核动力厂堆芯毒性的单群点堆模拟及实验验证

为快速且精确地预测堆芯毒性，本文提出了一种通过特定的边界条件确定单群点堆模型参数，再通过单群点堆模型对堆芯毒性进行预测的方法。为验证该方法，以M310堆芯为例，对几种典型工况下的氙毒和钐毒变化进行模拟，并将模拟结果与更加精确的三维两群模型给出的结果进行对比；使用该方法对一起执照运行事件过程中堆芯毒性的变化进行了模拟，并将模拟结果与测量值进行对比。结果表明，模拟结果与测量值吻合很好；通过本文提出的方法，单群点堆模型能以较高的精度追踪压水堆堆芯毒性的变化。      

“华龙一号”反应堆精细化全堆芯大规模CFD数值模拟研究

精细化全堆芯大规模计算流体力学（CFD）数值模拟是“华龙一号”和数字化反应堆研究设计过程中的重要方法。本文通过一系列合理简化，建立了“华龙一号”反应堆全堆芯几何结构模型，并采取分组网格划分的方式对堆芯燃料组件进行离散，得到全堆芯CFD分析模型；通过精细化全堆芯大规模CFD数值模拟，可以获得堆芯完整流场分布特性和热工水力参数，验证“华龙一号”反应堆堆芯参数设计的合理性，为反应堆优化设计和安全运行提供参考。研究结果表明，由于“华龙一号”反应堆堆芯1/4对称结构和“三进三出”的1/3冷却剂进出口对称结构共同作用，堆芯流量分配因子在径向呈现先增加后减小的趋势，流量最大处不在堆芯正中心；在入口管嘴横截面上燃料组件最大温度约为331.2℃，温度分布不均匀，在径向总体呈现先增加后减小的趋势，最大温度区域也不在堆芯正中心，这与堆芯流量分配因子的趋势类似，是堆芯功率分布与冷却剂流量分配共同作用的结果。      

高温气冷堆热工分析模型改进与堆芯温度场分析

更准确地模拟球床式高温气冷堆堆芯温度分布,是反应堆安全分析尤其是超高温运行研究中的关键问题之一。由于堆芯球流运动具有不确定性,石墨块和碳砖等结构材料采用散体布置,堆内冷却剂流道复杂,对热工水力准确模拟造成困难,可进一步优化。本文结合HTR 10的结构特点和流道特征,简要分析了堆芯传热过程,说明了在热工模拟中准确划分结构和流道对获取更精确的堆芯温度分布的重要意义。详细梳理了冷却剂流动路径,改进了在THERMIX程序下建立的HTR 10原有热工分析模型,更合理地模拟了堆芯冷却剂漏流行为,使得模型对堆芯冷却剂流动和传热过程的描述更准确。与试验数据对比,改进后的模型对堆芯外围系统的温度分布模拟准确性显著提升。计算结果表明,反应堆在额定设计工况下满功率稳态运行时,燃料和反射层最高温度均未超过材料的耐热限值。     

基于多孔介质模型的行波堆TP-1堆芯稳态温度场与流场数值模拟

根据TerraPower公司最新设计的钠冷行波堆TP-1的具体结构和运行特点,采用多孔介质模型,使用商用软件CFX对行波堆堆芯的热工水力特性进行数值模拟,得到了TP-1稳态运行条件下堆芯温度场、速度场和压力场分布。结果表明：应用多孔介质模型对行波堆堆芯进行三维热工水力数值模拟的方法直观、快速、有效,将它应用于行波堆堆芯稳态条件下三维流场和温度场分析具有一定的意义。     

一种液态燃料熔盐堆堆芯流量分配设计

在液态燃料熔盐堆(Molten salt reactor,MSR)热工水力设计中,为实现堆芯径向功率展平需对堆芯流量分配进行设计,使得堆芯进口流量分布正比于释热量分布,而下腔室结构和流场分布对堆芯流量分配起决定性作用。利用FLUENT软件对堆芯三维流场进行模拟,通过调节下腔室结构和流量分配装置,对下腔室流场分布进行优化,最终实现堆芯流量合理分配。数值模拟结果表明,喇叭状下腔室比椭球形下腔室熔盐通道流量标准差降低4.2%,设置流量分配板熔盐通道流量标准差降低29.2%;改变下腔室结构和设置流量分配装置能够较好调节流量分配和功率分布匹配性,该结果可为液态熔盐堆堆芯优化设计提供依据。     

反应堆宇宙线缪子成像蒙特卡罗模拟研究

宇宙线缪子成像可对第二代反应堆压水堆(PWR)堆芯进行成像,即使在严重核事故下,常规方法无法监测时,仍可探知堆芯状态,了解堆芯情况。论文基于PWR主要结构参数建立详细的模拟模型,通过Geant4程序进行模拟,对反应堆堆芯进行图像重建,并对图像进行降噪处理。研究结果表明,宇宙线缪子可对堆芯高Z材料成像,核燃料轮廓清晰可见,利用大角度宇宙线缪子对PWR堆芯进行成像、对堆芯状态进行监控的方法可行。若要实现这种方法,使用多个8 m×8 m的大面积位置灵敏探测器,在3个月内可以实现。     

处理轴向三维非均匀效应的单组件均匀化模型

传统以两维单组件模型为基础的均匀化理论及后续的改进均匀化理论产生的粗网均匀化参数无法直接体现轻水堆(LWR)堆芯轴向所存在的非均匀性。本文提出了以单组件逐棒模型为基础的三维均匀化方法,为堆芯计算提供粗网均匀化参数,在维持堆芯粗网计算模型的前提下实现对三维效应的处理。基准数值实验表明,本文提出的方法具有较好的精度表现,适用于堆芯轴向三维非均匀性的处理。     

200MW低温供热堆非对称运行数值研究

采用三维的计算流体力学（CFD）程序PHOENICS－3．3模拟了非对称运行条件下200MW低温供热堆内的流场及温度场,堆芯及主换热器使用多孔介质方法加以简化,结果发现,偏环运行时工质在上下腔室完全混合,不会产生偏心现象,模拟的两种运行方式差别不大,故采用两种运行方式都行。     

石墨堆芯结构在地震激励下动态响应的数值模拟

模块化高温气冷堆（HTR-PM）石墨堆芯结构是多体结构,其动态特性研究是复杂的非线性问题。国内外开展了一系列研究,未能较好解决。为了分析该非线性结构的动态特性,本文介绍一种数值模型,将石墨砖和碳砖简化为质点,各部件的接触简化为连接器单元,通过碰撞试验拟合获取连接器参数。数值模型计算的位移基本同1∶1双层四砖石墨组件试验位移时程结果吻合。分析证明,模型对参数不敏感,计算结果准确高效。因此,可将此模型用于石墨堆芯结构的位移分析。     

石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆的稳态热工水力计算模型

针对石墨慢化通道式熔盐堆的堆芯结构，基于COMSOL Multiphysics程序和MATLAB程序建立了堆芯稳态热工水力学计算模型。该模型对堆芯内固体区域的温度分布采用三维热传导方程进行模拟，对通道内熔盐温度采用一维单相流体模型进行计算。固体区域与熔盐通过熔盐通道壁面的对流换热边界建立热耦合。该模型基于平行通道压力损失相等的原则，分配堆芯内各熔盐通道的流量。通过对比RELAP5程序的计算结果，验证了模型对温度和流量分配计算的正确性。针对2 MWt 液态燃料熔盐堆的一种概念设计，分析了堆芯内三维温度分布和通道间流量分配。该模型可精确计算通道式熔盐堆堆芯内稳态温度分布和流量分配，对堆芯的热工水力学设计具有重要意义。     

A simple method for estimating the structure temperatures and the cesium revaporization inside the reactor pressure vessel – I: Basic concepts and model descriptions for the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant

This paper presents a simple approach for estimating the structure temperatures including the uncovered reactor core inside the reactor pressure vessel (RPV) and the release rates of fission products deposited in the RPV to the reactor building (R/B) at a certain time after the occurrence of a severe accident at a nuclear power plant (NPP). First, basic concepts are presented and then, a simplified steady-state heat balance model is proposed for estimating the temperatures of the uncovered reactor core and the upper structure in the RPV as well as the temperature of the RPV wall. In addition, models for estimating the revaporization rate of cesium hydroxide (CsOH) in the RPV and the leak rate of CsOH to the R/B via the drywell are also presented. The proposed approach is anticipated to be applicable to the damaged Units 1–3 of the Fukushima Daiichi NPP.     

基于BP神经网络的堆芯三维功率重构方法研究

堆芯功率分布包含了堆芯内的大量信息，由于在反应堆运行过程中无法直接测量堆芯内所有位置的功率，因此需通过其他方法得到堆芯三维功率分布的情况。本文以秦山一期工程为对象，利用堆外中子探测器在不同棒位和不同功率下的计数及BP神经网络对堆芯三维功率分布进行重构计算，并利用REMARK程序对该计算结果进行验证。结果表明，该功率重构方法能在反应堆运行的50%～100%功率范围内，较好地呈现堆芯三维功率分布。     

池式钠冷快堆热分层现象模型开发及瞬态分析

针对池式钠冷快堆特点，建立了三维系统分析模型，并结合热分层现象演化机制，提出了准确模拟热分层的关键处理方法，包括能量源项处理、三维动量方程对流项处理及三维空间进口效应处理。在此基础上，采用KALIMER及MONJU热分层实验对所开发的三维系统分析模型进行验证。结果表明模型有效解决了池式钠冷快堆三维热工水力分析的难题，实现了对钠池内温度场瞬态变化及热分层现象演化进程的快速准确模拟，同时也能够确定热分层过程中池式结构表面热应力最大位置，为池式快堆安全设计提供参考。      

Research and Development Program on Accelerator Driven Subcritical System in JAEA

For a dedicated transmutation system, Japan Atomic Energy Agency (JAEA) has been proceeding with the research and development on an accelerator-driven subcritical system (ADS). The ADS proposed by JAEA is a lead-bismuth eutectic (LBE) cooled fast subcritical core with 800 MWth. JAEA has started a comprehensive research and development (R&D) program since the fiscal year of 2002 to acquire knowledge and elemental technology that are necessary for the validation of engineering feasibility of the ADS. In this paper, the outline and the results in the first three-year stage of the program are reported. Items of R&D were concentrated on three technical areas peculiar to the ADS: (1) a superconducting linear accelerator (SC-LINAC), (2) the LBE as spallation target and core coolant, and (3) a subcritical core design and reactor physics of the ADS. For R&D on the accelerator, a prototype cryomodule was built and its good performance in electric field was examined. For R&D on the LBE, various technical data for material corrosion, thermal-hydraulics and radioactive impurity were obtained by loop tests and reactor irradiation. For R&D on the subcritical core, engineering feasibility for the LBE cooled tank-type ADS was discussed using thermal-hydraulic and structural analysis not only in normal operation but also in transient situations. Reactor physics experiments for subcritical monitoring and physics parameters of the ADS were also performed at critical assemblies.     

Numerical analysis of pressure load in a PWR cavity in an ex-vessel steam explosion

Ex-vessel steam explosion may happen as a result of melting core falling into the reactor cavity after failure of the reactor vessel and interaction with the coolant in the cavity pool. It can cause the formation of shock waves and production of missiles that may endanger surrounding structures. Ex-vessel steam explosion ener- getics is affected strongly by three dimensional （3D） structure geometry and initial conditions. Ex-vessel steam explosions in a typical pressurized water reactor cavity are analyzed with the code MC3D, which is developed for simulating fuel-coolant interactions. The reactor cavity with a venting tunnel is modeled based on 3D cylin- drical coordinate. A study was performed with parameters of the location of molten drop release, break size, melting temperature, cavity water subcooling, triggering time and explosion position, so as to establish parame- ters＇ influence on the fuel-coolant interaction behavior, to determine the most challenging cases and to estimate the expected pressure loadings on the cavity walls. The most dangerous case shows the pressure loading is above the capacity of a typical reactor cavity wall.     

ASYNT — An adjoint synthesis method for neutron irradiation estimation on the vessels of VVER/PWR reactors

The new ASYNT method is developed and proposed for neutron fluence calculations. This method uses the solution of adjoint neutron transport equation for flux/responses evaluation. The evaluation of flux/responses is reduced to the space and energy integration of the product of 3D adjoint solution and the neutron source distribution, determined by realized loading patterns and operational regimes. The adjoint solution does not depend on the neutron source distribution and is obtained only once for every surveillance site, response and type of reactor. The application of this method results in separability of azimuthal and axial dependence in the 3D adjoint solution. That is why the 3D adjoint solution could be synthesised from the 2D and 1D adjoint solutions. The circular cylinder reactor core presentation of the solution axial dependence is the only approximation used in the ASYNT method.     

PARCS code multi-group neutron diffusion constants generation using Monte Carlo method

PARCS code is a three-dimensional (3D) reactor core simulator which solves the steady-state and time-dependent multi-group neutron diffusion equations if the multi-group diffusion constants (MGDCs) are provided. The MGDCs are mostly prepared for reactor physics problems using deterministic lattice codes. Beside approximation in the geometry, a lattice code inherently applies estimates to the neutron transport model. On the other hand, the geometric flexibility and use of continuous energy cross sections data library associated with the Monte Carlo (MC) method makes it a good candidate for the generation of highly accurate multi-group cross sections. In this study, a new MC based methodology is applied to generate the MGDCs which can be utilized in the PARCS code input file directly or as PMAXS files for a reactor core simulation. To achieve this, a new tool in MATLAB software is developed to compute the MGDCs from the MCNPX 2.7 MC code outputs. Verification of the proposed method for two-group constants generation is carried out using Tehran research reactor (TRR) core simulation in different steady state conditions. The calculated values of axial and radial power distributions and multiplication factor using the PARCS code are verified against the MCNPX 2.7 code results. The results illustrate that the proposed method has high accuracy in MGDCs generation.     

混合能谱超临界水堆堆芯设计分析

提出了一种新型的超临界水堆概念设计:混合能谱超临界水堆,它包括慢谱区和快谱区两部分.其慢谱区燃料组件采用双排燃料组件,快谱区采用简单的正方形栅元燃料组件.慢谱区与快谱区的燃料组件都采用同向流动方式来简化堆芯设计.慢谱区的冷却剂出口温度远低于整个堆芯的出口温度,这大大降低了慢谱区包壳的温度峰值.此外,由于快谱区冷却剂密度很小,流速很高,故可采用较大的栅元结构,这有效地降低了包壳周向局部传热不均匀性.所以混合堆在充分继承慢谱、快谱堆芯优点的基础上,弥补两者的不足.     

Development of three-dimensional reactor analysis code system for accelerator-driven system,ADS3D and its application with subcriticality adjustment mechanism

In order to perform the parametric survey for an accelerator-driven system (ADS) core with the subcriticality adjustment mechanism, a new calculation code system, ADS3D, was developed on MARBLE which is a comprehensive and versatile framework for reactor analysis. The application of ADS3D was also demonstrated on the neutronics design of ADS operated by control rod (CR) movement. Through the neutronics calculation, it was shown that the maximum proton beam current was decreased from 20.5 to 11.6 mA due to the switch from beam-operated to CR-operated core.     

Modeling reactivity devices for advanced CANDU reactors using the code DRAGON

Full core analysis of typical power reactors generally performed uses few group diffusion theory, it is necessary to generate beforehand, using a lattice code, the required few group cross-sections and diffusion coefficients associated with each region in the core.

For the ACR™ (Advanced CANDU Reactor), the problem is more complex because these reactors contain vertical reactivity devices that are located between two horizontal fuel bundles. The usual calculation scheme relies in this case on a 2D fuel cell calculation to generate the few group fuel properties and on a 3D supercell calculation for the analysis of the reactivity devices present in the core. Because of its complexity, the supercell calculations have usually been performed using simplified fuel geometries. The development of new geometry features in DRAGON and the availability of faster computers have made it possible to improve the 2D cell and 3D supercell models by using explicitly 3D assemblies of clusters to simulate the reactivity devices in CANDU reactors, including the ACR. These studies will thus improve the fine reactor core results by generating more accurate and appropriate reactor databases.

In this paper, we will review the lattice-cell/supercell calculation procedure using the code DRAGON by introducing a new supercell model. The use of such an explicit 3D geometry implies a very fine spatial mesh discretization that can generate a large number of regions leading to problems that cannot be solved by the collision probability (CP) method. The method of characteristics (MoC) is then the only alternative for such cases. A comparison of results using these two methods will also be presented for 3D models with a coarse mesh discretization.