重离子治疗肿瘤中RBE的影响因素及计算方法

相对生物学效应(Relative biological effectiveness,RBE)是重离子治疗肿瘤过程中的一个重要参数,是确定吸收剂量的重要参考因素之一。与传统放射治癌领域不同,在重离子治疗的过程中,它不再作为一个定值出现,而是一个变量,与很多生物和物理因素相关。本文综述了影响RBE的因素,并简略介绍了日本、德国和中国重离子治癌过程中确定RBE的计算方法。     

深层治癌重离子束的配送

利用重离子束流治疗深层肿瘤的临床实验将在中国科学院近代物理研究所（IMP）进行。束流配送系统是重离子治癌临床实验的关键系统,输送束流均匀辐照照射野。重离子束流经过回旋加速器初步加速,注入重离子冷却储存环（CSR）的主环（CSRm）,累积、加速后通过共振引出,经深层治癌束运线输送到照射野。针对重离子治癌要求和现场可利用空间,优化设计了束运线,得到了灵活调节束斑尺寸的透镜参数。通过模拟束流扫描过程,验证了扫描系统的可行性。     

重离子浅层治癌中的束流监测装置

中国科学院近代物理研究所利用兰州重离子加速器提供的80～100MeV/μ的12C束流进行了浅表层恶性肿瘤治疗的临床试验.本文描述了重离子治癌中的束流监测装置,采用塑料闪烁探测器监测束流强度的稳定性并控制照射剂量,平行板雪崩计数器(PPAC)测量束流剖面的均匀性.浅层治癌的临床试验表明该束流监测装置能很好地实现对束流性能状态的监测.     

一种用于重离子治癌的剂量控制器设计

剂量控制器是重离子治癌主动型束流扫描系统中的重要组成单元,通过它与位置控制器配合使用实现束流辐照位置 剂量联动,能控制束流按三维空间点分布逐点扫描,每个点的辐照剂量严格控制在处方剂量。本控制器采用FPGA技术,在ACEX1K50芯片上实现了剂量的控制及SDRAM控制。本文介绍了剂量控制器的控制原理和各模块的具体实现过程,对将要进一步展开的重离子治癌工程具有广阔的使用前景。     

重离子加速器同步定时触发系统的实现

同步定时触发系统是重离子同步加速器的控制核心,控制磁场电源对带电离子束进行同步加速,其对可靠性和定时精度要求高。在重离子治癌、材料辐照等领域的发展中,为了满足这些领域对重离子同步加速器小型化的需求,本文以NIOSII为核心处理器,结合FPGA上的可编程片上系统（SOPC）,实现了一种基于可编程硬件的同步定时触发系统。该系统可控制延时精度,且使用灵活、可靠,易升级,向小型化的同步加速器及重离子治癌等应用工程提供了切实可行的方案。     

重离子治癌加速器高速数据传输系统设计与实现

根据重离子治癌加速器的特点提出了新的一种数据传输方法,在FPGA上实现了DPSK(Differential Phase Shift Keying)调制解调,加入了奇偶校验、BCH编解码、扰码与帧同步系统来提高系统的可靠性,传输信道采用SFP光纤传输,提高了传输的速率,降低了设计成本。本文主要描述系统软硬件的设计和实现细节,重点分析了在传输过程中如何使用FPGA编程方法提高系统的可靠性和稳定性。该系统经过严格压力测试,做到百万次传输无误差,已在重离子治癌加速器现场实际使用,在加速器控制领域首次实现了FPGA结合光纤的DPSK调制解调高速数据传输,对同类系统有较好的借鉴参考作用。     

束流均匀性测量前端读出电子学电路的设计

针对重离子治癌中的束流监测需要,用T型反馈电阻网络组成的电流-电压转换(IVC)电路将大面积二维位置灵敏平行板雪崩探测器( PPAC)输出的多路10pA～100 nA的微弱电流转换成-2V～-20 mV的电压信号,配合数据获取处理系统实现了近代物理研究所重离子治癌中的束流均匀性测量.实验表明该电路具有速度快、精度高等优...     

HIRFL-CSR重离子治癌远程定位及监测系统设计

为满足兰州重离子加速器冷却储存环（HIRFL-CSR）浅层和深层重离子治癌装置中对病人病灶位置信息的监测与远程控制的需求,基于FPGA技术构建嵌入式实时控制系统,以PCI总线为通信接口,选用凌华的PXI3800工业控制计算机为上位机,并采用逐点比较运动控制算法来实现定位控制,开发了相应的软件和可视化的监控界面,完成了加速器束运系统和治疗装置的集成。经现场测试,本系统运行稳定可靠,达到了设计要求。     

重离子治癌电源调节器的嵌入式系统

为满足HITFiL重离子治癌装置中对扫描铁电源精确控制的需求,基于EDA技术构建了嵌入式实时控制系统,采用高级RISC微处理器(ARM)+现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)+DA/AD技术实现对磁铁电源系统数字调节器的设计。经现场测试,本套系统运行稳定可靠,达到了设计要求,为今后重离子治癌专用装置的建设应用提供了可靠的技术保障。     

重离子照射野均匀度对细胞存活率影响的理论研究

为了给重离子治癌装置的照射野均匀度的确定提供依据,从理论上研究了重离子照射野均匀度对细胞存活率的影响,以细胞存活率曲线的线性平方模型为基础,导出了受不均匀重离子照射野照射时的细胞存活率与剂量的关系式,利用这个关系式讨论了照射野均匀度对细胞存活率的影响,结果表明,受不均匀照射野照射时的细胞存活率要比受理想的均匀照射野照时的细胞存活率大,均匀度越差细胞存活率越大;当实际照射野均匀度＞95％时,方可将实际的照射野作为理想的均匀照射野来处理,因此,重离子治癌装置的照射野均匀度应＞95％,同时指出,在对不同的实验室所得到的细胞存活率曲线进行比较时,应考虑不同的实验室的重离子照射野的均匀度的一致性。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Radioactivity levels in soil of salt field area,Kelambakkam,Tamilnadu,India

Soil samples in and around salt field area have been analyzed for natural radioactivity concentration using gamma ray spectrometer.The activity concentration for ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K are ranged from 27.88 to 45.27 Bq/kg, from BDL to 13.30 Bq/kg,and from 135.54 to 381.28 Bq/kg,respectively.The measured activity concentrations for these radionuclides were compared with world average activity of soil.The average activity concentration of ~(232)Th in the present study is 1.19 times higher than world median value while the activity of ~(238)U and ~(40)K is found to be lower. The absorbed dose rates due to these radionuclides were calculated.The average absorbed gamma dose rate due to the presence of ~(232)Th,~(238)U and ~(40)K in soil samples is 36.99 nGy·h~(-1).These results indicate no radiological anomaly. The data presented in this study will serve as a base line survey for primordial radionuclides concentration in the study area.     

Non-FDG PET imaging of brain tumors

Due to relatively high uptake of glucose in the brain cortex, the use of FDG PET imaging is greatly limited in brain tumor imaging, especially for low-grade gliomas and some metastatic tumours. More and more tracers with higher specificity were developed lately for brain tumor imaging. There are 3 main types of non-FDG PET tracers： amino acid tracers, choline tracers and nucleic acid tracers. These tracers are now widely applied in many aspects of brain tumor imaging. This article summarized the general use of non-FDG PET in different aspects of brain tumor imaging.     

基于NPL-NMC系统的γ测量子系统的建模与优化

在军控核查中,核部件的质量、丰度、年龄属性需采用无损方法进行核查,NPL-NMC系统是一套利用中子多重性测量核部件质量属性的装置,为建立完善的属性测量系统,还需在NPL-NMC系统的基础上建立γ测量子系统。本文通过设计γ测量子系统在NPL-NMC系统上的布局及对中子屏蔽的优化,使系统能对铀部件的丰度、年龄属性进行测量。模拟计算结果表明,该γ测量子系统能很好地满足军控核查对铀部件丰度、年龄属性测量的要求。     

Improvement of carbon fiber surface properties using electron beam irradiation

Carbon fiber-reinforced advance composites have been used for structural applications,mainly on account of their mechanical properties.The main factor for a good mechanical performance of carbon fiber-reinforced com- posite is the interfacial interaction between its components,which are carbon fiber and polymeric matrix.The aim of this study is to improve the surface properties of the carbon fiber using ionizing radiation from an electron beam to obtain better adhesion properties in the resultant composite.EB radiation was applied on the carbon fiber itself before preparing test specimens for the mechanical tests.Experimental results showed that EB irradiation improved the ten- sile strength of carbon fiber samples.The maximum value in tensile strength was reached using doses of about 250 kGy.After breakage,the morphology aspect of the tensile specimens prepared with irradiated and non-irradiated car- bon fibers were evaluated.SEM micrographs showed modifications on the carbon fiber surface.     

Measurement system for SSRF pulsed magnets

This paper describes the magnetic field measurement system for pulsed magnets in SSRF.The system consists of magnetic probes,analog active integrator,oscilloscope,stepper motor and a controller.An application pro- gram based on LabVIEW has been developed as main control unit.After the magnetic field mapping of a septum magnet prototype,it is verified that the test results accord with the results of theoretical calculation and computer simulation.     

旁路阀调节对高温气冷堆闭式布雷顿循环瞬态特性影响研究

闭式布雷顿循环是第4代高温堆核能系统的关键技术之一,其典型的动态过程是旁路阀调节。为分析这一过程,建立了循环中关键部件的动态模型,其中压气机在径向平衡模型基础上耦合了对附面层发展的预测,兼顾了计算效率与准确性;换热部件模型基于双曲型守恒律方程,对工质的热物性和参数的快速变化有较好的适应性。在此基础上根据回路的质量守恒和压力平衡原则将各部件的模型耦合,建立了系统的动态模型。由于旁路阀调节是氦气透平发电系统主要的功率快速调节手段,瞬态效应较为显著,以模块式高温气冷堆（HTR-10GT）旁路阀开启后的过渡过程作为算例,分析了主要循环参数的响应特性,并通过分析,给出了降低输出功率的机制。计算结果表明：系统的容积惯性对旁路阀调节的响应速度影响较大,而阀门的开度则决定了系统在末态的输出功率;回热器的温度冲击现象可能发生在调节过程中,但可通过两旁路阀联动的方式缓解;反应堆出口温度变化幅度很小,因此反应堆模型的准确程度对结果基本无影响。     

CEFR 100%额定功率运行汽轮机发电能力分析

中国实验快堆(CEFR)首次100%额定功率发电运行中,实际电功率较设计值相差较多。为判断影响机组实际发电能力的主要原因,以现场采集的运行数据和汽轮机厂商提供的设计资料为基础,进行了相应的计算分析。对汽轮机内效率进行修正,绘制汽轮机近似热力过程曲线,并通过实测的各段抽汽压力,在热力过程曲线上获得抽汽焓值;利用换热器的能量守恒和流量守恒的基本方程进行除氧器和各加热器的热平衡计算,获得各段抽汽的流量;利用汽轮机的功率计算方程,得到汽轮机发电功率的计算值。通过计算值与实际值的比较分析,得出主蒸汽参数不达标是影响CEFR汽轮机发电能力的主要因素。