气体开关串级环形间隙放电相互影响机制研究

针对中空和非中空触发电极结构的两间隙开关,进行了触发击穿特性实验,对比两个间隙的击穿抖动和通道数,分析了串级两间隙的相互影响机制。实验结果表明:两只开关触发间隙击穿抖动和通道数变化规律基本一致;非中空开关自击穿间隙击穿抖动随工作系数的增大而减小,最小约3 ns,中空开关自击穿间隙击穿抖动始终约1 ns;非中空开关自击穿间隙难形成多通道放电,中空开关自击穿间隙通道数明显多于其他间隙。触发间隙首先放电产生紫外光,通过触发电极中空通孔预先照射自击穿间隙产生初始电子,是自击穿间隙击穿抖动减小、通道数增加的主要作用机制。     

气体开关触发间隙与过压间隙击穿特性研究

为研究快脉冲直线变压器驱动源（FLTD）多间隙气体开关的触发击穿特性，针对一种环形电极两间隙等效实验开关，开展不同触发电压、工作系数和电极材料下的击穿特性实验，对比两个间隙的击穿延时和抖动，分析间隙击穿特性的主要影响因素和作用机制。实验结果表明：触发间隙击穿延时主要受触发电压影响，而工作系数是过压间隙击穿延时的主要影响因素；开关抖动主要来自于触发间隙，触发间隙抖动随触发电压的增大明显减小，过压间隙抖动基本不随触发电压和工作系数变化且维持在较低值；石墨电极开关的击穿延时和抖动明显小于不锈钢、黄铜和钨铜电极开关，具有良好的触发击穿性能。通过分析指出，是否有预电离可能是两个间隙击穿特性差异的主要原因。     

基于场畸变开关的Marx高压脉冲电源研制

针对脉冲电流法破碎核燃料球的研究需要,设计了基于Marx电路的高压直流脉冲电源。采用三电极场畸变开关作为触发开关,开关主电极和圆盘形触发极同轴布置,采用N2气体绝缘,仿真计算结果表明开关在充电和触发时电场最大值区域均匀,有机玻璃罩沿面场强符合绝缘要求。采用7级Marx发生器电路结构,每级由5 kΩ充电电阻,0.14"F高压脉冲电容和一个气体开关构成,触发源采用氢闸流管触发电路。进行了开关自击穿和Marx电路的触发实验,表明开关电感小,场畸变系数大,触发性能可靠。将该高压脉冲电源用于解体目标物质,可获得输出上升时间500 ns、电流峰值9.12 k A、单个脉冲持续时间3.5μs的高压脉冲,符合预期的设计指标。     

高真空双T腔微波脉冲压缩开关的研究

本文介绍通过储能切换法在高真空双T腔内实现高功率微波脉冲的压缩.文章中分析了微波开关的机理并介绍了实验.实验表明,高真空条件下的自击穿微波开关能够满足储能切换的要求,开关击穿时刻的不同会导致输出功率的变化.本文还介绍了高真空条件下的可控外触发微波开关的设计及其初步实验.     

晶闸管强触发电路设计

为了研究晶闸管在强触发下的导通特性,利用功率MOSFET的快开通特性和通流能力,设计了光纤控制晶闸管强触发电路。该电路中晶闸管门极触发电流峰值范围为0.35～39.6 A,前沿范围为35～540 ns,电流上升率范围为3.4～83.3 A/μs。实验结果表明,该电路参数调节范围宽,触发电流抖动小(小于4 ns),具有较高的稳定性和可靠性。     

双脉冲闸流管触发器研制

重氢闸流管开关在高压大电流快脉冲技术领域仍扮演着重要角色,闸流管的触发线路是决定闸流管开关性能的关键因素之一。除提高触发脉冲（G2）的幅度和上升速率外,采用双脉冲触发技术也可有效地改善闸流管开关的时间特性。从通用性、可靠性和可维护性的角度出发,研制了一种集成的全固态双脉冲闸流管触发器,并在BEPCⅡ运行中投入使用。通过测试,闸流管在该触发器的驱动下,时间抖动典型值<1 ns。3年多的运行实践表明,触发器的故障率极低,具有很高的可靠性。     

用饱和增益开关法压缩KrF准分子激光脉冲

为提高激光作用于靶上的功率密度和耦合效率，需对目前的激光进行脉宽压缩。本工作采用饱和增益开关法，利用预放大器的放大特性对前端输出的非相干光进行了脉宽压缩，最后将脉宽为23ns的种子光压缩到了12ns，且可根据需要在5~20ns内变化。     

用饱和增益开关方法对“天光一号”进行脉宽压缩实验研究

目前“天光一号”前端输出脉宽约为23 ns,为适应将来ICF对入射激光的高功率要求,必须对其脉宽进行压缩。另外,目前“天光一号”正在用平滑光束进行物质状态方程的实验研究,实验要求作用于靶上的功率密度必须在1012 W/cm2以上,这也提出了必须对现有的脉冲宽度进行压缩的要求。我们采用了饱和增益开关的方法来实现对KrF准分子激光脉宽的压缩。其基本原理是将振荡腔产生的双程放大部分的非相干光束分成大小分别为0.01Is和Is(Is为放大腔的饱和光强)的两束光,强度小的一束先进入放大腔放大,此时由于是小信号,增益可达到约200倍。然后让强度大…     

瞬时电离辐射敏感开关设计及效应分析

采用瞬时辐射敏感开关可避免电子器件在瞬时电离辐射环境下发生闩锁而失效或损毁。性能较好的开关须满足灵敏度高、抗辐射、抗干扰、驱动能力强等要求。本工作在RC延时电路的基础上设计了放电型和充电型两种辐射敏感开关,并通过瞬时电离辐射实验对两种开关的敏感度、关断时间稳定度、抗干扰能力进行了测试。结果表明,放电型开关的关断时间稳定度和抗干扰能力不及充电型开关,且探测单元采用晶闸管较采用二极管或三极管综合性能好;充电型开关更适合用于多次脉冲辐射环境,但开关中的缓冲单元输入端不能含有静电保护电路,否则影响开关关断时间。     

低抖动纳秒高压脉冲源研究

根据某高能物理实验要求,利用真空平面三极管驱动高压触发管,研制出脉冲幅度达10 kV、前沿小于3.5 ns、抖动低于1 ns,负载电阻R_L为50 Ω时峰值电流可达200 A的高压负脉冲源。本文介绍了该脉冲源的系统组成及工作原理,并给出了系统输出波形。     

Comparative study on breakdown characteristics of trigger gap and overvoltage gap in a gas pressurized closing switch

Gas pressurized closing switches are one of the most important elements in FLTD-based systems. Improving the trigger performance of gas switches is useful for optimizing the output parameters and the reliability of the FLTD. In this paper, the breakdown characteristics of the trigger gap and the overvoltage gap are studied experimentally. The reasons for the different breakdown performance of the two gaps are also investigated. The results show that the breakdown delay of the trigger gap is more influenced by the trigger voltage, while the breakdown delay of the overvoltage gap is more influenced by the working coefficient and always higher than that of the trigger gap. The jitter of the trigger gap is more influenced by the trigger voltage and accounts more than 60% of the total switch jitter, while the jitter of the overvoltage gap is hardly changed with the trigger voltage as well as the working coefficient and maintains less than 1.4 ns. It is proved that the discharging product from the trigger gap can effectively reduce the breakdown delay and jitter of the overvoltage gap. Based on that, the effect and improvement of pre-ionization on the two gaps are also studied. It is concluded that the jitter of the trigger gap reduces obviously when the pre-ionization is added, while the pre-ionization almost has no effect on the jitter of the overvoltage gap. The jitter of the overvoltage gap is about two times higher than the trigger gap in the pre-ionizing switch.     

A low-jitter self-triggered spark-discharge pre-ionization switch:primary research on its breakdown characteristics and working mechanisms

MV pulsed switch plays a key role as the transfer switch in large electromagnetic pulse simulators.To broaden the range of self-triggering time,a novel spark-discharge pre-ionization switch,in which the main gap electric field is superposed at the trigger gap to let the electrons in its spark channel also become initial electrons,is proposed and tested.The design idea is:as electrons in the spark channel of the trigger gap always exist after its breakdown,the injection time of pre-ionization should have a more negligible effect on reducing the switch jitter.The experiment results under pulses with a rise time of～100 ns support the above assumptions.When the operating voltage is from～300 to～800 kV and the self-triggering time is～45％to～75％of the peak time,the breakdown time delay jitter is less than 2 ns,and the breakdown voltage jitter is smaller than 1.25％.Under specific self-triggering time,the breakdown time delay jitter is less than 1.5 ns,and the breakdown voltage jitter is smaller than 0.8％.     

Experimental Study of the Multi-gap Multi-channel Gas Spark Closing Switch

1. IntroductionHigh-voltage and high--current closing switch is oneof the key elements in pulsed-power systems. It hasextensive applications in generating high--voltage andhigh-current pulses With the recent development ofpulsed-X-r8y simulator and high--power Z--pinch tech-nology [l,2], it is required that the closing switch is ofsmall inductance, low jitter, high conducting currentand long operating life.One of the methods for the reduction of switchlnductance, jitter and electrode erosion …     

Zinc Oxide Surface Flashover Triggering of Pseudospark Switch

Accurate and reliable triggering is one of the most important issues with high power pseudospark switch,because it not only has an impact on the design of discharge chamber of switch,but also has an influence on the dynamic range of operation voltage,repetition frequencies and lifetime of switch.The unique feature of pseudospark switch is its hollow cathode geometry.The hollow cathode effect produced by the hollow cathode provides the protection of the swithch for the triggering unit from erosion by high discharge plasma.In this paper,a zinc oxide(ZnO) surface flashover triggering is presented.This trigger unit possesses an excellent time delay(80ns-360ns) and jitter (20ns-50ns)at the switch voltage of 30kV-2kV.The emitted plasma electron density is high enough to trigger switch reliably down to switch voltage of 440V.     

Sub-ns Jitter, 1ns Risetime and 10kV Rectangular Pulse Trigger Generator

A new rectangular pulse trigger generator has been developed which can generate two 10 kV pulses with a risetime less than 1 ns, a jitter of 0.2 ns and a width of about 10 ns and 40 ns, respectively. This generator uses two polymer-foil switches and 25 ohm Blumlein transmission lines composed of two-parallel standard coaxial cables discharging into two 50 ohm output cables. The pulse width and the delay between two pulses can be adjusted by changing the length of the cables.     

Investigation on the electrode surface roughness effects on a repetitive self-breakdown gas switch

In this work, the influence of the electrode surface roughness on the self-breakdown gas switch is investigated by physical analysis, computer simulation and experiment. Cu-W electrodes of different surface roughness were tested under the conditions of a pulse repetitive frequency of 50 Hz, self-breakdown voltage of ∼30 kV, and peak current of ∼2 kA for ∼93000 shots (the total charge transferred was ∼15 C). The coefficients of variation of the self-breakdown voltage of Cu-W 0.8, Cu-W 3.2 and Cu-W 12.5 electrodes were ∼2.95%, ∼1.62% and ∼1.16%, respectively. With the increase of electrode roughness, the erosion area decreased continuously, indicating that the breakdown positions were more stable and the coefficient of variation of breakdown voltage decreased. The method showed that decreasing the coefficient of variation of the self-breakdown voltage by increasing the surface roughness of electrode greatly improves the stability of the self-breakdown switch, which is significant for their application in compact high-power pulse power devices over a long time with stable operation.     

A calculation model for breakdown time delay and jitter of gas switches under hundred-nanosecond pulses and its application in a self-triggered pre-ionized switch

In this paper,a calculation model for the breakdown time delay and jitter of gas switches under hundred-nanosecond pulses is proposed and applied in a self-triggered pre-ionized switch.The effects of injection time of pre-ionization,pulse rise time,and the pre-ionization jitter are discussed and verified through experiments.It indicates that the pre-ionization should be injected when the electric field is high enough in the gap,injection after 80％peak-time can ensure its effectiveness.Then the statistical time delay jitter will be determined by the pre-ionization jitter,which is an intrinsic restriction of the self-triggered switch.However,when the changing rate of the pulsed electric field exceeds a certain value,the breakdown time delay jitter can be partly offset in the formative stage because the formative time delay has an exponential relationship with the electric field.Therefore,lower time jitter can be obtained under pulses with a shorter pulse rise time.In general,the results of the calculation model agree with the experimental results,and the experimental parameters which lead to a low jitter can also be used as a reference.     

Comparative study of pulsed breakdown processes and mechanisms in self-triggered four-electrode pre-ionized switches

This work investigates the pulsed breakdown processes and mechanisms of self-triggered pre-ionized switches with a four-electrode structure in nitrogen through intensified charge coupled device photographs. The diameter of the trigger plane hole mainly determines the switch's electric field distribution. Two configurations with minimum and maximum trigger plane holes are adopted for comparison. In the switch with a minimum trigger plane hole, the maximum electric field distributes at the surfaces of the main electrodes. Although charged particles in the triggering spark channel cannot drift out, homogeneous discharges can be stimulated from both the cathode and anode surfaces through ultraviolet illumination. Two sub-gaps are likely to break down simultaneously. In the switch with a maximum trigger plane hole, the maximum electric field locates near the trigger electrodes. Discharges in both sub-gaps initiate from the trigger electrodes in the form of a positive or negative streamer. Due to the lower breakdown voltage and electric field threshold for discharge initiation, the cathode side sub-gap breaks down first. The analysis of two extreme examples can be referenced in the future design and improvement of self-triggered four-electrode switches with different trigger electrode structures.     

Simultaneity of Spark Gap Switch Firing in the Dense Plasma Focus Device

To gain insight into the synchronization, simultaneity, and switching behavior of the individual switch, two TIA-525 Optical/Electrical converters have been recently introduced to DPF experiments at Lawrenceville Plasma Physics (LPP). These electronic devices, attached to two spark gap switches through optical fibers, detect light sampled from the switch firing and convert it to amplified voltage signals. We observed that in terms of simultaneity and synchronization, the firing behavior and quality of the pair of switches monitored are not the same. Some switches, among the twelve that are being used, fired at the trigger voltage within few tens of ns while the others fired much later (after ~1–2 μs) and are triggered at or after the pinch voltage rise. The results from the present work show evidence of pinch voltage triggering the switches. Since the pinch voltage is over three times the voltage of the capacitors, this voltage triggers those capacitors that do not fire during the regular high voltage trigger pulse. This, we suggest, could affect the efficiency of the device as it simply drains the reserved energy in the system. We present results of an empirical study of spark gap switch firing as well as the total current that is followed using the Rogowski coil.