水基磁性流体池沸腾传热强化的实验研究

通过水和水基磁性流体池沸腾传热的对比实验,确定了水基磁性流体强化沸腾传热的效果,并进行了机理分析。实验结果显示,热流密度相同时,水基磁性流体的沸腾换热系数比水至少增强2倍,施加磁场可进一步强化沸腾传热,增强倍数可超过5倍。通过分析磁场对磁性流体中沸腾汽泡的影响,认为施加磁场有使汽泡脱离直径减小,生长速度加快和脱离频率增加的作用。     

纳米级固体颗粒应用于热管的试验研究

对含有纳米级磁性微粒的磁性流体应用于热管进行了试验研究,分析了微粒浓度对热管传热性能的影响。试验结果表明．在试验研究的范围内,纳米级磁性颗粒应用于热管后减弱了热管的传热,而且磁性流体热管存在一个最优磁性微粒浓度,该浓度下磁性流体热管的传热性能最好。     

纳米流体对倾斜朝下加热面沸腾换热特性的影响

本文通过在工质中加热不同纳米颗粒进行倾斜朝下表面的池沸腾实验来研究纳米材料改善沸腾传热的特性。常压下,倾斜角为0°、15°、30°时,在去离子水,体积浓度为0.01%、0.02%、0.05%的Al2O3纳米流体,体积浓度为0.001%、0.005%、0.01%的Cu-20纳米流体,体积浓度为0.01%的Cu-100纳米流体的工况下进行池沸腾试验。同时利用高速摄像设备对气泡的运动进行图像采集,结合试验结果对纳米流体影响沸腾传热的特性进行研究。研究表明:相较于去离子水,Al2O3纳米流体的换热系数增加了23.1%,而Cu-20纳米流体的换热系数增加了42.5%,Cu-100纳米流体的换热系数增加了92.9%;对于Cu-20纳米流体,体积浓度变大,换热系数增加。     

水平窄缝内多孔介质传热特性研究

对面朝下加热水平窄缝内多孔介质的传热特性进行了实验研究,得到了不同工况下的沸腾曲线.通过比较各工况下的沸腾曲线得出:多孔介质的存在大幅提高了面朝下加热水平窄缝内传热的换热系数,尤其是沸腾段的换热得到了很大程度的强化;提高窄缝宽度,选用热导率高的固体微粒制作多孔介质等可提高多孔介质的换热能力.根据多孔介质传热的机理,拟合出了面朝下加热水平窄缝内多孔介质的自然对流传热与核态沸腾传热关联式.     

蒸汽发生器传热管一、二次侧耦合换热及管外过冷沸腾数值研究

采用两流体欧拉数学模型,结合气相和液相之间的界面传热、传质和动量交换封闭模型以及RPI壁面沸腾模型,利用ANSYS CFX 12.0对蒸汽发生器局部传热管束二次侧的过冷沸腾进行数值研究。数值研究结果与单管内过冷沸腾实验数据对比验证符合良好。结果表明,采用壁面沸腾模型能准确预测沸腾起始点的位置,同时梅花孔板的存在对二次侧流动换热特性影响显著。     

超亲水特性传热面上水喷流冷却时的沸腾换热特性实验研究

研究了在纳米材料涂层形成的超亲水材料传热表面上水喷流冷却时的沸腾换热特性,并与普通金属面上的喷流沸腾特性进行了比较.介绍了流动条件、加热方式、加热条件、超亲水材料涂层等条件对高温沸腾换热、临界热流密度的定量影响和一些基本换热规律.实验发现,超亲水传热表面对沸腾换热特性有十分显著的影响,超亲水传热面强化了喷流沸腾临界热流密度.     

流道方位及运动对沸腾两相流动传热行为的影响

基于两流体模型与固壁非稳态导热模型,结合有关关联式组合与参数综合比选下的模型验证,建立分析流道内沸腾流动传热的瞬态数值模拟程序。通过引入运动下附加加速度模型,研究流道形位与运动等因素对流道内沸腾流动与传热的影响。诸因素对沸腾传热系数、流动压降、固壁温度以及传热流动的瞬态行为影响的计算分析结果对相关堆芯流道的试验设计与应用具有指导意义。     

沸腾传热数值模拟方法及多管耦合应用特性研究

针对直流蒸汽发生器（OTSG）中全流型沸腾传热及一、二次侧耦合换热等复杂物理现象,计算流体动力学（CFD）数值分析普遍面临计算难度大、计算效率低及不确定性大等问题。基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与临界热流密度（CHF）壁面沸腾模型,建立了管内全流型流动沸腾传热数值分析模型,并验证了模型的有效性。基于所验证的模型,开展了数值模型在多管耦合传热下的应用特性研究,明确了该数值模拟方法在多管耦合下的可靠性,并对温度与相分布计算结果对相间作用力模型的敏感性进行了数值分析。研究结果表明：基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型,能够较准确地预测管内水介质由过冷到过热的全流型流动沸腾传热过程,计算的“干涸”点位置及壁面峰值温度与实验值符合较好,最大误差小于10%;基于欧拉两流体多相流模型与CHF壁面沸腾模型的数值方法对多管耦合工况有较好的适用性,计算的二次侧温度与实验结果吻合良好;两相间曳力对壁面温度及空泡份额的计算结果有较明显的影响,但非曳力对壁面温度的影响较小,因此对于大规模工程应用计算,可在分析中不考虑部分相间非曳力的影响。本文研究结果可为OSTG的三维精细化数值分析的模型选择提供有益参考。     

蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区两相流动数值模拟

基于两流体欧拉数学模型结合RPI壁面沸腾模型,利用大型商用CFD软件ANSYS CFX 12.0对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区一次侧、壁面和二次侧耦合传热过程进行了数值模拟。研究了三叶梅花孔支撑板和不同入口过冷度条件下蒸汽发生器传热管束内的流动沸腾现象,得到一、二次侧流场与温度场,二次侧空泡份额分布,支撑板梅花孔局部的流动状况及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器热工水力特性的影响。数值模拟结果表明,三叶梅花孔支撑板的存在及不同入口过冷度对蒸汽发生器传热管束过冷沸腾区域的热工水力特性影响显著。     

人工神经网络在预测流动沸腾曲线中的应用

选用20世纪60年代以来的实验数据，应用人工神经网络分析入口欠热度、质量流速、压力等主要参数对沸腾曲线的影响。在整个传热区内，热流密度随入口欠热度的增加而增大；在过渡沸腾和膜态沸腾区，热流密度随质量流速的增加而增加；压力起重要的作用，除膜态沸腾区外，增加压力能强化传热。除泡核沸腾外，稳态和瞬态的流动沸腾曲线的差异很小。     

Experimental Studies on Heat Transfer by Natural Convection and Pool Boiling of Sodium in a Strong Magnetic Field

This report deals with an experiment on the heat transfer of liquid sodium, with particular reference to the effects brought by the application of a magnetic field on pool boiling. The test section, a heater pin of 6.5 mm diameter, was inserted vertically into the center of a sodium tank. The heating surface of the pin was parallel to the magnetic field as well as to the direction of gravity.

Under conditions of natural convection in a magnetic field, a sharp rise of the heating surface temperature was always seen to occur at some point when the heat flux was gradually increased, accompanied by the onset of sharp temperature oscillations.

The surface superheat required for the initiation of boiling decreased with increasing intensity of the applied magnetic field, reached a minimum, then increased again.

The surface temperature fluctuations in nucleate boiling was higher under magnetic field than when free of such influence. The critical heat flux for burn-out was not appreciably affected by magnetic field.     

Experimental observations of flow modifications in nanofluid boiling utilizing particle image velocimetry

In order to understand the effects of nanofluids upon boiling, pool boiling experiments involving both pure water and water based nanofluids were investigated. Point temperature and full velocity field measurements were obtained during pool boiling conditions using state-of-the-art dynamic particle image velocimetry (DPIV). Specifically, results of nanofluid's effect upon nucleate boiling heat transfer are investigated, in an effort to find engineering solutions in critical applications such as nuclear energy. A change in the hydrodynamic behavior of bubbles was observed with the introduction of nanoparticles. The measured velocity fields exhibited different fluid behavior for the various cases investigated which in turn highlights the complexity of the fluid flow in the pool boiling experiment. The results show a relation between wall temperature and nanofluid concentration.     

Heat and Mass Transfer in Transitional Boiling on Liquid Metal in Presence of a Magnetic Field

The author examine the behavior of the heat-mass transfer in transition boiling from a horizontal surface in liquid–metal when a parallel magnetic field is applied of onset and development of Magneto-Hydrodynamic Rayleigh–Taylor instability. The two modes-waves of propagation; parallel and transverse waves are analyzed. An analytical expression for the minimum heat transfer and mass transfer (bubbles frequency spectrum) was derived. The earlier equations agree qualitatively with the available experimental measurements made on mercury.     

低压下水欠热流动沸腾的两相CFD数值模拟研究

采用两流体(汽相和液相)基本数学模型,结合汽相和液相之间的界面传热、传质和动量交换封闭模型、汽泡平均直径模型、汽泡脱离直径模型、汽泡成核模型、汽泡脱离频率模型、欠热沸腾起始点模型和壁面热流密度分配模型,在CFD软件CFX4.4中采用用户自定义函数将相变引起的传热、传质和动量交换作为源项分别添加到汽相和液相的能量、质量和动量守恒方程中,对低压下内管加热外管绝热的环形通道内的欠热沸腾进行了数值研究,得到了欠热流动沸腾下汽相体积份额、液相速度、汽相速度分布等。采用Lee等的环形通道内低压下欠热沸腾体积份额实验数据对计算结果进行了验证,吻合良好。     

Numerical Simulation on Subcooled Boiling Heat Transfer Characteristics of Water-Cooled W/Cu Divertors

In order to realize safe and stable operation of a water-cooled W/Cu divertor under high heating condition,the exact knowledge of its subcooled boiling heat transfer characteristics under different design parameters is crucial.In this paper,subcooled boiling heat transfer in a water-cooled W/Cu divertor was numerically investigated based on computational fluid dynamic(CFD).The boiling heat transfer was simulated based on the Euler homogeneous phase model,and local differences of liquid physical properties were considered under one-sided high heating conditions.The calculated wall temperature was in good agreement with experimental results,with the maximum error of 5%only.On this basis,the void fraction distribution,flow field and heat transfer coefficient(HTC)distribution were obtained.The effects of heat flux,inlet velocity and inlet temperature on temperature distribution and pressure drop of a water-cooled W/Cu divertor were also investigated.These results provide a valuable reference for the thermal-hydraulic design of a water-cooled W/Cu divertor.     

Semi-Analytical Estimation of Gamma-Ray Intensity from a Volume Source

The effect of a magnetic field on laminar natural convection of liquid metal was studied experimentally using NaK as conducting fluid. The magnetic field was imposed horizontally and parallel to a uniformly heated vertical plate, to act perpendicularly across the convective flow. In a low magnetic field, the temperature profile across the layer of flowing fluid acquired an η-shaped profile characterized by a valley close to the wall and a peak further away, which had the effect of raising heat transfer rate above that obtained in the absence of magnetic field. When the magnetic field was intensified, its braking effect on the flow approached the temperature profile to the case of pure heat conduction through solid, to result in dwindling heat transfer rate.     

A numerical assessment of copper oxide and alumina nanoparticles during CHF occurrence

Subcooled nucleate boiling in forced convection has been drawing significant attention in many fields due to its good heat transfer efficiency and high heat removal capacity. Such advancement in sub-cooled nucleate boiling is the result of continuing efforts from experimental, theoretical and numerical researchers, particularly focusing on critical heat flux (CHF). CHF heat transfer regimes are inefficient and the occurrence of CHF can cause a large temperature gradient in the heated wall leading to physical burnout. One way to increase the level of the CHF is to add certain nanoparticles to the base fluid. The present paper compares the effects of the addition of copper oxide and alumina nanoparticles on CHF phenomenon within the general-purpose computational fluid dynamics (CFD). The governing equations solved are generalized phase continuity, momentum and energy equations. Wall boiling phenomena are modeled using the baseline mechanistic nucleate boiling model developed in Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (RPI). To simulate the critical heat flux phenomenon, the RPI model is extended to the dry-out phenomenon by partitioning wall heat flux to both liquid and vapor phases considering the existence of thin liquid wall film. It was shown that the presence of copper oxide in comparison with alumina nanoparticles in the base fluid, delays the dryout phenomenon more dramatically and in specific concentration, CHF threshold would be enhanced and consequently the safety margins of the operation would be improved.