用于放射性纳米气溶胶模拟的准单分散气溶胶发生器的研制

放射性纳米气溶胶特性行为及过滤研究一直是辐射防护关注的内容,但目前缺乏单分散纳米气溶胶发生器和高灵敏的气溶胶在线检测器。为模拟示踪放射性气溶胶纳米粒子,并适合用质谱仪进行在线检测分析,本文采用蒸发-冷凝原理研制出一种纳米气溶胶发生器,能够利用含低熔点物质(如氯化钠和硝酸银)的溶液,输出准单分散、较高数浓度的纳米气溶胶。用标定后的扫描迁移率粒子谱仪对发生器进行性能测试,结果表明:输出纳米气溶胶的粒度分布符合对数正态分布,在建议工况下,输出粒子的峰位粒径约30 nm,几何标准偏差约1.3,数浓度达106cm-3,数浓度波动小于10%。发生器成本低、性能可靠、使用灵活,能够满足放射性气溶胶特性模拟和过滤净化技术研究等需求。     

可携式荧光素钠气溶胶发生器样机研制

荧光素钠法是高效粒子空气过滤器现场试验的重要方法之一，荧光素钠气溶胶发生器是该方法的核心设备，本文介绍了我们研制的一台可携式荧光素钠气溶胶发生器样机的结构，性能测试方法和技术指标。以及该样机与两台法国产发生器的对比测试结果，样机的平均质量发生速度32．9mg/h，质量中值直径0．22μm，几何标准差1．58，在平均发生速率时对风量不超过150000m^3/h的过滤系统的可测过滤效率不低于99．99％，样机的重量为25kg，便于核设施通风过滤系统的现场试验。     

负载型多分散气溶胶在管道内的传输规律研究

正放射性气溶胶向环境的释放一直是备受关注的问题。为研究放射性气溶胶在管道内的传输及沉降规律,首先搭建了能产生稳定、多分散气溶胶的发生器,该发生器由料斗、推送绞龙、气仓、通气装置、控制电机、传输管道等组成。本文以稀释气流速(5～25L/min)、气溶胶颗粒粒径(多分散体系)及固体颗粒密度(土壤、石英砂)为主要影响因     

气溶胶模型对安全壳旁路释放类事故源项的影响

本文开发了针对蒸汽发生器(SG)二次侧复杂流道结构的气溶胶沉积模型,并移植在核电厂一体化严重事故分析程序中。并以600 MW压水堆核电厂为研究对象,基于原模型与新开发的SG二次侧气溶胶沉积模型,对蒸汽发生器传热管破裂事故(SGTR)源项进行了计算,并对新模型对安全壳旁路释放类的影响进行了分析。结果表明,采用新的二次侧气溶胶沉积模型后将会有更多的气溶胶沉积在SG二次侧,新开发的SG二次侧气溶胶沉积模型导致安全壳旁路释放类中对环境释放份额减少26.6%~71.1%。     

一种调控氡子体平衡因子的高浓度单分散性气溶胶发生器的研制

为了满足氡室内氡子体辐射场的调控要求,结合蒸发冷凝法的原理,利用电子烟发生器产生的癸二酸二辛酯(DEHS)与雾化器产生的NaCl颗粒结合再冷凝的方法,研制了高浓度单分散的气溶胶发生器。将该发生器应用于中国计量科学研究院20 m³氡室,充胶1分钟后气溶胶浓度最高可达到2.26×10⁵ cm^-3,平均粒径156.8 nm,单分散性1.38,氡室内氡子体平衡因子可调控达到0.65。     

同位素气溶胶加入法ICP-MS在线分析单粒子中的铀总量

本研究发展了一种ICP-MS同位素气溶胶加入法,可实时标定仪器灵敏度,对气溶胶粒子进行在线定量分析。介绍了同位素气溶胶加入法的原理和参数测量方法,并应用该方法对人工发生的天然铀单粒子中的铀总量进行在线分析,考察方法的可行性。实验结果表明,该方法测得的单粒子中238U原子数的精度为5.6%,比气溶胶发生器给出的计算结果偏大19%,讨论了偏差的可能主要来源。     

核电厂通风系统高效过滤器现场检测方法改进

荧光素钠法是核电厂通风系统高效过滤器效率现场检测方法之一, 在检测过程中部分系统为不可用状态。本文通过对检测方法进行分析并进行现场验证, 提出通过提高荧光素钠发生器的气溶胶质量流量和采样流量以缩短通风系统不可用状态持续时间的改进措施。     

秦山核电基地外围环境气溶胶总α、总β放射性水平监测

自1992年，浙江省辐射环境监测站对秦山核电基地外围环境辐射水平进行了连续的监督性监测。2001～2005年，基地外围环境气溶胶总α、总β放射性水平及其比值的监测结果表明：秦山核电基地周围环境5km范围内4个监测点气溶胶总α．总β比活度范围分别为0．02-0．38、0．10-1．81mBq/m^3。平均值分别为0．12、0．4．5mBq／m^3，略低于杭州市对照点监测值（0．15、0．52mBq/m^3）；总β与总α比值范围为1．2-10．2。平均值为4．3，略高于对照点监测值（3．7）。表明在秦山核电厂正常运行情况下，基地外围环境气溶胶总α、总β放射性水平没有明显的变化。     

安全壳过滤排放系统实验用气溶胶的确定及相关参数的选取

为了满足安全壳过滤排放系统的气溶胶过滤性能测试实验的要求,进行实验用气溶胶选取的方案研究。对安全壳内气溶胶实际特性进行计算评估,得出严重事故后安全壳内气溶胶的特性随时间的变化规律。综合考虑分析结果和国外的研究成果,确定实验用气溶胶为BaSO4、TiO2。实验用气溶胶的配送压力为0.1~0.65 MPa;主管道浓度为50~900 mg/m3,气溶胶质量中值直径为1μm,粒径分布的几何标准偏差为1~2。     

事故工况下核电厂安全壳内放射性气溶胶电荷分布研究

核电厂发生严重事故后,在安全壳内形成大量的放射性裂变产物气溶胶。由于核电厂气溶胶放射性这一特殊性,放射性核素的衰变过程及衰变粒子与周围介质的相互作用过程会使得气溶胶粒子带电。同种电荷及不同电荷之间的相互作用,可能会影响气溶胶粒子的输运过程。然而,目前的核电厂源项评估过程中忽略了电荷对气溶胶输运过程的影响。考虑到放射性气溶胶所带电荷量及电荷分布是后续实验研究电荷对气溶胶输运影响的基础,本文研究了放射性气溶胶的放电机理,编写电荷分布及电荷量求解程序,并对计算过程进行了实验验证,最终得到了典型核电厂严重事故工况下安全壳内气溶胶所带的电荷量及电荷分布。结果表明：在核电厂事故条件下安全壳内的气溶胶整体带负电荷;对于典型粒径的气溶胶(0.1,5)μm,对应的电荷区间为(0,-25);电荷量随粒径的增大而增加;气溶胶粒子电荷呈正态分布。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.