基于RELAP5的螺旋管蒸汽发生器热工水力程序研发与验证

由于较高的换热效率和紧凑的结构设计,螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器(HCOTSG)在多种模块化小型堆的设计中得到了广泛应用。RELAP5作为广泛应用于反应堆热工水力特性分析的大型系统程序之一,采用的热工水力关系式仅针对直管模型开发,不适用于HCOTSG一次侧和二次侧。本文选用螺旋管及横掠管束的热工水力模型,基于RELAP5程序开发了HCOTSG模块。采用实验数据及程序对比等方式对螺旋管模块的流动和换热模型进行了单独验证,利用开发的RELAP5-HCOTSG程序针对国际革新安全反应堆(IRIS)的蒸汽发生器设计进行了整体的热工水力模拟,与原始RELAP5的计算相比,RELAP5-HCOTSG程序计算得到的热工水力参数与设计值符合良好,确认了本文开发的程序模块在HCOTSG热工水力分析中的适用性。     

螺旋管直流蒸汽发生器一、二次侧耦合传热特性分析

为获得螺旋管直流蒸汽发生器（HCOTSG）螺旋换热管内两相流动换热特征，以国际革新安全反应堆（IRIS）HCOTSG为研究对象建立了HCOTSG一、二次侧耦合热分析模型，分析了稳态工况下，不同二次侧给水流量对HCOTSG热工水力参数产生的影响，并将所建立的HCOTSG一、二次侧耦合热分析模型与计算流体力学软件（CFX）三维流动换热计算相结合，对HCOTSG稳态工况下螺旋管内精细的热工水力参数进行计算。通过HCOTSG一、二次侧耦合热分析模型计算得到HCOTSG稳态工作时沿管程的相关热工水力参数；通过CFX三维模拟发现螺旋管横截面流体流速和温度分布不均匀现象，得到螺旋内侧流体温度高于螺旋外侧，螺旋内侧流体速度低于螺旋外侧，螺旋内侧流体比螺旋外侧流体先开始沸腾的结论。因此，本研究对于HCOTSG稳态运行和螺旋换热管事故分析具有指导作用。      

液态金属螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器数值模拟研究

螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器(HCOTSG)是一种蒸汽发生器常用形式。得益于其特殊的优势,HCOTSG被广泛用于各类反应堆动力系统中。本文提出了利用计算流体力学软件（FLUENT）对液态金属HCOTSG的壳侧液态铅铋、管侧两相流体进行耦合流动传热计算的CFD方法,并通过与相关实验研究结果的对比验证了数值模拟方法的正确性。在此基础上,本文对HCOTSG在典型工况下开展了数值模拟计算,得到蒸汽发生器内部的热工水力参数分布情况,并对其内部的流动换热特性进行分析。本研究为液态金属HCOTSG流动换热特性研究及结构设计优化提供新的思路方法。     

RELAP5堆芯功率计算模型的扩展

为了更好地将反应堆热工水力最佳估算程序RELAP5应用于分析控制棒控制的反应堆堆芯的功率瞬变过程，堆芯功率计算模块除保留原程序中使用的点堆中子动力学模型外，还必须向轴向一维中子动力学模型进行扩展。本文通过在现有轴向一维物理程序基础上进行改造和开发，实现了RELAP5程序与一维物理程序的耦合，并且通过例题验证了耦合的正确性。     

基于漂移流模型的蒸汽发生器稳态热工水力分析

为研究蒸汽发生器的稳态热工水力特性,建立了四方程漂移流模型,并开发了一维计算程序。对蒸汽发生器U型管管束空间考虑为由一次侧通道、二次侧通道和传热管构成,对一次侧通道和二次侧通道的过冷段采用单相流模型,二次侧通道的沸腾段采用四方程漂移流模型,建立基于交错网格的一阶迎风差分方程,通过热平衡-自然循环压降的交叉迭代计算得到稳态热工水力参数。利用程序计算了秦山300 MW核电厂100%、75%、50%、30%、15%功率稳定运行工况下的热工水力特性,并与RELAP5的计算结果进行比较,两组结果一致性较好。     

基于RELAP5-HD的中国铅基研究实验堆模拟机热工水力模型开发与分析

中国铅基研究实验堆(CLEAR-Ⅰ)是针对加速器驱动次临界装置和第4代铅冷快堆发展需求设计的能实现临界和加速器驱动次临界双模式运行的新型反应堆,具有良好的中子学与热工水力学特性,并具备固有安全性。CLEAR-Ⅰ模拟机是针对中国铅基研究实验堆开发的全物理过程仿真系统,能够实现设计方案校核、控制方案验证、运行工况仿真等功能,本文利用热工水力学仿真程序RELAP5-HD开发了其临界运行状态下的热工水力模型,包括一维模型及三维模型,并对模型进行了稳态和瞬态情况下的仿真验证。仿真结果表明,基于RELAP5-HD程序所建立的中国铅基研究实验堆热工水力模型合理可行,能进一步用于反应堆控制方案及控制策略研究。     

欧洲铅冷快堆水平螺旋管式蒸汽发生器热工水力性能分析

以欧洲铅冷堆（ELSY）水平螺旋管式蒸汽发生器（HST-SG）为研究对象,结合其结构参数和运行参数,选取了合适的传热阻力模型开发了一维稳态热工水力计算程序,采用该程序首先对ELSY HST-SG进行校核计算,以验证程序计算的准确性,再结合计算结果,对ELSY HST-SG热工水力性能进行详细分析,并针对不同运行参数开展对比分析研究。分析结果表明,ELSY HST-SG各项参数选择合理,热工水力性能优良,结构紧凑。因此,该程序可用于ELSY HST-SG的设计开发和性能分析。      

微型中子源反应堆热工水力安全分析

微型中子源反应堆（简称微堆）是一种典型的罐池式反应堆，采用自然对流循环冷却。为研究微堆的安全性，对其额定功率运行以及事故工况下的瞬态热工水力特性进行了模拟。针对额定功率运行工况，采用CFD软件进行瞬态热工水力三维数值模拟，同时采用RELAP5程序进行一维计算，二者计算结果相符，表明了计算结果的正确性及额定功率工况的安全性。采用RELAP5程序对反应性引入事故进行了计算，计算结果进一步印证了微堆的自稳特性和固有安全性。     

高温气冷堆螺旋管式直流蒸汽发生器热工水力学

高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器具有一次侧氦气工质、二次侧直流、螺旋管结构、工作温度高等特点，其热工水力特性与传统压水堆自然循环蒸汽发生器存在很大区别。针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器的特点，对其基础热工水力及特有热工水力学问题进行了阐述，主要包括螺旋管内单相及两相流阻及换热计算、横掠螺旋管束流阻及换热计算、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等。同时介绍了清华大学核能与新能源技术研究院针对高温气冷堆蒸汽发生器热工设计、温度均匀性及两相流不稳定性等热工水力学问题所开发的一维稳态程序、一维瞬态程序、二维分析程序和方法，并对分析结果和结论进行了讨论。相关研究方法、程序和结论对其他相似参数螺旋管和直管式直流蒸汽发生器具有参考和借鉴意义。     

螺旋管式换热器的流致振动研究

流体诱发振动广泛存在于管壳式换热设备中，而螺旋管式换热器由于体积小、换热效率高，近年来大量应用于各类工业换热设备。本文针对单根螺旋管进行流致振动分析，分别利用一维热工水力程序RELAP5、CFD软件FLUENT和有限元软件ANSYS计算螺旋管一、二次侧流体密度分布，一次侧流体的速度场和螺旋管模态振型，并在0、1、2、4、和8支承数下计算单根螺旋管的流弹失稳比和湍流抖振均方根位移比。计算结果表明，当螺旋管采用4个对称支承进行固定时可满足ASME流弹失稳和TEMA湍流抖振的设计标准。     

Flow-induced vibration and fretting-wear predictions of steam generator helical tubes

This paper addresses the potential flow-induced vibrations and fretting-wear of helically coiled tubes of the once-through steam generator employed at an integral type nuclear reactor, where the tubes are subjected to liquid cross-flow externally and multi-phase flow internally. The thermal-hydraulic conditions of both tube side and shell side flow fields are predicted using a general purpose computational fluid dynamics code using the finite volume element modeling. To get the natural frequency and corresponding mode shape of the helically coiled tubes with various conditions, a finite element analysis code is used. Based on the results of both the thermal-hydraulic analysis of helically coiled tube steam generator and the modal analysis of the tubes, predictions of turbulence-induced vibration, fluidelastic instability and fretting-wear of the helically coiled tubes are performed. In the predictions, special emphasis is placed on determining the effects of the number of supports, coil diameter and helix pitch on the natural vibration mode, turbulence vibration amplitude, fluidelastic instability and fretting-wear characteristics of the tubes. The results provide the technical information and bases needed by designers and regulatory reviewers for evaluating the design.     

Semi 2D modeling of the horizontal steam generator PGV-1000 using the RELAP5 code

Developing a reliable thermal-hydraulic model of the steam generator is an essential process in the steady state and transient analysis for the Pressurized Water Reactor type of the Nuclear Power Plants. This paper provides a semi two dimensional thermal-hydraulic model of the PGV-1000 horizontal steam generator using the RELAP5 code. Applying the qualified nodalization and the cross-flow effects are some of the advantages in the present model. The obtained results from the RELAP5 steady state analysis showed a reasonable agreement with the Bushehr NPP Final Safety Analysis Reports (FSAR).     

RELAP5铅铋快堆模型拓展及验证

为研究铅铋快堆瞬态热工水力特性,对RELAP5程序进行二次开发,添加铅铋合金（LBE）物性模型和液态金属流动换热模型,并与NACIE-UP和CIRCE-ICE台架的实验结果进行对比。计算结果表明：NACIE-UP台架稳态流量和温度相对误差在2%以内,瞬态相对误差不超过5%,与其他系统程序CATHARE、ATHLET、RELAP5-3D、RELAP5/MOD3.3(modified)相比,本文程序的相对偏差不超过10%;CIRCE-ICE台架稳态流量和温度相对误差在2%以内,瞬态相对误差不超过10%。本文程序满足反应堆系统热工水力分析程序精度要求,可作为铅铋快堆安全分析的有效工具。     

螺旋管直流蒸汽发生器一、二次侧耦合传热特性分析

To study the flow and heat transfer characteristics of the primary and secondary sides of the helical coil once-through tube steam generator (HCOTSG) under steady state conditions, taking HCOTSG of International Reactor Innovative and Secure (IRIS) as the research object, a primary and secondary sides heat balance calculation model for steady state operation of HCOTSG is established. The influence of different secondary side feed water flow rate on HCOTSG thermal and hydraulic parameters under steady-state condition is analyzed, and the detailed thermal and hydraulic parameters in the helical tube under steady-state condition are calculated by combining the coupled thermal analysis model with the three-dimensional flow and heat exchange calculation of CFX. The relevant thermal and hydraulic parameters along the tube side of HCOTSG during steady-state operation are calculated by the thermal analysis model. The CFX simulation results show that the velocity and temperature distribution of the fluid in the cross section of the helical tube are not uniform. The temperature of the fluid inside the helix is higher than that outside the helix. The velocity of the fluid inside the helix is lower than that outside the helix. The boiling of the fluid inside the helix occurs earlier than that outside the helix. Therefore, this study has a guiding role in the accident analysis for HCOTSG steady-state operation and spiral heat exchange tube.     

蒸汽发生器优化设计后的运行特性研究

以秦山核电厂相关设备为原型,基于已开发的蒸汽发生器模型及优化计算程序,利用系统分析程序RELAP5验证该模型的准确性,并对优化设计所给出的蒸汽发生器的设计方案的稳态运行特性和负荷提升瞬态运行特性进行了模拟分析。结果显示：已开发的蒸汽发生器数学模型是合理的;在超负荷运行过程中,经优化设计的蒸汽发生器存在循环倍率过低问题;RELAP5可作为核动力设备优化设计方案的验证程序。     

小型压水堆严重事故下一回路承压管道蠕变预测分析模型开发

一回路承压管道蠕变是压水堆核电厂严重事故重要现象之一。针对小型压水堆,本文基于SCDAP/RELAP5程序开发了严重事故分析模型,利用实验拟合方法得到了一回路主管道(SA321)、自然循环式蒸汽发生器传热管(00Cr25Ni35Al Ti)两种材料蠕变预测分析模型,改进了SCDAP/RELAP5程序蠕变预测分析功能模块,并通过假想事故序列验证了SA321、00Cr25Ni35Al Ti蠕变预测分析模型的合理性。为后续开展小型压水堆严重事故下一回路承压管道蠕变规律研究提供基础参考。     

Multi-objective optimal design of vertical natural circulation steam generator

In this work, a hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm was proposed and utilized to perform the multi-objective optimization design of a natural circulation steam generator, which included minimizing of the weight, the volume and the reactor coolant flow-rate. Sensitivity analysis of the design variables was carried out to study the relationships between the optimization variables and the objective functions, which was also helpful for the explanation of the optimization results. The mathematical model of the steam generator was validated by the RELAP5 code. The results show that the mathematical model has a good agreement with the RELAP5 model after modifying the boiling correlation in the secondary side; the proposed hybrid non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm is able to find much better spread of solutions and better convergence near the true Pareto optimal front compared to the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm; reactor inlet temperature is the most important variable which influences the distribution of Pareto optimal solutions.     

RELAP5-3D modeling of PWR steam generator condensation experiments at the Oregon State University APEX facility

This report describes modeling using RELAP5-3D of a series of six steam generator U-tube steam condensation (without non-condensable gas) tests conducted at the Oregon State University Advanced Plant Experiment Test Facility from 2005 through 2007. These tests were designed to evaluate steam condensation rates in a scaled pressurized water reactor steam generator at various primary and secondary side pressures and inlet steam mass flow rates. Comparisons between the experimental data and the RELAP5-3D model results are made to quantify the effectiveness of RELAP5-3D in handling steam condensation in U-tube steam generators. RELAP5-3D tends to over predict the condensation rate and heat transfer coefficient when compared against the experimental data when the code uses the laminar Nusselt correlation to determine the heat transfer coefficient. When RELAP5-3D results are used with the Shah correlation the comparison between the heat transfer coefficients is much improved.