CPR1000停堆开盖一回路冷却剂中58Co放射性浓度分析

沉积于一回路系统设备内壁的活化腐蚀产物是压水堆核电厂停堆工况下的主要放射性来源.文中选择CPR1000停堆换料期间放射性浓度较高的活化腐蚀产物58Co作为研究对象,分析该核素在停堆开盖过程中放射性浓度变化的影响因素,并建立相应的放射性浓度计算模型.计算结果表明,一回路净化流量和附着于设备内壁的58Co释放率是影响停堆期间一回路冷却剂58Co放射性浓度变化的主要因素,同时从理论上得出了CPR1000机组停堆净化工序能够使得一回路冷却剂内58Co放射性浓度降至相关停堆放化控制限值内的结论.     

压水堆核电厂厂房内气载放射性活度的分析与评价

介绍压水堆核电厂厂房内气载放射性活度计算的基本方法。根据相关1000 MW级压水堆核电厂的设计经验,分析正常功率运行、停堆余热排出和反应堆压力容器顶盖打开的各阶段惰性气体、裂变产物、活化腐蚀产物和氚的气载活度浓度。由燃料包壳破损和氧化操作导致的主回路碘峰及活化腐蚀产物急速增加,特别对余热排出阶段引起气载活度浓度升高的现象进行了详细计算。最后,基于核电厂各运行阶段的气载放射性活度变化趋势,就运行人员的内照射防护措施和通风排气设计提出改进意见。     

压水堆核电厂常规岛液态流出物排放管理探讨

本文根据《核电厂放射性液态流出物排放技术要求》(GB 14587—2011)的基本要求,提出基于核电厂蒸汽发生器排污水放射性控制进行常规岛液态流出物排放管理的思路,并针对M310/CPR1000、WWER、AP1000和EPR四种堆型工程设计及存在的问题,通过研究提出我国压水堆核电厂常规岛液态流出物的排放管理改进建议,可供核安全监管和核电厂设计、运行管理参考。     

压水堆核电厂一回路冷却剂泄漏率计算的优化

一回路冷却剂的泄漏率是压水堆核电厂放射性控制相关的一个重要物理量,需要定期进行监测.但由于目前国内核电厂对其研究较少,其测量和计算中存在一些不足.本文立足于现场运行实际,通过对秦山第二核电厂一回路泄漏率的分析计算,总结和完善了压水堆核电厂一回路冷却剂泄漏率的计算方法.     

压水堆核电厂流出物中14C的排放限值探讨

研究分析了压水堆核电厂中¹⁴C的产生途径与排放量,调研了美国和欧洲运行压水堆核电厂气态流出物和液态流出物中¹⁴C的排放水平,分析了我国国家标准《核动力厂环境辐射防护规定》(GB 6249—2011)对美国和欧洲运行压水堆核电厂流出物排放¹⁴C的包络性,同时分析了多堆厂址、AP1000和EPR等新堆型电厂的运行需求对目前标准规定的¹⁴C排放限值管理带来的挑战,提出了¹⁴C的减排和资源化利用建议。     

主回路裂变产物源项计算程序CPFP的开发

分析了压水堆核电站一回路冷却剂中裂变产物的产生和迁移途径，建立了压水堆核电站主回路裂变产物源项计算模型，并开发了具有良好人-机界面的计算程序CPFP2.0。分别采用国外同类型软件和欧洲压水堆（EPR）堆型核电站的工程数据进行了测试，测试结果表明，CPFP2.0程序对于测试算例的计算结果与国外同类软件的计算结果之间的误差在工程可接受的范围内，与EPR堆型核电站的工程数据基本一致。      

压水堆核电厂气液态放射性流出物源项计算程序CPGale的开发北大核心CSCD

分析了压水堆核电厂运行状态下气液态放射性流出物的产生和排放途径,建立了压水堆核电厂运行状态下气液态放射性流出物源项的计算模型,开发了具有良好人机界面的计算程序CPGale,并采用国内在役压水堆核电厂的流出物源项实测值对程序进行了验证。结果表明,基于CPGale程序计算所得流出物源项相比实测值具有适度的保守性,可满足工程设计的需求。     

基于RELWWER程序的WWER型核电厂燃料棒破损分析

裂变产物是一回路冷却剂中放射性核素的重要组成部分,在压水堆核电厂的运行过程中,需对一回路冷却剂进行放射性测量,并根据其中的裂变产物活度监控燃料组件的运行状态。本文通过对比分析RELWWER程序的计算结果和WWER型核电厂一回路冷却剂裂变产物比活度的实测数据,给出了初步判断堆芯中燃料棒的破损情况的方法,可为停堆换料方案的制定提供参考。     

典型事故工况下压水堆核电厂内工作人员辐射风险分析方法研究

基于概率论和确定论分析方法建立了事故工况下场内工作人员辐射剂量控制的体系。针对典型三代压水堆核电厂，建立了事故工况下场内工作人员辐射风险分析的方法论，并采用典型事故进行验证。验证结果表明，对于选取的堆外放射性系统相关典型事故，建立的辐射风险控制体系和分析方法可很好地评估并控制事故工况下场内工作人员的辐射风险。该方法可进一步扩展至堆芯相关事故以及其他堆外放射性系统相关事故，从而提升压水堆核电厂辐射防护最优化水平。     

典型压水堆运行工况下活化腐蚀产物及剂量率计算分析

压水堆很大一部分的职业照射剂量来自于非辐照区管壁与冷却剂接触时沉积的活化腐蚀产物。为计算典型核电厂主回路中活化腐蚀产物产生的辐射场,本文建立基于浓度差驱动原理的活化腐蚀产物迁移模型模拟了典型核电厂运行3 165天由主回路结构材料产生的活化腐蚀产物,并计算其对职业照射的贡献。计算结果表明反应堆运行期间短寿命核素60Com是放射性活度的主要贡献者,但58Co、60Co等长寿命核素却是剂量率的主要来源。而停堆后,短寿命核素迅速衰变消失,长寿命核素成为放射性活度及剂量率的主要来源。     

Containment for the low temperature district nuclear-heating reactor

An integral arrangement is adopted for the Low Temperature District Nuclear-Heating Reactor. The primary heat exchangers, control rod drives and spent fuel elements are put in the reactor pressure vessel together with the reactor core. The primary coolant flows in natural circulation through the reactor core and the primary heat exchangers. The primary coolant pipes penetrating the wall of the reactor pressure vessel are all of small diameters. The reactor vessel constitutes the main part of the pressure boundary of the primary coolant. Therefore a small sized metallic containment closed to the wall of the reactor vessel can be used for the reactor. Design principles and functions of the containment are the same as for the containment of a PWR. But the adoption of a small sized containment brings about some benefits such as a short period of manufacturing, relatively low cost, and ease for sealing. A loss of primary coolant accident would not be happened during a rupture accident of the primary coolant pressure boundary inside the containment owing to its intrinsic safety.     

PWR-1000XL核蒸汽供应系统设计

国产化1000MW级压水堆核电站（PWR－1000XL）是中国核动力研究设计院拟向国内用户推荐的计划在“十五”后期开始建造的核电站方案之一。PWR－1000XL的设计寿命60年，核蒸汽供应系统的主要设计特点是：采用Performanc^ 燃料组件，换料周期18个月：堆芯平均线功率密度165．2W/cm，堆芯热工裕量大于15％，堆顶结构一体化，设置RPV顶盖事故排气系统，无测温旁路系统；稳压器容积45m^3，选用△75型蒸汽发生器和100D型主泵；采用破前漏技术，设置可燃气体控制系统；采用数字化仪表和控制系统。     

Ex-vessel transport and mixing of a deborated slug in a PWR primary geometry

The transport and mixing of a slug of deborated water in a lowered loop PWR is modeled by partitioning the volumes of the primary system according to chemical rector theory. Piping is modeled as plug flow volumes while the steam generator outlet plenum and the reactor coolant pumps are modeled as backmixed volumes. This simple approach provides a good representation of the transport and mixing phenomena outside the reactor vessel. The proposed methodology can be used to generate initial and boundary conditions for separate effects tests and CFD computations for the reactor vessel complex geometry. The decoupling of the ex-vessel primary system greatly enhances the resolution of boron dilution transient issue.     

AP1000核电厂丧失正常给水稳压器防满水措施研究

在某AP1000核电厂丧失正常给水事件中，由于一系列的误操作导致稳压器满水，而稳压器安全阀在多次打开后可能无法重新关闭，不满足核电厂Ⅱ类工况验收准则。文章分析了该事件中稳压器满水的原因，即在非能动余热排出热交换器（PRHR HX）冷却能力充足的情况下，系统不适当的降压导致环路中冷却剂闪蒸，进而导致稳压器满水，此时通过开启堆顶放气阀启动应急下泄的方式无法有效降低稳压器液位。最后给出了AP1000核电厂丧失正常给水事故中防止稳压器满水的建议措施，即在RCS降压过程中，应确保RCS压力始终高于热管段温度对应的饱和压力，进而确保冷却剂不发生闪蒸。      

AP1000核电厂丧失正常给水稳压器防满水措施研究

In an accident of loss of feedwater in an AP1000 plant, the pressurizer was filled with water for a series of improper operations, and the safety valves may not be qualified to re-close following multiple cycles of opening, which is not acceptable in Condition Ⅱ events. The paper analyzes the causes for the filling of water in the pressurizer in this event, that is, the instantaneous evaporation of coolant in the loop during the process of improper depressurization of RCS while the PRHR HX is with sufficient cooling capability. At this time, the water level in the pressurizer level cannot be decreased by opening the reactor vessel head vent valves for emergency letdown. Finally, the recommended measure is provided to prevent the filling of water in the pressurizer during loss of normal feedwater for AP1000 NPP. The RCS pressure should always be higher than the saturation pressure corresponding to the temperature of the hot legs to avoid the coolant evaporation.     

Evaluation of intentional depressurization strategy in Chinese 600 MWe PWR NPP

Intentional depressurization is one of the effective strategies in preventing high-pressure melt ejection (HPME) and direct containment heating (DCH), which is most feasible for the operating nuclear power plants (NPPs) in China. In order to evaluate this strategy of a Chinese 600 MWe PWR NPP, the plant model is built using SCDAP/RELAP5 code. ATWS, SBO, SGTR and SLOCA are selected as the base cases for analysis of intentional depressurization. The results show that opening safety valves of pressurizer manually when the core exit temperature exceeds 922 K can reduce the RCS pressure effectively and prevent the occurrence of HPME and DCH. Several uncertainties such as the operability of safety valves, ex-vessel failure and the transitory rise of RCS pressure are also analyzed subsequently. The results show that the opening of the safety valves can be initiated normally and that opening three safety valves is a more favorable strategy in the event of possible failure of one or more of the safety valves; the probability of ex-vessel failure is reduced after intentional depressurization is implemented; the transitory rising of reactor coolant system (RCS) pressure when the molten core materials relocate to the lower head of reactor pressure vessel (RPV) will not influence the effect of depressurization.     

LOCA水力载荷分析软件HLPS的开发与验证

为分析核电厂反应堆一回路系统发生假想断裂时冷却剂从破口喷放以及卸压波在一回路系统中传播引起的水力载荷特性,采用C++程序开发语言,自主研发了压水堆一回路冷却剂丧失事故（LOCA）水力载荷计算软件HLPS。以M310反应堆冷却剂系统为对象,将HLPS软件计算结果与工程数据进行对比验证,结果表明:HLPS软件的计算结果与工程数据符合良好,载荷力峰值基本包络工程数据;同时HLPS软件采取隐式求解以及更高的收敛标准,计算结果更加准确,可用于一回路系统LOCA分析。      

Boron transient effects on the behavior of IRIS reactor using dynamic modeling

Small Modular Reactors (SMR) are considered as having several advantages over typical nuclear reactors under various specific conditions. They are thought to be installed in countries with small or medium power grid, in which a large power plant is not necessary or in isolated communities far from distribution centers. A plenty of developing countries are in this situation, so that a significant demand on this type of reactor is expected in a near future. The IRIS reactor is the top-front of SMRs, making its complete development very attractive, since it can fulfill the essential requirements for a future nuclear power plant: better economics, safety-by-design, low proliferation risk and environmental sustainability. IRIS reactor is an integral type PWR in which all primary components are arranged inside the pressure vessel. This configuration involves important changes when compared with a conventional PWR. These changes require several studies to comply with the safe operational limits for the reactor. In light water reactors, a solution of boric acid is used in the coolant of the primary loop to absorb neutrons, aiming to adjust the reactivity of the reactor. A significant decrease in the boron concentration in the core might lead to a considerable power excursion. Several studies on PWR have established correlations between power excursions and deficiencies in homogenization of boric acid diluted in the coolant. The IRIS reactor, due to its integral configuration, does not possess a spray system for boron homogenization which may cause power transients. In this paper, a study has been conducted to develop a dynamic model (named MODIRIS) for transient analysis, implemented in the MATLAB'S software SIMULINK, allowing the analysis of IRIS behavior by considering the neutron point kinetics model for power generation. The methodology is based on generating a set of differential equations of neutronic and thermal-hydraulic balances which describes the dynamics of the primary circuit, as well as a set of differential equations describing the dynamics of secondary circuit. The equations and initialization parameters at full power were inserted into the SIMULINK and the code was validated by comparing with RELAP simulations for a transient of feedwater reduction in the steam generators. Furthermore, the current paper looks for studying and developing a dynamic model for calculating the variations in the boric acid concentration. Then, a simplified model for boron dispersion was implemented into the code MODIRIS to simulate power transients which occur due to variations in the boron concentration in the primary loop of the IRIS reactor. The results for boron concentration, inserted reactivity and steam production showed a good precision and represented the expected behavior very well in the range of operational transients.     

Sealing behavior of the HTR-10 pressure vessel flanges

The flanges of 10 MW high temperature gas-cooled reactor (HTR-10) pressure vessel play an important role in sealing the primary coolant of Helium. They are bolt-connected with a metallic O-ring and a welded Ω-ring. An elastic–plastic nonlinear analysis was performed to evaluate the stress and deformation of the contact flanges with the finite element software of MSC MARC 2000. The multi-step loading process was employed to simulate the processes of pre-tightening and pressurizing of the HTR-10 pressure vessel. The structural effects of the flanges on the opening and the shifting of the HTR-10 pressure vessel flanges at the O-ring position were studied to determine the flange height and the head closure thickness. The good sealing performance of the O-ring and the Ω-ring was verified both numerically and experimentally. The finite element model analysis results compared well with the hydraulic test of the HTR-10 pressure vessel. The results show that the flanges can meet the strength requirement and that the O-ring and the Ω-ring can effectively seal the HTR-10 pressure vessel during both pre-tightening and pressurizing.     

Critical parameter study of PWR primary coolant pipe leak failure using probabilistic fracture mechanics

This paper discusses the critical parameters which influence the failure probabilities of a PWR primary coolant loop. Probabilistic fracture mechanics (PFM) is applied for the parametric study, using the Monte Carlo program PRAISE to predict the failure probabilities of a PWR primary coolant loop from various distributions of input parameters. Parameters such as nondetection probability of preservice and inservice inspection, vibratory stress, residual stresses, and their correlations are extensively studied. Critical crack depth which causes immediate failure are calculated in the presence of various vibratory stresses with and without residual stresses. Crack growth schemes are determined with various initial defect depth and depth-length ratio as a function of plant operation time. The results show quantitatively how PWR primary coolant loop reliability can be greatly improved by increasing the sensitivity and decreasing the uncertainty of preservice nondestructive inspection.