山东禹城污水处理厂主体工艺调试经验与分析

介绍了禹城污水处理厂的调试运行状况，并从培菌启动条件、设备配置、水力流态等方面对调试过程中出现的问题进行了分析与探讨，在此基础上提出了适合中小城镇污水处理厂面对进水水量波动较大，冲击负荷高的情况下的调试经验。     

数学模拟技术用于污水处理工艺的运行诊断与优化

采用TUD模型与AQUASIM模拟软件对某大型市政污水处理厂倒置A^2／O工艺的运行问题进行诊断，同时提出优化运行方案并进行了模拟预测。结果表明，进水中的碳源特别是挥发性脂肪酸（VFA）不足和厌氧水力停留时间（HRT）太短是导致脱氮除磷效果不佳的主要原因。针对这两大问题，提出了曝气池分区重组、外加碳源、总进水超越初沉池、UCT改造以及结合磷回收等优化运行和工艺改造方案，并通过模拟预测了各种改造方案可能出现的较好运行效果。     

餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化系统酸化预警指标

针对餐厨垃圾单相厌氧消化系统极易酸化、缺乏有效预警监控指标的技术瓶颈,在中温条件下利用自行设计的单相厌氧消化反应器,进行了实验室规模的启动、连续式单相厌氧消化系统运行试验,通过深入分析表征系统酸碱抵抗能力指标的变化规律,选取挥发性脂肪酸(VFA)、碳酸氢盐碱度与总碱度的比值(BA/TA)和挥发性脂肪酸总浓度与碳酸氢盐碱...     

关于土石坝心墙水力劈裂研究的一些思考

从发生条件、力学机理、试验研究和数值模拟等方面对土石坝心墙的水力劈裂问题进行了初步探讨。研究结果表明：（1）其发生条件至少包括物质条件和受力条件两个方面；（2）力学机理可以从断裂力学的角度进行揭示，判别准则可以基于断裂力学的理论建立；（3）试验研究中试样的边界条件和受力状态能够近似模拟心墙上游面的实际情况；（4）在弄清水力劈裂的发生条件、力学机理的基础上，通过试验研究建立合理的水力劈裂判别准则,对水力劈裂的发生发展过程进行数值模拟，是研究水力劈裂问题的有效途径。     

浸没式厌氧平板MBR处理酒厂废水的研究

采用小试规模的浸没式厌氧平板MBR对高浓度酒厂废水进行处理,研究了MBR的处理效果及膜污染的特性.考察了COD负荷、HRT、VFA和碱度等与污染物的去除特性,同时考察了阻力分布,并采用离心分离方法研究了污泥的三组分对膜污染的影响.试验结果表明,COD负荷为5.2～8.0 kg/(m3·d)、水力停留时间为3～5 d时,MBR对COD的平均去除率为95%.正常运行时的碱度与VFA的比值为2.5～4.5.当COD负荷超过10.0 kg/(m3·d),系统VFA出现累积,COD处理效果下降.水力停留时间对厌氧MBR处理效果有重要影响,水力停留时间应大于70h.膜污染模型的推导也证实了厌氧MBR膜污染属于泥饼阻力模型;膜阻力分布的测定表明,浓差极化阻力和泥饼层阻力是膜污染的主要部分;污泥组分中污泥悬浮固体颗粒是膜污染的主要因素.     

无动力处理方式在生活污水处理中的应用

文中以连城县文亨镇为例，阐述当地对生活污水的处理工艺，分析工程的环境条件与污水情况，总结相应的设计标准，并提出以厌氧池为中心的无动力处理技术，围绕格栅、调节池、TFF系统等环节分析了该工艺的应用要点，以期为类似工程提供有效参考。     

天津市某小区供热系统水力平衡调试案例分析

新建项目供热系统在运行之初,往往会存在水力失调等问题,开展系统自源头至末端的整体核查及调试,实现系统高效稳定运行,具有重要意义。本文以天津市某小区供热系统水力平衡调试项目为例,对其水力平衡调试整体过程进行了介绍与分析,说明水力平衡调试工作对于提升供热效果、节能降耗等均具有重要意义。案例中遇到的问题及调试手段可为其他同类项目提供借鉴。     

传统厌氧消化工艺处理餐饮垃圾的试验研究

对餐饮垃圾进行预处理后，采用传统厌氧消化工艺对其进行处理，考察了对COD、鸭的去除效果和产气中的甲烷含量，分析了容积负荷对反应器厌氧消化性能的影响，确定了较佳的控制参数。结果表明，在反应器温度为（35±1）℃、HRT〉20d、容积负荷〈4．0gCOD／（L·d）的条件下，该工艺对COD的去除率〉80％，对鸭的去除率〉77％；产气中的甲烷含量〉58％。采用该工艺处理餐饮有机垃圾宜采用间歇搅拌，碱度可大于5000mg／L以确保体系的pH值缓冲能力；应控制VFA〈500mg／L，pH值在7．0～7，2。     

城市污水处理厂Orbal氧化沟的调试和运行

以西南某污水处理厂的Orbal氧化沟为例，采用接种培养和间歇培养相结合的方法进行调试，结果表明该方法可行。运行中控制厌氧池DO≤0．2mg／L，外沟DO〈0．5mg／L，中沟DO为0．5—1．5mg／L，内沟DO为2．0～3．0mg／L，污泥回流比为100％，MLSS为3500～4000mg／L，可以取得较好的处理效果。此外，还对运行中存在的问题进行了分析。     

供热管网水力平衡调节方法研究

水力失调是供热系统能耗大的主要原因，在实际工程中很难解决。本文采用邻近调节法，搭建了一种基于图论理论的二次供热管网水力调节模型，依此评估和比较不同的调节方法。结果表明：邻近调节法从水力失调度最差的用户开始按邻近顺序进行依次调节，调节效果好、调节次数少，有利于精准控制，可用于二次管网初调节和运行过程调节。本文研究成果可以为现场调试和控制提供指导。     

Operating strategies for acid phase digestion: an industrial case study

Acid phase digestion was investigated for enhanced operation in an industrial wastewater treatment plant. In particular, sludge retention time (SRT), temperature and pH were assessed for determining optimal conditions under operating constraints. Volatile fatty acid (VFA) production and soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) were the key process parameters used to assess system performance. Increase in SRT from 0.8 to 1.4 days (at 22°C) had moderate effect on VFA production (approximately 15% increase), achieving a maximum VFA production of 3600 mg/L. High VFA production rate (0.101 ± 0.035 mg/mgVS.d) was obtained at the highest operating retention time during summer (27°C). The degree of solubilisation of particulate organic matter increased with temperature and retention time. Despite an increase in SCOD (6472 ± 873 mg/L max.), a corresponding increase in VFA was not observed. SCOD showed a linear correlation with decrease in pH, while acidogenesis (SCOD conversion to VFA) was found to be favourable at a pH of 4.5.     

利用硫酸盐还原菌处理酸性矿山废水研究

以生活垃圾中温酸性发酵产物为碳源,以陶粒作为上向流厌氧生物膜填充床中的填料,小试规划研究了初级厌氧阶段利用硫酸盐还原菌处理模拟酸性矿山废水的水力停留时间,回流比,进水ＣＯＤｃｒ／ＳＯ４＾２－浓度,进水ｐＨ值以及温度对ＳＯ４＾２－还原效果的影响。     

Methanogenic population dynamics and performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating swine manure under high shear conditions

A 6-L, completely mixed anaerobic bioreactor with an external ultrafiltration membrane module was operated for 300 days to evaluate the startup and performance of an anaerobic membrane bioreactor (AnMBR) treating swine manure. The reactor had a successful startup at the initial loading rate of 1g volatile solids (VS)/L/day. After a two-fold increase in loading rate followed by a sudden, two-fold increase in flow velocity through the membrane module on day 75, the performance of the AnMBR deteriorated as measured by volatile fatty acid (VFA) accumulation, decrease in pH, and decrease in biogas production. The methanogenic population dynamics in the reactor were monitored with terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). Changes in the relative levels of Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae were consistent with changes in VFA concentrations, i.e., high and low levels of acetate corresponded to a high abundance of Methanosarcinaceae and Methanosaetaceae, respectively. The levels of hydrogenotrophic methanogens of the order of Methanomicrobiales increased during decreased reactor performance suggesting that syntrophic interactions involving hydrogenotrophic methanogens remained intact regardless of the degree of shear in the AnMBR.     

Anaerobic treatment of methanolic wastes

Although it is well known that methanol can be fermented directly by a specific species of methane bacteria, viz. Methanosarcina barkeri, until now little information was available about the effect of important environmental factors on the anaerobic fermentation of methanol. As methanol can be the main pollutant in some specific chemical wastes and may be formed under natural conditions (e.g. in marshes) as intermediate in the decomposition of organic matter, more information about the effect of environmental factors is required. In this study the effect of pH, bicarbonate alkalinity and trace elements on the methane fermentation of pure aqueous solutions of methanol has been investigated. Methanol was found to be still fermented at pH values as low as 3.5. The optimal pH range is presumed to lie between pH 5.5 and 6.0. No exact figures can be given yet about the optimal pH range, because pH values higher than 6.0 could not be maintained in a well digesting system (due to the formation of volatile fatty acids (VFA) from methanol), except if no trace element solution was supplied to the influent. In the absence of trace elements the formation of VFA from methanol proceeds fairly slowly, but the conversion of methanol to methane is also slower in that case.In the presence of trace elements a significant fraction, directly depending on the HCO₃⁻ concentration, is converted to VFA, mainly consisting of acetic acid and butyric acid. The VFA formation from methanol was found to be more sensitive to a low pH shock (e.g. from pH 3.5 to 4.0) and slows down more rapidly with decreasing pH than the formation of methane. Concerning the anaerobic treatment of wastes containing methanol as the main pollutant, it is not yet possible to decide upon a one-step or a two-step process, e.g. with a separate acid formation and methane fermentation step.     

厌氧生物滤池在PTA废水处理中的应用

为了提高现有PTA废水处理装置的处理能力,保障外排水质满足《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)一级B标准,某石化企业新建了厌氧生物滤池以预处理PTA废水。经过一段时间的运行表明,高浓度PTA废水经过厌氧预处理后,下一级纯氧曝气池的负荷降低,沉淀池出水COD<60 mg/L,达到了排放标准。介绍了厌氧生物滤池的处理效果、运行影响因素及开车阶段存在的问题等。     

Biodegradation of agricultural herbicides in sequencing batch reactors under aerobic or anaerobic conditions

This study investigated the biodegradability of the herbicides isoproturon and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in sequencing batch reactors (SBRs). Two laboratory-scale (2L liquid volume) SBRs were employed: one reactor performing under aerobic and the other under anaerobic conditions. The aerobic SBR was operated at an ambient temperature (22+/-2 degrees C), while the anaerobic SBR was run in the lower mesophilic range (30+/-2 degrees C). Each bioreactor was seeded with a 3:1 mixture (by weight) of fresh sludge and biomass that had been previously exposed to both herbicides. The effect of herbicide concentration on either treatment process was explored at a hydraulic retention time (HRT) of 48 h, using glucose as a supplemental carbon substrate. Although no isoproturon degradation was observed in either system during the study, complete 2,4-D removal occurred after an acclimation period of approximately 30 d (aerobic SBR) and 70 d (anaerobic SBR). The aerobic reactor achieved complete 2,4-D utilization at feed concentrations up to 500 mg/L. A further increase to 700 mg/L, however, proved to be inhibitory since 2,4-D biodegradation was negligible. On the other hand, the anaerobic SBR was able to degrade 120 mg/L of 2,4-D, which corresponds to 40% of the maximum feed concentration applied. Moreover, glucose was consumed first throughout the experiment in a sequential utilization pattern relating to 2,4-D, with biodegradation of both substrates following closely first-order kinetics.     

Effect of intermittent aeration on the microbial community structure of activated sludge in a submerged membrane bioreactor

Low removal rate for total nitrogen (TN) is the main limitation of a membrane bioreactor (MBR). The effects of intermittent aeration on the removal of TN and the microbial community structure of activated sludge from a submerged membrane bioreactor (SMBR) operating at three different aeration on/off times (run 1, continuous aeration; run 2, 60/60 min aeration on/off time; and run 3, 60/75 min aeration on/off time) were studied. The results showed that the removal rates for TN under different operation conditions were 26.2% (run 1), 59.5% (run 2) and 70.7% (run 3), respectively, and significant improvements were achieved. Monounsaturated phospholipid fatty acids (PLFAs) and saturated PLFAs were dominant PLFA types in activated sludge, followed by branched PLFAs; cyclopropane fatty acid were relatively small in amount. The highest ratio of the characteristic fatty acid representing the abundance of bacteria in activated sludge was found in run 2. Aerobic prokaryotes were the predominant groups under all three operation conditions, followed by the anaerobic bacteria and the Gram‐positive bacteria group; sulphate‐reducing bacteria (SRB) and other anaerobic bacteria occupied the lowest proportion. Intermittent aeration can be used as a possible means to improve the treatment performance in an MBR.     

Effect of mass transfer on concentration wave propagation during anaerobic digestion of solid waste

A distributed model of anaerobic digestion of solid waste was developed to study effects of mass transfer on the rate of propagation of initiation methanogenic area. The diffusion and advection of volatile fatty acids (VFA) and methanogenic biomass were taken into account in the model of a one-dimensional (ID) reactor. It was considered that VFA inhibits both polymer hydrolysis and acetoclastic methanogenesis. This approach allows to view the bioreactor as an active medium that provokes concentration waves from some area of methanogenic initiation (local VFA depression) to the total reactor volume. The model shows that mass transfer-based acceleration of methane production in the reactor is possible when the intensity of VFA utilization in the methanogenic area is sufficient for a complete digestion of the incoming VFA. Otherwise, initiation methanogenic area will be suppressed by increasing concentration of VFA. The obtained results emphasize the importance of considering spatial heterogeneity of the reaction for the analysis of solid anaerobic digestion in bioreactors and landfills. The digestion of solid waste can be optimized by setting the low rate of mass transfer (mixing or leachate recirculation) during lag-phase of the reaction with subsequent increase in the mass transfer rate in parallel with the propagation of methanogenic population. In this case, the rate of concentration waves substantially increases.     

微好氧与厌氧水解酸化对明胶废水的预处理效果

以明胶废水为研究对象,采用微好氧与厌氧水解酸化工艺进行对比处理实验,探讨了不同水力停留时间下微好氧与厌氧水解酸化对明胶废水水质改善的效果。实验结果表明,在水力停留时间达到72h的时候,溶解氧为1.3~1.6mg/L的微好氧反应器的COD去除率最大可达25%,溶解氧为0.3~0.5mg/L的厌氧反应器的COD去除率最大可达22%;微好氧反应器的VFA的含量达到12mg/L左右,厌氧反应器只有8mg/L左右;微好氧反应器的pH值可由最初的12.5降至7.5左右,而厌氧反应器只能降至8.0左右;两个反应器对蛋白质去除效果的差别并不明显,都可以达到90%以上,但是微好氧反应器的氨氮浓度只有22mg/L,小于厌氧反应器中的氨氮浓度,说明微氧条件有利于氨氮的扩散挥发,低浓度的氨氮对微生物的危害较小。对比得出微好氧反应器的出水水质较好,更适合明胶废水水解酸化的预处理。