2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极保护焊焊接件残余应力的中子衍射研究

利用中子衍射法对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和钨极保护焊(TIG)焊接件开展了三维残余应力测量,并对残余应力分布规律进行了分析。结果表明:焊接件的纵向残余应力数值较大;FSW焊接件残余应力整体较TIG焊接件的小;FSW和TIG焊接件的残余拉应力最大值分别为101 MPa和174 MPa,FSW焊接件残余拉应力最大值较TIG焊接件的小;FSW残余拉应力最大值处于轴肩边缘,且前进侧峰值大于后退侧峰值;TIG焊接件残余拉应力最大值处于焊缝边缘。通过中子衍射实验获得的焊接件残余应力分布,将可用于焊接工艺的优化与焊接件的寿命预测。     

2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊和钨极保护焊残余应力的中子衍射和有限元方法研究

正利用中子衍射法对2219铝合金搅拌摩擦焊(FSW)和非熔化极惰性气体钨极保护焊(TIG)焊接件开展了三维残余应力测量,并对残余应力分布规律进行了分析,结果示于图1。结果表明:焊接件的纵向残余应力数值较大;FSW焊接残余应力整体小于TIG焊;FSW焊接和TIG焊接残余     

焊后热处理对16MND5钢焊接组织结构与残余应力的影响

16MND5钢广泛应用于核岛承压容器构件,其焊接接头不可避免地会引入高的残余应力,而焊后热处理可有效消减焊接残余应力以克服应力腐蚀裂纹的影响。本工作利用轮廓法和中子衍射技术研究了焊后热处理对16MND5钢焊接残余应力的影响。结果表明,轮廓法与中子衍射测试结果在趋势和数值上取得了较好的一致性,焊后热处理使焊接态的残余应力峰值从约420 MPa降低至约210 MPa。同时,利用金相法和SEM研究了焊后热处理对焊缝区域组织结构的影响。结果表明,焊后热处理主要表现为贝氏体和少量自回火马氏体的焊缝中心组织转变为回火贝氏体和回火马氏体,热处理后的焊缝区晶粒明显长大。     

焊后热处理对SA517 Gr.F焊接接头力学性能与组织的影响

为更好地掌握焊后热处理（PWHT）对SA517 Gr.F调质钢焊接接头性能的影响，对SA517 Gr.F调质钢手工电弧焊（SMAW）焊接接头进行了焊态（AW）与PWHT试样力学性能和组织分布特征的对比分析研究。分析结果表明:PWHT与AW相比，焊接接头室温拉伸和360℃高温拉伸的抗拉强度均有所下降；焊缝和热影响区（HAZ）峰值硬度降低。PWHT降低了焊接接头的残余应力，但未能改善焊缝和HAZ的冲击性能。建议对于SA517 Gr.F调质钢若满足ASME规范案例N-71-18条件，可免除焊后热处理。      

反应堆压力容器内部大尺寸环形异种金属焊缝残余应力分布研究

获得反应堆压力容器内部大尺寸环形异种金属焊缝残余应力分布可为反应堆压力容器结构设计和制造工艺优化提供指导,通过设计和制造能够代表产品焊接结构形式的镍基合金和低合金钢异种金属焊接结构模拟件,采用轮廓法测试焊接结构模拟件内部纵向残余应力,采用有限元法模拟计算焊接结构模拟件横向和纵向残余应力,获得了整个异种金属焊接接头残余应力分布特征。结果表明:焊缝区域内部纵向残余应力为拉伸应力,峰值应力达到500 MPa左右,并且表层应力大于内部应力,峰值应力出现在距下表面3 mm和24 mm位置;横向残余应力在焊缝区域从上表面到下表面的分布为拉应力-压应力-拉应力,压缩横向残余应力峰值达到?300 MPa,出现在距下表面约18 mm位置。本文研究可为焊接结构设计提供理论指导。      

STE460钢厚焊缝残余应力的中子衍射研究

管道焊接残余应力是影响管道安全和使用寿命的关键因素。中子衍射是唯一无损检测厚钢焊缝结构完整性的方法。本文主要采用中子衍射谱仪,辅以显微镜和硬度分析仪研究40 mm厚STE460钢管钨极惰性气体保护焊得的焊缝的残余应力分布、微观形貌、维氏硬度等。研究结果表明,焊缝的残余应力最高达670 MPa,非常接近STE460钢抗拉强度极限,而热影响区内的残余应力很小。全峰半高宽分析表明,焊缝区域塑性形变程度较低。整个焊缝不同区域的晶体显微照片表明其皆是均匀细晶。沿着焊缝方向和垂直焊缝方向的维氏硬度几乎一致,均在（200~250）HV02范围内。分析测试结果不仅满足工业应用里的电站基础结构建设和其他非破坏性残余应力评估装置校准的需求,并能增加对STE460钢厚截面焊缝的认知。     

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应用中子衍射方法和Rietveld法全谱图拟合，研究了微晶玻璃在缓冷和急冷两种热处理条件下微结构和内应力的变化。与缓冷处理相比，急冷处理使析出的β硅灰石晶体的晶胞沿着3个晶轴方向进一步拉伸，晶体受到残余非晶相的拉应力作用更大，但原子位置无序相对要小，过高的局部应力导致了应力集中区内微裂纹的出现。急冷处理样品在高角度处的非晶峰强度远高于缓冷处理样品，表明急冷处理样品中残余玻璃相的比例更高。中子衍射获得的应变值与X射线衍射结果有显著差别，显示材料体内应力和表面应力有很大不同。中子衍射是测定大块微晶玻璃试样的平均残余应变和研究其复杂的两相共存结构的一种可行方法。     

Levenberg-Marquardt算法在应力测量中子衍射峰位中的应用

为满足中国先进研究堆（CARR）中子残余应力谱仪准确、快速数据处理的需求,将Levenberg-Marquardt（LM）算法应用于应力测量中子衍射峰位。本文详细描述了用于峰形拟合的目标函数,基于LM算法的衍射峰位计算流程以及相应Labview程序的实现,并利用该程序拟合一系列衍射峰。结果表明,该程序能准确、快速地计算衍射峰位,可用于高精度大批量的中子残余应力谱仪数据处理。     

CARR上的应力测量中子衍射谱仪概念设计和模拟研究

中子衍射法是迄今为止可直接测量材料或工程部件内部深处应力场分布的唯一非破坏性方法，在工程上具有重要的应用。中国先进研究堆（CARR)中子散射工程拟建造一台应力测量中子衍射谱仪，其主要功能是测量材料中的残余应力和载荷应力。本文介绍了该谱仪的概念设计方案，并应用蒙特卡罗模拟软件MCSTAS对设计方案进行了模拟研究，对部分中子部件参数进行了优化设计。     

铍环焊接残余应力的中子衍射测试与有限元分析

利用稳态堆上的中子衍射应力谱仪开展了铍环激光焊接后的残余应力测试。先进行铍材中子衍射应力测试的参数及其优化研究,在固定堆功率、衍射晶面和规范体积的条件下,选取测试时间分别为600s和6 000s进行铍环上同一点的中子衍射峰的重复性测试,结果表明,后者测试铍材应变的统计误差仅为前者的1/3,其标准偏差约为1.10×10-5。取后者测试时间作为优化参数,对铍环焊缝附近轴向应变和环向应变方向的中子衍射峰进行测试,获得两个方向的残余应变分布,进一步计算出焊接残余应力分布。对铍环激光焊接过程的温度场和应力场进行三维有限元数值模拟,将有限元计算得到的铍环焊缝附近中间壁厚处的残余应力和应变与中子衍射测试结果进行对比,结果表明二者分布规律较为一致。     

Reduction method for residual stress of welded joint using harmonic vibrational load

Welding is widely used for construction of many structures. Since welding is a process using locally given heat, residual stress is generated near the bead. Tensile residual stress degrades fatigue strength. Some reduction methods of residual stress have been presented and, for example, heat treatment and shot peening are practically used. However, those methods need special tools and are time consuming. In this paper, a new method for reduction of residual stress using harmonic vibrational load during welding is proposed. The proposed method is examined experimentally for some conditions. Two thin plates are supported on the supporting device and butt-welded using an automatic CO₂ gas shielded arc welding machine. Residual stress in the direction of the bead is measured by using a paralleled beam X-ray diffractometer with scintillation counter after removing quenched scale chemically. First, the welding of rolled steel for general structure for some excitation frequencies is examined. Specimens are welded along the groove on both sides. For all frequencies, tensile residual stress near the bead is significantly reduced. Second, welding of the specimen made of high tensile strength steel is examined. In this case, tensile residual stress near the bead is also reduced. Finally, the proposed method is examined by an analytical method. An analytical model which consists of mass and preloaded springs with elasto-plastic characteristic is used. Reduction of residual stress is demonstrated using this model.     

Long-Term Integrity of Waste Package Final Closure for HLW Geological Disposal, (V) Applicability of MAG Welding Method to Overpack Final Closure

Overpack, a high-level radioactive waste package for Japan's geological disposal program, is required for preventing the sealed vitrified waste from contact with groundwater for 1,000 years. In this study, metal active gas (MAG) welding, a typical arc welding method, was evaluated for its applicability in sealing a carbon steel overpack lid with a thickness of 190 mm. Welding conditions and parameters were examined with multilayer welding for three different groove depths. Welded joint tests including the observation of macro- and microstructures were conducted, and mechanical properties were within tentatively applied criteria. Measurements and numerical calculations for residual stress were also conducted, and residual stress distribution tendencies were discussed. These test results were compared with those previously reported for tungsten inert gas welding (TIG) and electron beam welding (EBW). MAG welding possesses the potential to complete overpack lid closure with a maximum groove depth of 190 mm, but the applicability of MAG welding to overpack final closure should be discussed from the viewpoint of the presence of slag inclusions possibly induced in the weld metal.     

Determination of the residual stress tensor in textured zirconium alloy by neutron diffraction

Results of neutron diffraction studies of crystallographic texture and residual stress tensor components in cold-worked and annealed cylindrical components made from E-110 zirconium alloy are presented. Those components are used as plugs in the fuel elements of the VVER-type reactors; the resident residual stresses influence the durability and safety of the fuel elements. The experiments were carried out on the neutron diffractometers at Dubna (the IBR-2 pulsed reactor) and Berlin Helmholtz–Zentrum (the BER II research reactor). It is shown that the samples have fiber texture that is changed considerably with annealing. The type I residual stress tensors for both samples were calculated by the BulkPathGEO model. The cold worked component has 136–166 MPa tensile residual stress in the radial direction and zero stress along the axial direction. Residual stress values in the annealed component are close to zero.     

Evaluation of local deformation behavior accompanying fatigue damage in F82H welded joint specimens by using digital image correlation

By using digital image correlation, the deformation behaviors of local domains of F82H joint specimens welded using tungsten inert gas (TIG) and electron beam (EB) welding were evaluated during tensile and fatigue testing. In the tensile test specimens, the tensile strength decreased in the TIG-welded joints, and ductility decreased in both the EB- and TIG-welded joints. Because axial strain increased in the tempered heat-affected zone (HAZ) and led to the fracture of the TIG-welded joint, the strength was considered to have decreased because of welding. In fatigue testing, the number of cycles to fracture for the welded joint decreased to less than 40–60% of that for the base metal. For both fracture specimens, the largest value of shear strain was observed in the region approximately between the fine-grained HAZ and tempered HAZ; this shear strain ultimately led to fracture. Cavities and macrocracks were observed in the fine-grained HAZ and tempered HAZ in the cross sections of the fracture specimens, and geometrical damage possibly resulted in the reduction of fatigue lifetime.     

Compatibility of ferritic-martensitic steel T91 welds with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic: Comparison between TIG and EB welds

The 9 wt.% chromium ferritic-martensitic steel T91 is being considered as candidate structural material for a future experimental accelerator driven system (XT-ADS). This material and its welded connections would need to be used in contact with liquid lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE), under high irradiation doses. Both unirradiated tungsten inert gas (TIG) and electron beam (EB) welds of T91 have been examined by means of metallography, scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Vickers hardness measurements and tensile testing in both gas and liquid lead-bismuth environment. The TIG weld was commercially produced and post weld heat treated by a certified welding company while the post weld heat treatment of the experimental EB weld was optimized in terms of the Vickers hardness profile across the welded joint. The mechanical properties of the T91 TIG and EB welds in contact with LBE have been examined using slow strain rate tensile testing (SSRT) in LBE at 350 °C. All welds showed good mechanical behaviour in gas environment but total elongation was strongly reduced due to liquid metal embrittlement (LME) when tested in liquid lead-bismuth eutectic environment. The reduction in total elongation due to LME was larger for the commercially TIG welded joint than for the EB welded joint.     

Microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded oxide dispersion strengthened alloy

Effect of friction stir welding (FSW) on microstructure and mechanical properties of oxide dispersion strengthened alloy MA956 was investigated. Fine grained microstructure was developed in the processed region with slight particle coarsening. Tensile behavior of the processed material was compared with that of the as-received material at room temperature. Results indicated that significant grain refinement during FSW compensated for the reduced particle strengthening contribution and enhanced tensile strength by 145 MPa without loss in ductility. Further analysis indicated a good agreement between experimentally measured yield strength and the strength calculated by Pythagorean superimposition of strengthening contribution in FSWed material.