球床氟盐冷却高温堆堆芯热工水力模拟

本文对球床氟盐冷却高温堆堆芯热工流体现象进行了研究。采用计算流体动力学(CFD)方法进行了三维建模和计算,得到了燃料元件球表面温度分布和堆芯冷却剂速度场、温度场和压力的分布,验证了稳态工况下氟盐对堆芯的冷却能力,分析了氟盐的特殊热工流体力学性质对堆芯安全的影响,结果可用于球床氟盐冷却高温堆的初步设计。     

球床式水冷堆堆芯热工水力特性分析

以计算流体力学(CFD)为基础,对球床式水冷堆堆芯燃料元件进行三维建模、网格划分和数值计算,采用Fortran 90编制了用于球床式水冷堆堆芯热工水力计算和安全分析微机型仿真程序STAP和TSAP,并对球床式水冷堆堆芯稳态、瞬态工况进行热工水力计算。计算结果表明:燃料元件温度的最大值出现在微小间隙区域位置,速度最大值出现在与该元件接触的燃料元件微小间隙区域的中间位置;燃料元件的表面温度远小于该堆型的设计极限温度,满足安全准则;引入反应性扰动的瞬态工况下,冷却剂的温度突然增加,随后逐步下降,达到稳定。燃料元件表面温度逐步增加,然后逐步降低至稳定状态。     

熔盐冷却球床堆热通道热工水力特性数值分析

基于计算流体力学(Computational Fluid Dynamics, CFD)通用计算程序Fluent,研究了模块化熔盐冷却球床堆(Pebble Bed Advanced High Temperature Reactor, PB-AHTR)中心热通道稳态热工水力行为。利用已开发的多孔介质流固两相局域非热平衡模型计算了球床堆中的压降、冷却剂的温场分布以及固相球床的温场分布,计算并比较了不同的多孔介质阻力因子(Ergun与KTA)对通道内的冷却剂流动以及温场分布的影响,并对丧失部分冷却剂情况下通道内的冷却剂及燃料温度进行了计算分析。结果表明使用不同的阻力因子对堆芯压降计算结果和流场的分布影响较大;而冷却剂温场及固相球床温场和球心的温度分布在不同的阻力因子下的差别较小,在PB-AHTR的设计参数下堆芯产生的热量能够被有效的输出,设计具有较大的安全裕度。计算结果对于球床堆的优化设计提供了一定的参考价值。     

氟盐冷却球床高温堆燃料管理程序的开发与分析

基于确定论的中子学分析程序在计算氟盐冷却球床高温堆（PB-FHR）时需解决双重非均匀性的燃料球均匀化、燃料球均匀化时出现的泄漏效应及燃料球在堆芯内连续移动与多次通过堆芯的燃料循环模式问题。本文基于DRAGON5与DONJON5程序开发了PB-FHR的燃料管理程序PBMSR,并进行了验证。使用PBMSR对PB-FHR在不同燃料循环模式下进行计算与初步分析,结果显示在多次通过的燃料管理模式下,燃料球的通过次数对最深卸料燃耗影响较小,但对轴向功率分布影响较大。     

超级均匀化方法用于球床氟盐冷却高温堆扩散计算

球床氟盐冷却高温堆的控制棒位于侧反应射层内,存在无裂变中子源且受堆芯泄漏谱强烈影响的强吸收体区域扩散计算难题。超级均匀化方法（Super Homogenization,SPH）被用于对氟盐球冷却床堆侧反射层中控制棒区域的强吸收体进行等效均匀化处理,同时堆芯除控制棒区域外采用谱修正方法（Spectra Modification,SM）,将输运计算的结果作为基准进行验算。结果表明,SM-SPH模型能有效地计算球床氟盐冷却高温堆反射层控制棒价值及通量分布,并且较常规的SPH方法能更好地处理棒间干涉效应。     

球床型氟盐冷却高温堆的初步中子学分析

为分析球床型氟盐冷却高温堆（PB-FHR）堆芯的关键中子学参数,建立了显式随机模型,基于随机填充方法计算了燃料球石墨基质内所有三层各向同性包覆颗粒（TRISO）颗粒的空间坐标,并采用离散元方法计算出堆芯活性区内全部燃料球的空间坐标。最后采用蒙特卡罗程序开展中子输运计算,分析燃料颗粒随机分布对堆芯中子学参数的影响。研究结果表明,TRISO颗粒的随机分布对栅元增殖系数、栅元群截面、活性区燃料球功率的影响较小,本文研究可为简化PB-FHR设计提供理论依据。     

随机球床模拟方法对氟盐冷却高温堆中子学参数的影响分析

氟盐冷却高温堆（FHR）采用氟盐冷却球形燃料元件,其中子物理计算面临双重不均匀性问题：燃料球在堆芯内的随机排布和包覆燃料颗粒在燃料球中的随机排布。此问题是该堆型设计中面临的主要挑战之一。本文基于MCNP程序和固态燃料钍基熔盐堆（TMSR-SF1）模型完成了不同燃料球床与燃料球描述对关键中子学参数（如k_eff、堆芯能谱、控制棒价值和温度系数等）的影响分析。燃料球床描述使用随机序列添加（RSA）方法建立了随机球床模型与体心立方（BCC）结构的等效规则模型。包覆燃料颗粒描述则基于简立方（SC）等效模型利用MCNP程序中的URAN卡实现随机扰动。结果表明,包覆燃料颗粒随机分布的影响远小于燃料球随机分布的影响;尽管具有相同的总堆积密度,等效规则模型相比于随机球床模型会增加堆芯中子的泄漏,低估冷态满装载反应性约0.5%,高估控制棒价值约5%。     

小型氟盐冷却高温堆负荷跟踪运行能力分析

为推动“一带一路”共建国家能源合作需求多元化发展,解决新丝绸之路经济带沿线上安全、高效的能源供应需求,提出了固有安全一体化小型氟盐冷却高温堆(Fluoride-Salt-Cooled High-Temperature Advanced Reactor,FuSTAR)设计方案。为验证FuSTAR反应堆自身负荷跟踪运行的能力以及其安全性,对FuSTAR系统进行了详细的热工水力和控制系统的建模计算,并深入分析了其抗干扰特性和负荷运行跟踪能力。在不依赖外部控制系统的情况下,小型氟盐冷却高温堆FuSTAR展现出了一定的负荷跟踪能力,这主要归功于其具有固有安全特性,使得反应堆能够在负荷变化下实现自我稳定与调节。在采用冷却剂出口温度恒定控制方案后,FuSTAR的核反应堆负荷跟踪能力得到了进一步增强,在10%全功率(Full Power,FP)情况下的负荷阶跃变化以及5%FP·min-1速率线性升降负荷的测试中,核反应堆功率的超调量均严格控制在5%以内,充分满足了反应堆安全运行的要求。     

氟盐冷却球床堆与HTR-10和MSRE的定量相似性分析

氟盐冷却球床堆是当前国际上一种新的研究堆型,尚无已经建造完成的反应堆,因此,选择相似且具有运行经验的反应堆作为基准题有助于堆芯核设计软件适用性分析。利用国际上常采用的相似性分析软件,可对熔盐实验堆(Molten Salt Reactor Experiment, MSRE)及10 MW高温气冷堆(10 MW high-temperature gas-cooled test reactor, HTR-10)与氟盐冷却球床堆的相似性进行分析,定量判断它们作为基准题的合理性。分析结果表明,MSRE和氟盐冷却球床堆的能谱峰位能量接近且堆内元素种类相近,二者相似程度较高;常温临界HTR-10和氟盐冷却球床堆冷却剂不同,且能谱峰位能量差异较大,二者相似程度较低。因此,MSRE是氟盐冷却球床堆中子物理设计软件较理想的基准题。     

熔盐球床堆径向流堆芯的热工水力分析

核热泉(NHS)堆是一种新型熔盐球床概念设计堆,其冷却剂径向流过堆芯,具有满功率自然循环特性。基于多孔介质局部非热平衡模型,利用计算流体力学(CFD)通用软件Fluent计算核热泉堆径向流堆芯的热工水力特性,并比较了不同的内、外孔板开孔率的影响。结果表明,内孔板开孔率对冷却剂流量分布影响较大;燃料中心温度具有相当的安全裕量,冷却剂横向流过堆芯的阻力远低于浮升力,能够实现全回路的自然循环。     

Moderator Analysis of Wolsong Units 2/3/4 for the 35% Reactor Inlet Header Break with a Loss of Emergency Core Cooling Injection

Three-dimensional numerical calculations have been performed for a transient moderator circulation inside the CANDU (Canada Deuterium Uranium) calandria vessel of Wolsong Units 2/3/4. The porous media approach was applied for the core region containing 380 calandria tubes. An anisotropic hydraulic resistance model for the porous media has been developed based on the empirical pressure loss correlations. The selected event was the 35% RIH (Reactor Inlet Header) break with a loss of ECC (Emergency Core Cooling) injection, which has been known to give the largest heat load to the moderator among all the DBA's (Design Basis Accidents). The calculation has been successfully done until 1,200 s after the break, when most of the considerable heat transfer procedure has been completed. During this LOCA (Loss of Coolant Accident) transient, the local subcoolings in the vicinity of any PT/CT (Pressure Tube/Calandria Tube) contact does not drop below the experimentally derived subcooling threshold of 30°C. Because the minimum subcoolings reach only a few degrees to the threshold temperature during the initial 20-40 s, future work on the CANDU moderator circulation needs to be aimed at determining whether this small subcooling margin covers the uncertainty of the moderator analysis.     

快堆热钠池的三维热工水力分析

采用多孔介质的方法，对中国实验快堆（ＣＥＦＲ）热钠池的复杂流场进行了数值模拟，计算结果与设计值符合得很好，并给出了流场分布，为中国实验快堆的进一步设计和安全性能评价提供了重要的参数。     

圆柱容器内生成单粒径颗粒堆积的两阶段重力落球算法

球床型氟盐冷却高温堆（Pebble-bed Fluoride-salt-cooled High-temperature Reactor,PB-FHR）是下一代核反应堆堆型之一,它融合了高温气冷堆的石墨基质包覆颗粒燃料球技术和熔盐堆的高温熔盐冷却剂技术。堆芯热工水力模拟计算（如在线换料模拟）常需要首先得到不同孔隙率的随机燃料球堆积。为此提出了一种可以高效地在圆柱形容器内部随机生成单一粒径且不同密实度的颗粒堆积的算法。算法分为两个阶段：首先类似传统颗粒自由下落方法来生成柔性颗粒的初始堆积（取颗粒杨氏模量远小于实际值）;其次令初始堆积恢复刚性,通过限定时间步的大小和引入能量耗散机制使得堆积缓慢而自由地膨胀,从而逐渐消除初始堆积中的颗粒间重合。模拟结果表明,膨胀算法在计算效率上有较大优势,并且可以覆盖从松散到密实的堆积范围。通过控制自由下落阶段的杨氏模量、摩擦系数、缓慢膨胀阶段的摩擦系数这三个变量来控制堆积的孔隙率和计算效率。     

中国实验快堆事故停堆后余热排放过程的数值模拟

分析了中国实验快堆事故停堆后余热的排放过程。对热钠池中的流动与传热采用多孔介质模型的全三维数值模拟,对堆芯支路、事故热交换冷却回路和空冷塔冷却支路采用一维系统分析程序进行数值模拟。通过三维部分和一维部分相互耦合,模拟了余热排放的瞬态过程,得到了堆芯出口温度、燃料元件包壳的最高温度、余热热交换器的余热排放功率等许多重要参数随时间的变化曲线,对中国实验快堆的安全设计有重要的参考价值     

DEM-CFD simulation of modular PB-FHR core with two-grid method

For designing and optimizing the reactor core of modular pebble-bed fluoride salt-cooled high-temperature reactor (PB-FHR),it is of importance to simulate the coupled fluid and particle flow due to strong coolantpebble interactions.Computational fluid dynamics and discrete element method (DEM) coupling approach can be used to track particles individually while it requires a fluid cell being greater than the pebble diameter.However,the large size of pebbles makes the fluid grid too coarse to capture the complicated flow pattern.To solve this problem,a two-grid approach is proposed to calculate interphase momentum transfer between pebbles and coolant without the constraint on the shape and size of fluid meshes.The solid velocity,fluid velocity,fluid pressure and void fraction are mapped between hexahedral coarse particle grid and fine fluid grid.Then the total interphase force can be calculated independently to speed up computation.To evaluate suitability of this two-grid approach,the pressure drop and minimum fluidization velocity of a fluidized bed were predicted,and movements of the pebbles in complex flow field were studied experimentally and numerically.The spouting fluid through a central inlet pipe of a scaled visible PB-FHR core facility was set up to provide the complex flow field.Water was chosen as liquid to simulate the molten salt coolant,and polypropylene balls were used to simulate the pebble fuels.Results show that the pebble flow pattern captured from experiment agrees well with the simulation from two-grid approach,hence the applicability of the two-grid approach for the later PB-FHR core design.     

The development and validation of a thermal hydraulic code in rolling motion

An advanced thermal hydraulic code is established on the basis of RELAP5/MOD3.3 code for the investigation of the thermal hydraulic behavior of nuclear power systems. The RELAP5 code is modified by adding a module calculating the effect of rolling motion and introducing new flow and heat transfer models. The experimental data are used to validate the theoretical models and calculation results. It is shown that the advanced flow and heat transfer models could correctly predict the frictional resistance and heat transfer coefficients in rolling motion. The thermal hydraulic code is used to simulate the operation of a natural circulation system in rolling motion. The calculation results are in good agreement with experimental data. The relative discrepancies between calculation results and experimental data are less than 5%.     

Performance evaluation/analysis of Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1) current core configuration

Neutronic and thermal hydraulic analyses have been carried out for current core of Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1). Comparison was made between calculated and measured key neutronic parameters. Reactor core parameters important for reactor operation and safety have been calculated. Calculated neutronic parameters include: excess reactivity, shut down margin, control rod worth, peak power density location, criticality position, peaking factors, neutron flux in fuel elements and neutron flux at irradiation sites in the core. Calculated thermal hydraulic parameters include: steady-state temperatures and peak temperatures at fuel centerline, clad surface and in water coolant. In order to determine safety margins, heat fluxes at Onset of Nucleate Boiling (ONB), Onset of Flow Instability (OFI) and Departure from Nucleate Boiling (DNB) were determined using standard correlations. After assembling the core, performance of the core was also evaluated by experimentation. The core was assembled and some of the core parameters namely: excess reactivity, shut down margin, control rod worth and flux profile at in-core irradiation sites have been measured. On comparison with experimental data, reasonable agreement has been found between the calculated and the measured parameters.     

多孔介质通道中单相流阻力特性数值模拟

以流体分析软件Fluent6.3为平台,建立了颗粒填充多孔介质通道内单相流体的流动阻力预测模型。结果表明:该预测模型具有较高的计算精度,对于无量纲直径D=0.16、0.1和0.04的多孔介质通道,预测值与实验值间的相对偏差分别小于5%、7%和7%;流动阻力随D的增大而减小;对于多孔介质中单相流体的压降,现有模型中的惯性阻力修正系数CF对计算结果的影响显著,不能对阻力压降进行很好地预测。     

压水堆蒸汽发生器一、二次侧稳态流场耦合分析

蒸汽发生器（SG）在运行过程中主要面临流致振动所导致的传热管破裂事故,而流致振动分析需以SG内的三维两相流场作为输入条件。采用多孔介质模型,对SG二次侧流场进行求解,同时耦合一、二次侧换热,获得SG二次侧速度场、温度场、压力场及流动含气率分布,并获得传热管一维的一、二次侧流体温度和换热系数及传热管温度分布。由于一次侧向二次侧释热极不均匀,SG内流场分布及汽水分离器内的含气率分布极不均匀;汽水分离器内的最大、最小含气率分别为0.62和0.05,该参数可为汽水分离器负载设计提供依据。通过计算还获得弯管区速度分布,该分布可为传热管的流致振动磨损评估提供输入条件。