本的指导和建议。     

Sustaining the Local: An Alternative Approach to Sustainable Design

By implication, the developmentof experimental architecture that is responsive to the local context can have sustainable benefits for the natural environment and adjacent community. Here, architect and writer Terri Peters , who has a PhD in sustainable building transformation, picks up the gauntlet and asks how the notion of localness might be able to advance sustainable design. Focusing on a qualitative rather than quantitative interpretation of sustainability, she describes projects by New York-based studio The Living, the Chinese architect Li Xiaodong and Toronto architects Superkül, highlighting the importance of ecology, social sustainability and context-specific design in the treatment of their work.