塑闪-MPPC手环式辐射剂量率仪制作

介绍了一种基于nRF51822蓝牙芯片,采用塑料闪烁体+MPPC硅光电倍增管,结合Android手机APP,制作成智能手环式的蓝牙辐射剂量率仪。该辐射剂量率仪可测量X、γ射线,剂量率范围0.1μSv/h～100 mSv/h,相对固有误差不大于10%,能量响应误差不大于40%,最大电流10.4 mA,最低电流350μA,一次充电可用13 d。具有低功耗、便携、快速准确等特点,可释放双手,非常适于某些辐射工作场合的应用。     

一种基于薄塑料闪烁体探测器的定向剂量当量率监测仪研制

基于薄塑料闪烁体探测器,采用MC模拟优化了定向剂量当量率监测仪探头组合结构。研制的用于弱贯穿辐射监测的定向剂量当量率仪,在10 μSv/h～100 mSv/h范围内,相对固有误差＜± 6%;⁸⁵Kr的β辐射场中,-60°～60°范围内角度响应好于± 40%;β辐射平均能量在60 keV～800 keV内,能量响应变化在-24%～49%范围内;变异系数小于2%。实验测量结果表明,该定向剂量当量率仪辐射性能满足GB/T 4835.1—2012要求。     

可作为校准检定用标准剂量计的能量补偿型高气压电离室改进

在电离辐射计量检定工作中,标准剂量计的测量结果通过检定逐级传递到工作计量器具,以实现单位统一和量值准确可靠。由于环境水平γ射线剂量率较低,国际上常用的PTW-UNIDOS系列标准剂量计无法满足需要。针对这一特点,结合蒙特卡罗方法对高气压电离室的X射线、γ射线和宇宙射线响应特性进行模拟计算,进行了能量补偿型高气压电离室改进。测试结果表明:剂量率约30 μGy/h时,能量补偿型高气压电离室在87 keV～1.25 MeV能量范围内相对于¹³⁷Cs γ射线的响应偏差不大于6%,宇宙射线和¹³⁷Cs γ射线的响应偏差不大于10%,在0.5 μGy/h～1 mGy/h范围内相对固有误差为-3%,0.5 μGy/h时的重复性为0.7%,校准因子的不确定度为4%(k=2),可作为环境水平标准剂量计在校准检定工作中使用。     

伽马射线对沙林模拟物O,O’-二甲基甲基膦酸酯的辐射降解作用

研究了伽马射线对沙林模拟物O,O’-二甲基甲基膦酸酯(DMMP)的辐射降解作用。以Co-60源为射线源,选取剂量率分别为40、60、77、98、115 Gy/min,用气相色谱法测试辐射样品中残余DMMP的质量分数(w(DMMP)),对实验测试误差及其影响因素进行了控制和改进。结果表明,封装和取样过程存在0.33%~0.52%的损失;辐射平行样的测试值之间相差0.08%~0.71%;各个辐射样测试值的标准偏差在0.01%~0.40%之间;辐射样存放时间对样品的影响较大,不同存放时间导致样品中w(DMMP)测试值相差-1.8%~+2.9%;辐射样中w(DMMP)随剂量的增加而明显降低,而随辐射剂量率的增加变化趋势不明显,剂量是DMMP辐射降解作用中的主要影响因素。GC-MS测得了辐射样中的气态小分子产物和有机磷大分子产物,表明辐射过程符合自由基反应历程;得到辐射化学产额G值在0.75~1.0μmol/J,随剂量增加而有所降低;在剂量2 000 kGy条件下,DMMP分解率为16.24%,这显示单一的物理或化学作用方式难以充分地降解DMMP,也显示出多效应综合作用的必要性。     

高气压组织等效电离室用于混合辐射场测量的实验研究

介绍了基于复合理论的组织等效电离室的设计原理,利用该原理设计的区域中子、γ剂量当量仪可使用1个探头间接测量周围剂量当量、吸收剂量和品质因子。利用加速器和标准辐射场对该装置进行测试,测试结果表明,该装置对于中子和γ辐射场,尤其是对于高能γ、热能至几十MeV的中子具有较好的能量响应和较高的灵敏度,在剂量率高于几十μSv/h时,测量不确定度可控制在±50%以内。该系统可为存在中子、γ辐射场的场所提供必要的测量手段和监控技术。     

基于Si-PIN的手部定向剂量当量率实时测量技术研究

研发了一款佩戴在手指上用于实时测量人员手部剂量率和总剂量的皮肤定向剂量当量率仪,实现了对能量范围8~250 keV、剂量率范围1 μSv/h~1 mSv/h的X/γ射线的实时测量,同时还具有超剂量阈值报警功能。剂量率仪包括探头、中继器和主机部分,探头包括Si PIN探测器和电荷灵敏前置放大专用集成电路,主机包括控制电路、显示屏和报警器。通过实验和理论计算研究了基于Monte Carlo模拟的补偿片设计,实现了尺寸为2 cm×1 cm×05 cm的微型探头,能直接佩戴在手指上实现实时测量。在国防科技工业电离辐射一级计量站核工业放射性计量测试中心开展了校准和检验,实验结果表明能量响应、剂量率线性范围满足相关规程的要求。     

γ能谱-剂量转换法测量环境辐射剂量

采用HPGe谱仪测量γ射线能谱,通过一系列的方法实现对剂量率的精确测量。选择多个标准点源对一台HPGeγ谱仪进行能量与效率刻度,并求解得到G函数的具体形式,并在~(137)Csγ标准剂量辐射场中进行刻度与测量。实验结果表明:采用该方法在实际环境中的测量结果与剂量率仪的测试结果的最大误差为±14%。利用环境能谱测量得到环境辐射剂量是一种可行有效的方法。     

测量陆地γ辐射剂量率中扣除宇宙射线响应的方法误差估计

在用有能量补偿的闪烁型γ辐射剂量率仪测定陆地γ辐射剂量率D_γ时,需要从读数R中扣除对宇宙射线的响应。一般采用以下两种近似扣除方法:方法Ⅰ:D_(γ.1)=R-R_w(D_c/D_cw)方法Ⅱ:D_(γ.2)=R-(R_w/R_(wd))D_c式中,R_w 和 R_(w0)分别是闪烁型剂量率仪和高压电离室在邻近测点的大水面上的响应值;D_e和D_cw分别是在测点和水面处宇宙射线电离成分产生的空气吸收剂量率。本文从分析 R、R_w 和 R_(w0)所包含的各个分量着手,结合实用中测点和水面海拔高度之差△h 的范围和仪器本底剂量率、水面上方空气中氡、(气土)子体和水中γ核素贡献的剂量率、R_w/R_(w0)等参数的大小及范围,估计这两种扣除方法的方法误差及其随△h、D_o、R_w/R_(w0)等主要参数的变化情况。结果表明,在(?)=6.0×10~(-8)Gy·h~(-1)时,用方法Ⅰ,平均值(在海拔高度为1000—1500 m 范围内均匀布点情况下)的方法误差不超过2%。单点方法误差一般不超过3.5%;用方法Ⅱ,平均值的方法误差不超过1.5%,单点方法误差一般不超过2.5%。文中还讨论了两种方法在适用性上的一些特点。     

基于金刚石超短超强激光脉冲X射线剂量仪研制

基于金刚石探测器研制了脉冲X射线剂量测量仪，并对其性能进行进一步研究测试，使用蒙特卡罗软件FLUKA对测量仪进行了全装置建模，基于该模型完成了能量和角响应模拟。在中国计量科学院对仪器进行了实验校准，实验内容包括仪器对于¹³⁷Cs、⁶⁰Co的能量响应以及剂量率响应校准，以及仪器对于¹³⁷Cs的角响应校准，结果表明仪器输出电流与剂量率具有较好的线性，仪器未表现出明显的饱和现象，且仪器对¹³⁷Cs具有较好的角响应，最大差异不超过18%。基于3、6 MV电子脉冲加速器和“XG-III”等激光装置开展了相关验证实验，获得了与Unidos标准电离室、TLD较为一致的结果，最大误差分别为7%和36%。基于以上模拟和实验，进一步验证了本仪器应用于超短超强激光装置致脉冲辐射场剂量实时测量的可行性，为此类脉冲辐射场提供了剂量率测量手段。     

能量响应补偿法在便携式γ剂量率仪上的应用

为满足核电整体设备国产化的需要,国产核辐射探测仪表的研发势在必行。采用能量响应补偿方法,完成了国产便携式γ剂量率仪的研制。测试结果表明:研制的便携式γ剂量率仪满足相关国家标准规定,具有独特的性能优势与较高的精度,能量响应与角度响应均不逊色于国外同类仪表。     

Identification of radiation treatment of wheat （Triticum aestivum. L）and rice （Oryza sativa. L） samples using thermoluminescence of contaminating minerals

Food irradiation is gaining popularity worldwide and this technology is important to improve quality and reduce the post harvest losses of food. Because of the rapid commercialization of irradiated foods throughout the world, compliance of different regulations relating to use of technology in different countries and demand of consumers for clear labelling of irradiated foods, there is need for the development of analytical methods to detect radiation treatment of food. Among several methods studied so far, thermoluminescence （TL） is an important method that can be used to find out the irradiation history of food that contain even a very minute amount of dust particles. In this study, the irradiated and unirradiated wheat and rice samples were analyzed using the TL method. The samples were purchased from the local market of Peshawar and irradiated to radiation doses of 0.5 and 1.0 kGy using Co-60 gamma irradiator at the Nuclear Institute for Food and Agriculture （NIFA）, Peshawar. The mineral contaminants were isolated by jet water, ultrasonic treatment, and density gradient. TL glow curves of the isolated minerals from irradiated and unirradiated samples were recorded between the temperature ranges of 50-500℃ using a TL reader. Generally, the glow curves for irradiated samples showed much higher TL intensities （TL1） than the unirradiated samples. The results were normalized by rerradiation of mineral samples to gamma-ray dose of 1.0 kGy followed by determination of the second glow curves （TL2）. The ratio of the area of first glow curve to that of second glow curve （TL1/TL2） was calculated for selected temperature intervals and compared with the recommended values for unirradiated and irradiated samples. Finally, the shapes of the glow curves for irradiated and unirradiated samples were also analyzed. On the basis of these results （comparison of TL-intensities, TL1/TL2 ratios and shapes of the glow curves）, all the irradiated and unirradiated samples of wheat and rice were unequivocally identified.     

有效探测面积大于1000 cm2的正比计数器测量系统性能测试

为对自制的活性面积高达1 000 cm²的大面积源进行表面发射率定值,同时作为现有2πα、2πβ表面发射率标准装置能力的扩充,研制了一套内置式大面积2π多丝正比计数器测量系统,并利用活性区直径为8 mm的²⁴¹Am点源及活性区面积为10 cm×15 cm的大面积²⁴¹Am和⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源对其进行计量学性能测试。结果表明：计数器内计数响应均匀性优于±0.4%,有效探测面积达1 400 cm²;所得²⁴¹Am源高压坪曲线的坪长为1 400 V,坪斜为0.27%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.87%;⁹⁰Sr-⁹⁰Y源高压坪曲线的坪长为300 V,坪斜为0.75%/100 V,坪区内计数变化为0.80%;10次测量重复性好于0.4%,8 h内短期稳定性好于0.3%,1 a内长期稳定性好于0.8%。     

Preparation of Zn/TiO2 powder and its photocatalytic performance for oxidation of P-nitrophenol

Zn-doped TiO2 catalysts were prepared using a sol-gel method and characterized by XPS,UV-Vis, BET, XRD in this study. Under the irradiation of simulant sunlight, the photocatalytic activity for the degradation of p-nitrophenol was studied too. After irradiation for 2.5 h, the degradation percentage of p-nitrophenol could rise to more than 80 %. The results showed that the spectrum absorption band edge of Zn/TiO2 powder does not broaden obviously comparing with pure TiO2 powder. Zinc exists as Zn （11）. When calcined at 973 K, there is a new phase as ZnTiO3 in Zn/TiO2 catalyst. The order of photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalysts calcined at different temperatures for p-nitrophenol is 773 K 〉 673 K 〉 873 K 〉 573 K 〉 973 K and the photocatalytic activity of Zn/TiO2 catalyst calcined at 773 K is better than TiO2 catalysts heated at the same temperature, and outclasses that of commercial TiO2 catalyst. It also showed that the photocatalytic degradation of p-nitrophenol follows first-order kinetics under the irradiation of simulant sunlight.     

Current status of radiation therapy for prostate cancer

Radiotherapy for the treatment of prostate cancer has been extensively explored in the past. Along with the comprehensive understanding of the biology of prostate cancer and rapid advances in terms of technology, the out- come of treatment for the patients with prostate cancer has improved. The authors review radiotherapy as the primary treatment for the disease, with particular emphasis on the technological advances from both the radiobiological and radiophysics aspects. Nonconventional fractionated irradiation like hyper- or hypo-fractionation has been imple- mented in the clinic, the final results still need to be confirmed in the future. Technological advances like IMRT, IGRT, in the last two decades have significantly improved the delivery of external radiotherapy to the prostate. This has re- sulted in an overall increase in the total dose that can be safely delivered to the prostate, which has led to modest im- provements in the biochemical outcome. However, establishing the standard therapy for prostate cancer remains con- troversial. It is hoped that the next decades will bring continued advances in the development of biologicals that will further improve current clinical outcomes.     

Interaction between uranium and humic acid (Ⅰ): Adsorption behaviors of U(Ⅵ) in soil humic acids

The adsorption behaviors of uranium on three soil humic acids (HAs), which were extracted from soils of different depths at the same site, were investigated under various experimental conditions. The adsorption results showed that U(Ⅵ) in solutions can be adsorbed by the three soil HAs, with the order of FHA (HA from 5 m depth of soil) ＞SHA (HA from the surface) ＞THA (HA from 10 m depth of soil) for adsorption efficiency in each desirable condition, and the adsorption reached equilibrium in about 240 min. Although the maximum adsorption efficiency was adsorption could be described with Langmiur isotherm or Freundlich isotherm equation. The L/S (liquid/solid, mL/g)ratio and pH were important factors influencing the adsorption in our adsorption system besides uranium concentration. The adsorption efficiency decreased with the increase of the L/S ratio and pH at the pH range of 2.0-3.0 for SHA and THA or 2.5 - 6.0 for FHA. However, no significant difference in adsorption of U(Ⅵ) was observed at the experimental temperature. All the results implied that humic substances have different characteristics in samples even collected at the same site.     

水平管内含空气蒸汽强制对流冷凝换热模型研究

为研究含空气蒸汽在水平管内强制对流冷凝换热特性,基于对传热传质过程的分析,建立了管内为环状流与波状流条件下的流动冷凝换热模型。从潜热、显热和液膜3个环节对整个换热过程进行建模,最终得到计算局部冷凝换热系数的理论关系式。模型预测结果与实验数据的对比表明,二者相对偏差在±20%以内,验证了该换热模型的准确性与适用性。通过进一步的研究发现：从换热管入口至出口,随着冷凝的进行,管内换热主要热阻由液膜热阻向气液界面的凝结热阻转变;主流气体对流换热过程基本可忽略。     

The preclinical pharmacological study of dopamine transporter imaging agent 18F-FP-β-CIT

The paper is to study pharmacologic characteristics of 18F-FP-β-CIT (18F-N-(3-fluoropropyl)-2β- carbomethoxy-3β- (4-iodophenyl)nortropane) as an imaging agent for dopamine transporter. The radiochemical purity of 18F-FP-β-CIT in aqueous solution was over 95% after standing at room temperature for 4h. Biodistribution displayed rapid uptake in rat brain (1.375 %ID/organ at 5min and 0.100 %ID/organ at 180 min) and the striatal uptake was 1.444,0.731, 0.397, 0.230 and 0.146 %ID/g at 5, 30, 60, 120 and 180 min, respectively. The values of striatum/cerebellum,striatum/frontal cortex and striatum / hippocampus in rat's brain at 30 min were 3.38, 2.17 and 2.40 respectively. The uptake in striatum can be blocked by β-CFT, suggesting that 18F-FP-β-CIT binds to DAT peculiarly. The compound was rapidly cleared from monkey's blood. The striatal uptake was bilaterally decreased in the left-sided lesioned PD rats, compared with normal control. Brain PET imaging studies in normal monkey showed that 18F-FP-β-CIT was concentrated in striatum. The test of undue toxicity showed that the dose received by mice was 1250 times as by human, which indicates that 18F-FP-β-CIT is very safe. So 18F-FP-β-CIT is a promising PET imaging agent for DAT with safety and validity.     

Information for authors

<正>1.NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNIQUES(NST),a bimonthly journal,is devoted to all aspects of nuclear science and technology,theoretical or experimental.Its special interest lies in the subjects of synchrotron radiation science and technology;low energy accelerators,radiation technology and applications;radiochemistry,radiopharmaceuticals and nuclear medicine;nuclear electronics and instrumen-     

PLASMA SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY AUTHOR INDEX TO VOLUME 16(2014)

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Web Services interface of SSRF archive data analysis system

Accelerator database stores various static parameters and real-time data of accelerator. SSRF (Shanghai Synchrotron Radiation Facility) adopts relational database to save the data. We developed a data retrieval system based on XML Web Services for accessing the archive data. It includes a bottom layer interface and an interface applicable for accelerator physics. Client samples exemplifying how to consume the interface are given. The users can browse, retrieve and plot data by the client samples. Also, we give a method to test its stability. The test result and performance are described.