超流氦低温恒温器冷质量准直调节及低温变形分析

为满足超导射频腔及超导磁体低温下的加速器准直精度要求，对超流氦低温恒温器冷质量的准直调节方案进行分析。通过对冷质量的低温位移进行有限元模拟计算，获得其在2 K超流氦温区的位移变形量，利用拉伸丝型位移监测仪（WPM）在线测量数据来验证模拟分析方法。结果表明，模拟值与测量值具有较好的一致性，为底部支撑型式低温恒温器的准直调节方案设计提供了重要的数据基础。     

Cryogenic system design for HIAF iLinac

A helium cryogenic system is designed by the Institute of Modern Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences,to supply different cooling powers to the cryomodules of ion-Linac (iLinac) accelerator,which serves as the injector of the High Intensity Heavy-Ion Accelerator Facility project.The iLinac is a superconducting heavy-ion accelerator approximately 100 m long and contains 13cryomodules cooled by superfluid helium.This article describes the cryogenic system design of the iLinac accelerator.The requirements of the cryogenic system,such as cooling mode,refrigeration temperature,operating pressure and pressure stability,are introduced and described in detail.In addition,heat loads from different sources are analyzed and calculated quantitatively.An equivalent cooling capacity of 10 kW at 4.5 K was determined for the cryogenic system according to the total heat load.Furthermore,a system process design was conducted and analyzed in detail.Further,the system layout and the main equipment are presented.     

Present status and one upgrading method with a cold compressor of the EAST sub-cooling helium cryogenic system

Since 2006,the superconducting toroidal field (TF) coils of the Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokomak (EAST) have been successfully cooled by supercritical helium at a temperature of 4.5 K and a pressure of 4 bara in eleven experiments.To obtain higher operating currents and magnetic fields it is necessary to lower the operating temperature of the TF coils.The EAST sub-cooling helium cryogenic system,with a warm oil ring pump (ORP),was tested twice in cool-down experiments,which made the TF coils operate at 3.8 K.However,the long term operational stability of the sub-cooling system cannot be guaranteed because of the ORP's poor mechanical and control performance.In this paper,the present status of the EAST subcooling helium cryogenic system is described,and then several cooling methods below 4.2 K and their merits are presented and analyzed.Finally,an upgrading method with a cold compressor for an EAST sub-cooling helium cryogenic system is proposed.The new process flow and thermodynamic calculation of the sub-cooling helium system,and the main parameters of the cold compressor,are also presented in detail.This work will provide a reference for the future upgrading of the sub-cooling helium system for higher operation parameters of the EAST device.     

Cryogenic mechanical testing of ITER prototype axial breaks

Within the superconducting magnet program for ITER, cryogenic components need to be tested to verify their design. Especially for the helium supply of the magnet system, feeders are needed integrating at the same time high voltage insulation to separate the inner magnet system electrically from the outer cryostat shell. Beside of high voltage and helium flow properties, these axial breaks will be exposed to a limited mechanical loading during operation of the magnet system. Therefore, mechanical tests needs to be performed at room temperature as well as at cryogenic temperature of 77 K.A possible breaker design was provided by Babcock Noell. To verify this design mechanically quasi-static and fatigue tests under bending, torsion and axial loading were done. Results on the performance of the prototypes are presented approving a superior mechanical quality.     

A New Method for Measurement of Helium Mass Flow Rate in the Cryogenic System of TORE SUPRA

The TORE SUPRA Tokamak was built by EURATOM-CEA association. The NbTi conductor of superconducting coils is inserted in a tight enclosure filled with pressurized superfluid helium of 0.125 MPa at 1.8 K. The thick casing is cooled to 4.5 K by 1.8 MPa in 4.5 K supercritical helium circulation. Around this thick casing, a 80 K thermal shield protects the parts at very low temperatures from the thermal radiation, which is cooled by pressurized helium at 80 K and 1.8 MPa. A new measurement method for helium mass flow rate of 80 K shield and 4.5 K casing is described in this paper. The commissioning was done on the two helium loops of the cryoplant: the supercritical 4.5 K thick casing and 80 K shields. The purpose is to improve control of the 4.5 K and 80 K refrigeration loops.     

BEPCⅡ超导插入四极磁体冷却流程的数值分析

按北京正负电子对撞机重大改造工程（BEPCⅡ）计划，为压缩束团尺寸、提高探测器的分辨率以及粒子识别能力，在南对撞区分别安装1对强聚焦超导插入四极磁体（SCQ）和1台超导螺线管探测器磁体（SSM）。本文针对1对超导插入四极磁体的冷却，采用数值模拟的方法给出了SCQ磁体分别采用超临界氦流和过冷氦流两种冷却方式下冷却流程的热力参数，通过对模拟结果的分析，给出了适合该超导插入四极磁体的冷却方式和正常运行的热力参数。还给出了该低温系统关键设备之一的过冷器的设计方法以及设计参数。      

Manufacture and test of the non-planar coils for WENDELSTEIN 7-X

The stellarator WENDELSTEIN 7-X, a superconducting fusion experiment, is presently under construction at the Greifswald branch of the Max-Planck-Institut für Plasmaphysik (IPP). The standard magnetic configuration of WENDELSTEIN 7-X (W7-X) is formed by 50 non-planar superconducting coils. Twenty additional planar superconducting coils can modify the magnetic configuration.This paper describes the production of the non-planar coils including the production of the winding packs, the cases and the assembly procedure of the coils. Five coils are already finished and tested at room temperature at the manufacturer's site.All coils will also be tested under cryogenic conditions. The main tests are at nominal current, a quench test by increasing the temperature of the helium, a high voltage test, a pressure and a helium leak test, the measurement of the shrinkage during cool down and the deformations due to electromagnetic forces. The test procedure and the results of the first tests of the coils are also presented.     

Experimental Study on Paschen Discharge in Helium for High Voltage Cryogenic Insulation Material

According to the requirements of large superconducting components, all the solid superconducting insulation of current leads, magnets, cooling and measurement pipeline at high potential should withstand 80–300 K thermal cycles. If helium leak or pipe leak taken place, and insulation has been formed some flaws, Paschen discharge would be occur. The experimental program aimed at analyzing the low-temperature electro-physical performance of solid superconducting insulation, which was designed with different configuration such as thickness, material structure and so on. The dielectric performance of both pre-preg cryogenic insulation and the wet wrap cryogenic insulation were studied. Both of the dielectric strength of the two type insulation is in the range from 11 to 23 kV/mm at 80 K helium condition. Besides, both of the two type insulation samples of 3 and 5 mm thickness can withstand 30 kV under various helium pressures at 80 K.     

PKU-SCAF 1.3GHz超导腔超流氦冷却循环设计及运行温度优化

超导腔的BCS表面电阻是温度的指数函数,降低超导腔工作温度可以减少超导腔的射频功率损失,但同时制冷设备的效率也会急剧降低.本文以北京大学超导加速器实验装置(PKU-SCAF)1.3 GHz的9壳型超导加速腔为例,对1.3 GHz超导腔采用的压力为3.13 kPa的饱和态超流氦冷却循环方案及运行温度进行了分析研究.从提高超流氦冷却系统的制冷系数、降低超导腔的动态损耗出发,通过对5种超流氦冷却循环方案以及超流氦冷却循环的效率和超导腔低温系统的能耗进行数值模拟和分析,得出了适合PKU-SCAF主超导腔的最佳工作温度为1.95K.     

The Application and Improvement of Helium Turbines in the EAST Cryogenic System

The helium cryogenic system supplies supercritical helium cooling capacity at 4.5 K for the superconducting magnets in the EAST superconducting tokamak.Four low-temperature helium turbines are used in the 2 kW helium refrigeration system,and their performance and reliability are critical for the continuous operation of the tokamak.The turbines were made by the Helium Mechanics Company in Russia.The start-up process is very unstable,easily broken,and thus testing and improvements are needed.In this paper,we analyze the structure of the helium turbine,make improvements,and describe the testing process and results of the improved helium turbines.Some of the operational experiences during the start-up process and tests are also presented.     

国际热核聚变实验堆磁体线圈终端盒的设计

线圈终端盒（CTB）是国际热核聚变实验堆超导磁体系统的重要组成部分，其内部组件的漏热常常是整个磁体系统的主要漏热源之一，在很大程度上决定着低温系统的液氦消耗量。本文从降低热负荷的角度对CTB内部冷屏、超导电流传输线、电流引线、阀及冷却管路、外部盒体的设计进行了详细阐述，为最终结构的确定提供了理论依据。     

加速器驱动次临界系统注入器Ⅱ低温恒温器控制系统

根据加速器驱动次临界系统（ADS）注入器Ⅱ对低温设备的要求设计了一套EPICS架构的控制系统,实现了低温恒温器系统的远程监控功能。该系统的主要控制设备为PLC和串口服务器,相应的控制程序在LabVIEW中开发完成,并使用DSC模块将被控设备的状态和参数等信息以过程变量的形式发布到控制网络中,实现了EPICS接入。使用PID算法将低温恒温器的氦槽压力控制在目标值的±100 Pa内变化,保证了超导腔的正常工作要求。设计的控制系统运行稳定,在5 MeV的束流实验中发挥了作用。     

650 MHz双cell超导腔冷氦气自动降温方案研究

本文以先进光源技术研发与测试平台（PAPS）中的650 MHz双cell超导腔的降温过程为主要研究对象，采用准则关系式法及计算流体力学方法构建了整体换热模型并编程计算，得到了降温过程中超导腔所需的冷氦气入口腔前参数。根据腔前参数反推流程，考虑整体布局和局部阻力的损失，计算了兑温阀门开度与腔前参数的对应关系，从而可通过兑温阀门开度时刻表来实现整体降温过程的自动控制。     

Study on the Dynamic Performance of the Helium Turboexpander for EAST Subsystems

An increase of the cooling capacities in the liquid helium temperature area is required by Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak(EAST) due to the extension of its subsystems in the near future.Limited by the heat exchangers,cryogenic pipes,and cryogenic valves,it is difficult to enlarge the present EAST helium system.10~2 W@4.5 K level helium cryogenic systems are needed in view of feasibility and economy.A turboexpander is the key component of a helium cryogenic system.In this article,a hydrostatic gas lubricated cryogenic helium turboexpander for a 900 W@4.5 K cryogenic helium system was developed for the EAST updated subsystem by the Institute of Plasma Physics,Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Cryogenic and Refrigeration of Xi'an Jiaotong University.The main components,such as gas bearings,expansion wheel,shaft,and brake wheel,were briefly presented.The dynamic performance of the journal and thrust gas bearings was investigated numerically.The rotordynamic performance of the developed turboexpander was studied experimentally.The results show that the axial and radial load capacities supplied by the journal gas bearing and thrust gas bearing are enough to balance the axial force and radial force of the rotor.A 43%overspeed operation was achieved,which validated the reasonable design of the turboexpander.     

2D thermal analysis for heat transfer from casing to winding pack in JT-60SA TF coils

In the framework of the Broader Approach Agreement, Europe is involved in the design activities for the Japanese Tokamak JT-60SA, investigating, among several issues, the operation of the superconducting TF magnets and their subsystems, aimed at the reactor conceptual design definition. In particular, one of the main critical aspects to study is the heating of the conductor due to both direct component of energy deposited by neutrons and by secondary gamma generated during plasma operation, and heat generated by the radiation on casing and transferred to the winding pack. Indeed, the operating temperature and the relevant temperature margin (i.e. the operating safety margin) of the magnet will depend strongly on the heat loads and on the capability of the coolant to remove it. Furthermore, the heat power to the conductor will depend on several aspects, namely the thickness of insulating material, the mass flow rate of helium flowing in the conductors and its thermodynamic properties at operating conditions, and the layout of the superconductors constituting the winding. Moreover, a crucial aspect in the final design will be the presence and position of the casing cooling channels. In this paper a 2D sensitivity analysis of heat transfer from casing to winding pack with respect to cooling channels number and position is presented, based on the reference layout of the magnet. As a result, we evaluated the optimum number and positioning of cooling channels needed, as a trade-off between magnet operating limits and available cryogenic power and if, at limit, they could be even neglected in normal operation, keeping dwell-time within reasonable values.     

A coil test facility for the cryogenic tests of the JT-60SA TF coils

In the framework of the Broader Approach Activities, the EU will deliver to Japan the 18 superconducting coils, which constitute the JT-60SA Toroidal field magnet. These 18 coils, manufactured by France and Italy, will be cold tested before shipping to Japan. For this purpose, the European Joint Undertaking for ITER, the Development of Fusion Energy (“Fusion for Energy”, F4E) and the European Voluntary Contributors are collaborating to design and set-up a coil test facility (CTF) and to perform the acceptance test of the 18 JT-60SA Toroidal Field (TF) coils. The test facility is designed to test one coil at a time at nominal current and cryogenic temperature. The test of the first coil of each manufacturer includes a quench triggered by increasing the temperature.The project is presently in the detailed design phase.     

Process Modeling and Dynamic Simulation for EAST Helium Refrigerator

In this paper,the process modeling and dynamic simulation for the EAST helium refrigerator has been completed.The cryogenic process model is described and the main components are customized in detail.The process model is controlled by the PLC simulator,and the realtime communication between the process model and the controllers is achieved by a customized interface.Validation of the process model has been confirmed based on EAST experimental data during the cool down process of 300-80 K.Simulation results indicate that this process simulator is able to reproduce dynamic behaviors of the EAST helium refrigerator very well for the operation of long pulsed plasma discharge.The cryogenic process simulator based on control architecture is available for operation optimization and control design of EAST cryogenic systems to cope with the long pulsed heat loads in the future.     

Process Design of Cryogenic Distribution System for CFETR CS Model Coil

The superconducting magnet of Central Solenoid(CS) model coil of China Fusion Engineering Test Reactor(CFETR) is made of Nb_3Sn/Nb Ti cable-in-conduit conductor(CICC),and operated by forced-flow cooling with a large amount of supercritical helium.The cryogenic circulation pump is analyzed and considered to be effective in achieving the supercritical helium(SHe) circulation for the forced-flow cooled(FFC) CICC magnet.A distributed system will be constructed for cooling the CFETR CS model coil.This paper presents the design of FFC process for the CFETR CS model coil.The equipment configuration,quench protection in the magnet and the process control are presented.     

多孔注入冷冻靶快速降温过程瞬态特性研究

高度均匀光滑的燃料冰层是惯性约束聚变冷冻靶成功点火的物质前提,其制备关键是在靶丸外建立均匀的球形温度场并进行精确控制。本文针对多孔注入冷冻靶系统,建立了三维仿真模型,数值研究了冷冻靶温度场稳态分布与瞬态降温特性,并分析了接触热阻、氦气压力等因素的影响。结果表明：冷臂温度恒定时,靶丸与充气管接触位置为低温区,激光入射口正对处为高温区,最大温差为003 mK;硅臂加热块功率突降后,靶丸表面最大温差在025 s内急剧上升至8788 mK,温度场均匀性显著恶化;与硅爪 套筒完美接触相比,低温胶层的存在可有效改善降温过程中温度场的恶化,但降温响应时间明显增加;1～10 kPa氦气压力范围内,快速降温过程中靶丸温度响应迅速,且最大温差峰值较小,有利于维持靶丸表面的温度均匀性。     

The operational results of the KSTAR PF cryo-circuit

The Koreas Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research (KSTAR) PF cryo-circuit is designed for cooling the fourteen superconducting magnets (Nb3Sn, NbTi) and structures. Those are cooled down by the supercritical helium (4.5 K and 5.5 bar) of a forced flow (pressure gradient: 2 bar) in order to maintain the supercritical state of the helium. To supply a large amount of supercritical helium (>370 g/s), a circulator was inserted into the PF cryo-circuit. The compressed supercritical helium is distributed to five helium manifolds with cryogenic valves and supplied to each PF magnet. While the PF magnets had been operating, the mass flow rate reduced and the pressure head of the circulator was fluctuated depending on the PF magnet operation scenario. These phenomena could damage the circulator and could stop it during operation. Therefore, by-pass valve, which is parallel with in-line valve and is connected with inlet and outlet of the magnet, was opened in order to reduce of the circulator's pressure head. In this paper, we focused on the helium behavior of the superconducting magnet when the by-pass valve was opened in order to release the pressure head of the circulator and the results will be presented.