铅铋快堆单盒环形燃料组件典型堵流事故分析

铅铋冷却环形燃料组件具有许多安全性优势，但在其运行过程中由于铅铋冷却剂的腐蚀作用，易发生堵流事故而导致传热恶化，从而危及第一道屏障的完整性，为此，亟须开展铅铋快堆环形燃料组件堵流事故研究。建立5×5单盒环形燃料组件模型，基于计算流体力学（Computational Fluid Dynamics,CFD）软件Fluent对内外通道不同堵塞面积、堵块厚度，以及堵块轴向位置下的堵流工况进行模拟分析，分析了内外包壳温度分布、堵块附近流场的轴向速度分布、通道质量流量变化、堵塞处燃料元件径向温度分布以及热量分配，并与正常工况下计算结果进行对比。结果表明：随堵塞面积增加，堵塞区域包壳温度显著上升，回流区域范围扩大，燃料芯块最高温度点位置向堵块侧偏移，堵块侧热流密度减小；当堵塞份额较大时，随堵块厚度增加，各参数变化与上述结论类似；堵块位于入口处时包壳局部温升较堵块位于中心处时更小；且随堵塞面积、厚度的增加以及堵块位置向活性区入口的不断靠近，内通道流量损失程度明显增大，而外通道流量几乎不受影响，因此，内通道发生堵流事故时危害更为严重。     

铅铋冷却快堆堵流事故下堵块参数对流动传热的影响

铅铋冷却快堆是第四代核能系统之一,其具有许多运行与安全性优势。但铅铋冷却快堆在运行过程中,堆芯结构材料会受到铅铋合金冷却剂的腐蚀作用,腐蚀产物在堆内堆积可能会引发堵流事故,从而导致包壳传热恶化,并影响冷却剂的流动传热效果。通过对铅铋冷却快堆单盒燃料组件建模,使用商用计算流体力学软件STAR-CCM+对不同堵块参数下的5个堵流事故工况开展了计算分析。通过对事故后包壳内壁面温度、子通道中心温度的轴向发展和堵块周围流场的轴向速度分布进行对比分析,获得了各种堵块参数对堵流事故后传热恶化、流场性质的不同影响规律。     

单盒钠冷快堆燃料组件堵流事故的CFD分析

钠冷快堆大都采用金属绕丝来固定燃料组件,细长狭窄的流道容易积聚腐蚀沉积物,可能会引起钠的局部沸腾和包壳的传热恶化。本文利用商用计算流体动力学软件STAR-CCM+程序对中国实验快堆单盒燃料组件的堵流事故进行了数值模拟,分析了包壳内壁面温度与冷却剂在堵块附近的轴向流场分布,并与正常工况下的计算结果进行对比。计算结果表明:实心介质堵流危害比多孔介质更为严重;实心介质堵流事故的包壳峰值温度局部最高点始终位于堵块中心位置,而多孔介质堵流事故的位于堵块后方,且随堵块面积的增大而往下游偏移;堵块的孔隙率对包壳在堵块下游的最大温升有明显影响,随堵块孔隙率的增大而减小。     

单盒钠冷快堆燃料组件堵流事故的CFD分析

钠冷快堆大都采用金属绕丝来固定燃料组件，细长狭窄的流道容易积聚腐蚀沉积物，可能会引起钠的局部沸腾和包壳的传热恶化。本文利用商用计算流体动力学软件STAR-CCM+程序对中国实验快堆单盒燃料组件的堵流事故进行了数值模拟，分析了包壳内壁面温度与冷却剂在堵块附近的轴向流场分布，并与正常工况下的计算结果进行对比。计算结果表明：实心介质堵流危害比多孔介质更为严重；实心介质堵流事故的包壳峰值温度局部最高点始终位于堵块中心位置，而多孔介质堵流事故的位于堵块后方，且随堵块面积的增大而往下游偏移；堵块的孔隙率对包壳在堵块下游的最大温升有明显影响，随堵块孔隙率的增大而减小。     

板状燃料组件入口堵流事故下流场和温度场的瞬态数值计算

板状燃料组件具有结构紧凑、换热效率高、深燃耗等特点,故被广泛应用在一体化反应堆和实验用研究堆中。在堆芯窄矩形流道中,冷却剂一般采用自上向下的强迫循环方式。在某些事故工况下,譬如由于燃料元件的辐照肿胀、堆内材料碎片或异物随冷却剂循环流入堆芯,可能引发堵流事故。该事故将造成燃料板失冷,板温升高,可能导致局部冷却剂蒸干,威胁燃料包壳的完整性,甚至造成放射性外泄,引发严重事故后果。本文采用CFD软件ANSYS FLUENT 12.1对板状燃料组件在入口95%部分堵塞和全部堵塞的工况进行了瞬态数值模拟。计算中考虑了冷却剂和燃料板的流固耦合传热问题,并对所得三维流场、温度场及影响因素进行了分析。     

HFETR多层环形燃料组件堵流事故研究

高通量工程试验堆（HFETR）的燃料组件采用了多层环形窄缝流道的设计来提高换热能力。然而,需要注意的是窄缝流道发生堵流的可能性较高。本文基于RELAP5程序建立了HFETR燃料组件模型,经过计算值与试验值的对比验证,结果表明该模型合理准确。基于该模型研究了堵流事故工况下热盒燃料组件的瞬态特性及其影响因素。结果表明:①当堵流比大于0.5时,随着堵流比的增加,燃料包壳与芯体峰值温度显著上升;②即使单个流道发生全部堵流,由于周围流道的冷却,燃料包壳峰值温度最大值只有218.6℃,能够保证燃料包壳的完整性;③单个流道全部堵流事故工况初期流量等参数波动较大,而在事故发生15 s后燃料组件主要参数基本稳定。      

板状燃料元件流道堵塞事故预防与探测技术研究

板状燃料元件用于研究堆中表现出良好的辐照性能。通过对国内外一些使用板状燃料元件研究堆堵流事故实例的调研,发现板状燃料元件板间的栅距通常很小,堆芯冷却剂流道狭窄,堵流事故的发生大都由异物进入流道或燃料肿胀引起。选取中国先进研究堆(China Advanced Research Reactor,CARR)作为特征研究对象,采用RELAP5/MOD3.2热工计算程序,对CARR堆芯、堆本体、单盒组件、堆外冷却回路等进行了热工水力模拟计算,结果表明:当反应堆功率提升时,堵塞的流道内燃料组件温度上升,冷却剂开始发生沸腾,功率会发生明显波动。通过中子注量率与功率的监控以及燃料温度的分析,有助于及早探知和预防堵流事故的进一步发展扩大。     

钠冷快堆绕丝组件入口堵流事故数值模拟

钠冷快堆绕丝组件燃料棒排列紧密,如有异物进入,很有可能在入口发生堵塞并造成严重后果。本文使用商用CFD程序ANSYS Fluent对钠冷快堆绕丝组件的入口堵流事故进行了瞬态数值模拟,探究组件内的流动换热变化情况。结果表明：堵流发生后,流场在0.02 s左右达到稳态,而温度场在0.15 s左右达到稳态;瞬态过程中温度首先从堵块临近下游的燃料棒表面开始升高,并逐渐向外和向下游扩展;堵块后方速度较低,温度较高的尾流区长度约为60 mm,最高温度出现在堵块下游约4 mm处;出口处的流动速度与正常工况相差不大,且出口处的温度分布较速度分布对堵流事故更不敏感;绕丝产生的二次流对堵流事故有一定的缓解作用。上述研究结果可供钠冷快堆堆芯安全分析参考。     

船用堆燃料棒包壳疲劳寿命分析

船用堆瞬态变工况下燃料棒包壳温度和冷却剂压力波动较大,引起包壳的疲劳损伤,因此包壳疲劳寿命分析至关重要。本文利用ANSYS软件模拟船用堆瞬态变工况下燃料棒的热机械行为,结合锆包壳疲劳寿命设计曲线,考察包壳温度、冷却剂压力、燃料棒内压以及辐照对船用堆燃料棒包壳疲劳寿命的影响。计算结果表明,瞬态变工况使得包壳疲劳寿命有很大降低;包壳温度变化与冷却剂压力变化相比,前者对包壳疲劳寿命的影响小;辐照会降低包壳疲劳寿命。在不影响核动力船舶机动性的前提下,可采取一些必要的措施来降低包壳的疲劳损伤。     

小型自然循环铅冷快堆无保护最热组件局部堵流瞬态分析

铅冷快堆内液态重金属的腐蚀作用严重制约铅冷快堆技术发展。基于程序ATHLET建立100?MW小型模块化自然循环铅冷快堆SNCLFR-100一回路主冷却系统模型，对无保护最热组件局部堵流事故开展瞬态热工安全分析。结果显示，当阻塞率β达到0.6时，最热组件内冷却剂流量将降为额定流量的50%左右，而最热棒包壳最高温度将达到650℃。当β达到0.9时，最热组件内冷却剂流量将降为额定流量的12.6%左右，包壳最高温度将超过包壳材料熔点1400℃，此时最热组件内将出现包壳熔化现象。      

Azimuthal temperature variation in the cladding of PWR fuel elements

This paper is concerned with the prediction of the azimuthal temperature distribution in the cladding of the fuel elements of a pressurized water reactor (PWR), in the event of a loss of coolant accident (LOCA). It is assumed that ballooning of the fuel elements results in local restrictions of flow area as the cladding of adjacent rods contact each other to form singly connected passages of the 4-cusp shape. A “fin-type” analysis of the circumferential heat transfer in the walls (the cladding) of the channel is made, account being taken of the variation of convective heat transfer coefficient around the channel perimeter. Predicted results for the maximum azimuthal temperature difference in the cladding are presented for a range of variables and percentage blockage, and a comparison is made with the predictions of other workers in this field of study.     

基于流固热耦合的燃料元件包壳结构完整性分析

反应堆系统发生瞬态工况时,冷却剂温度的瞬间大幅度变化会对燃料元件包壳结构完整性造成冲击,危及反应堆安全。本文以某压水堆3×3燃料组件为对象,采用流固热耦合方法对冷水事故下燃料组件的流动换热特性和燃料元件包壳温度、变形及应力进行了三维精细化模拟。结果表明:定位格架能够增强燃料棒表面的对流换热强度;包壳变形时向与刚凸接触的一侧折弯,向与弹簧接触的一侧凸起;包壳与定位格架接触部位的温度和最大等效应力随事故时间不断增大,且最大等效应力超过了包壳材料的屈服强度,将发生强度失效,影响其结构完整性。本文研究可为反应堆燃料元件包壳瞬态工况下的完整性评价提供借鉴。      

燃料棒破损热力学模块开发及在严重事故分析程序中的应用

包壳肿胀和破损是严重事故早期阶段的重要现象。包壳形变不仅会造成局部流动堵塞,同时,水蒸气会从破裂处进入包壳气隙,增加包壳被蒸汽氧化的表面积。广泛使用的一体化严重事故分析程序不能分析早期事故过程中燃料棒的热力学行为,判断包壳破裂也只是基于简单的参数模型。本文开发了分析燃料棒热力学行为的FRTMB模块,并集成在严重事故分析程序ISAA中。使用开发的耦合系统ISAA FRTMB分析了CAP1400反应堆直接注射（DVI）管线小破口事故过程中燃料棒的热力学行为,并预计了包壳破裂时间及相应的失效温度。计算结果整体验证了ISAA FRTMB分析瞬态事故过程中燃料棒热力学行为以及判断包壳破裂的适用性和可靠性。     

Effects of Partial Flow Blockage on Core Heat Transfer in Forced-Feed Reflood Tests

This study investigates the effects of partial flow blockage due to ballooning of fuel cladding on the core heat transfer during reflood phase in a PWR loss-of-coolant accident, in particular, the effects of coolant bypass flow at flow blockage and the effects of major parameters in a wide core with a bundlewise flow blockage.

Forced-feed reflood tests were carried out with the Slab Core Test Facility, in which 8 simulated fuel bundles are arranged in a row with two out of these designed as blockage bundles with about 60 % blockage ratio. The test results which were obtained under most probable coolant injection conditions were investigated with respect to quench and heat transfer coefficients. As the results, the following were revealed, (1)The effects of flow blockage appear only downstream of flow blockage at the flow blockage bundles with promoted cooling of rods. (2)Effects of coolant bypass flow due to flow blockage are insignificant. (3)Flooding velocity by accumulator injection has a predominant effect on promoted cooling of rods downstream of flow blockage.     

A study of the sensitivity of loca heat transfer analysis for a water-cooled reactor system

Results are given of computer calculations, using the reactor thermal analysis code THETA1-B, to determine the significance and relative importance of various heat transfer regimes in predicting maximum fuel cladding temperature for the blowdown phase of a postulated loss-of-coolant accident (LOCA) in a pressurized water reactor system. The factors considered include the choice of heat transfer correlation for a particular heat transfer regime, the method of delineating the boundaries between regimes, and core inlet coolant flow conditions.For a hot-leg rupture, the maximum surface temperature is sensitive to a number of factors, including choices of critical heat flux correlation, flow boiling transition heat transfer correlation, and in particular, stable film flow boiling correlation. However, for a LOCA resulting from a double-ended rupture of an inlet feeder, these factors have only marginal effects on maximum cladding temperature. In this case the importance of heat transfer to dry steam coolant at low net flow rate conditions is demonstrated, indicating a need for further information.     

Partial flow blockage analysis of the hottest fuel assembly in SNCLFR-100 reactor core

In this paper, we perform an unprotected partial flow blockage analysis of the hottest fuel assembly in the core of the SNCLFR-100 reactor, a 100 MW_(th) modular natural circulation lead-cooled fast reactor, developed by University of Science and Technology of China. The flow blockage shall cause a degradation of the heat transfer between the fuel assembly and the coolant potentially,which can eventually result in the clad fusion. An analysis of core blockage accidents in a single assembly is of great significance for LFR. Such scenarios are investigated by using the best estimation code RELAP5. Reactivity feedback and axial power profile are considered. The crosssectional fraction of blockage, axial position of blockage,and blockage-developing time are discussed. The cladding material failure shall be the biggest challenge and shall be a considerable threat for integrity of the fuel assembly if the cross-sectional fraction of blockage is over 94%. The blockage-developing time only affects the accident progress. The consequence will be more serious if the axial position of a sudden blockage is closer to the core outlet.The method of analysis procedure can also be applied to analyze similar transient behaviors of other fuel-type reactors.     

铅铋冷却快堆含绕丝燃料组件子通道程序开发与验证

由于铅铋冷却剂流动传热现象的复杂性,准确计算铅铋冷却含绕丝燃料组件的冷却剂和包壳温度是液态金属冷却快堆燃料组件热工分析的重点。本文基于集总参数法对守恒方程进行求解,开发了适用于铅铋冷却快堆的子通道分析程序,对液态铅铋在棒束燃料组件中的摩擦阻力模型、湍流交混模型和对流换热模型进行了适用性分析,并对7棒束大涡模拟和19棒束含绕丝传热实验进行了对比验证。结果表明：包壳和冷却剂温度的最大相对误差低于5%。程序能较好完成铅铋冷却含绕丝燃料组件的热工水力计算,可为铅铋冷却快堆设计提供支持。     

Transient analyses for accelerator driven system PDS-XADS using the extended SIMMER-III code

Transient analyses for Preliminary Design Studies of an Experimental Accelerator Driven System (PDS-XADS) were performed with the reactor safety analysis code SIMMER-III, which was originally developed for the safety assessment of sodium-cooled fast reactors and recently extended by the authors so as to describe the XADS specifics such as subcritical core, strong external neutron source and lead–bismuth–eutectic (LBE) coolant. As transient scenarios, the following cases were analyzed in accordance with the PDS-XADS program: spurious beam trip (BT), unprotected beam overpower (UBOP), unprotected transient overpower (UTOP), unprotected loss of flow (ULOF) and unprotected blockage (UBL) in a single fuel assembly. In addition, to cover some core-melt situations and investigate the potential for recriticalities, so-called snap-shot analyses with ad hoc postulated severe blockage conditions were also investigated.The simulation results for BT and UBOP showed that immediate fuel damage might not take place under short-time beam interruption or a 100% increase of the external neutron source. Concerning UTOP, it was found that a reactivity jump of 1 $ would not lead to damage of the fuel and the cladding. The ULOF simulation showed that the remaining natural convection of the coolant would prevent the cladding from disruptions. In the simulation of UBL in a single fuel assembly, it was shown that no cladding failure might be expected, due to the radial heat transfer and the coolant flow in the hexcan gap. Under an artificial suppression of the radial heat transfer for this UBL case, a pin failure occurred in the simulation but subsequent fuel sweep-out into the upper plenum region would bring a reactivity reduction and no power excursion. The severe accident simulations starting from postulated blockage above an already disrupted core showed that a severe recriticality could be avoided by the fuel sweep-out into the dummy-assembly or hexcan gap regions.The present simulation results showed that the current PDS-XADS design has a remarkable resistance against severe transient scenarios even in core-degradation conditions.     

Three-dimensional analysis of flow blockage accident in Tehran MTR research reactor core using CFD

In the present study, a 3D simulation of flow blockage accident which may occur in the coolant channels of a fuel assembly of Tehran research reactor (TRR) is investigated using CFD code. Consideration is given to the scenario in which partial blockage of hot channel occurs due to buckling of its fuel plates towards the inside. Governing conservation laws are solved using Control volume approach and pressure field is coupled to the velocity field through the SIMPLE algorithm. Flow convergence is considered when the residual for all flow variables are less than 10⁻⁵. The simulation is performed under four different obstruction levels of the nominal flow area, i.e., 0%, 20%, 50% and 70%. By solving momentum and energy equation in three channels with their fuel plates, it is found that heat transfer is substantially affected by channels flow field. In the blockage accident, decrease in flow rate of the obstructed channel decreases cooling capacity of the obstructed channel as a result of hydraulic resistance augmentation. The obtained results show that above the 50% blockage, critical phenomena will appear which may compromise the clad integrity. Moreover, in the 70% blockage scenario, the clad temperature in the obstructed channel reaches the value associated with nucleate boiling temperature at the operative pressure.