载气压力对空心玻璃微球炉内成球过程的影响

为实现惯性约束聚变(ICF)靶用高品质空心玻璃微球(HGM)的干凝胶法制备,从数值模拟和工艺实验两个方面研究了载气压力对干凝胶粒子炉内成球过程及最终HGM品质的影响。结果表明,随着载气压力的降低,HGM的直径增大、壁厚变薄。降低载气压力虽有利于延长液态空心玻璃微球的精炼时间,但载气与液态空心玻璃微球之间的传热能力也显著降低。因此,HGM的精炼程度随着载气压力的降低而下降,当载气压力低于0.5×105Pa时,HGM的精炼程度不能满足ICF制靶的要求。     

液滴法成球过程模拟计算软件

根据液滴法制备空心玻璃微球的成球过程数学模型,用Delphi 5.0计算机语言编写了对应的模拟计算软件.该软件能够模拟计算成球过程中液滴/球壳的大小、下落速率、下落时间、壁厚、内气压等参数及其随操作条件改变的定量变化.初步实验表明:模拟计算结果与实验结果基本符合.     

液滴法成球过程模拟计算软件

根据液滴法制备空心玻璃微球的成球过程数学模型，用Delphi5.0计算机语言编写了对应的模拟计算软件。该软件能够模拟计算成球过程中液滴／球壳的大小、下落速率、下落时间、壁厚、内气压等参数及其随操作条件改变的定量变化。初步实验表明：模拟计算结果与实验结果基本符合。     

壁厚1μm以下薄壁空心玻璃微球制备工艺研究

叙述了采用液滴法制备壁厚1μm以下薄壁空心玻璃微球生产工艺。系统地研究了玻璃溶液配方、玻璃溶液浓度、发泡剂的加入量、液滴炉各温区温度、抽气速度等因素的变化对生产空心玻璃球壳壁厚及直径的影响,确定了生产1μm以下超薄壁空心玻璃球壳的     

壁厚1μm以下薄壁空心玻璃微球制备工艺研究

叙述了采用液滴法制备壁厚1μm以下薄壁空心玻璃微球生产工艺。系统地研究了玻璃溶液配方、玻璃溶液浓度、发泡剂的加入量、液滴炉各温区温度、抽气速度等因素的变化对生产空心玻璃球壳壁厚及直径的影响,确定了生产1μm以下超薄壁空心玻璃球壳的工艺条件。采用该工艺,首次成功地生产出直径φ150～250μm,壁厚小于1μm的空心玻璃球壳,微球表面光洁度及同心度都能较好地满足物理实验要求。     

由玻璃组成计算空心玻璃微球的耐压强度

根据玻璃性质的加和性原则,分别由玻璃组成计算了空心玻璃微球（HGM）的弹性模量、拉伸强度和抗压强度,并利用经验公式计算了6种配方HGM在不同形状因子下的耐内压强度和耐外压强度。初步实验验证表明：HGM的耐压强度的计算结果与测量值基本吻合。     

干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球的炉内成球过程分析

基于干凝胶粒子炉内成球过程的分解实验结果及各阶段中间产物的分析测试结果,通过对干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球工艺的传热、传质和运动的过程分析,将干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球炉内成球过程合理简化为吸热、封装、气泡形成及聚并、精炼、冷却5个阶段。吸热阶段的升温速率以及发泡剂的分解温度和发泡效率、精炼阶段的精炼时间和温度、冷却阶段的冷却速率是影响干凝胶法制备空心玻璃微球工艺和空心玻璃微球最终质量的关键因素。     

同位素稀释质谱法测定空心玻璃微球内氘气总量

作为惯性约束核聚变(ICF)第一代靶丸,空心玻璃微球(HGM)内充燃料气体的组分、比例和密度均有严格要求,气体总量的测定至关重要。介绍了同位素稀释质谱法(IDMS)测定空心玻璃微球内氘气气体总量的分析方法。该方法采用氢气为稀释剂,活性炭作为吸附剂制备氘气和氢气的混合气体,用质谱计测定样品中氢同位素丰度。通过热力学公式推导、计算,求得HGM内氘气摩尔数。实验结果表明:用IDMS法测量HGM内痕量氘气总量切实可行,其测量下限为10-8 mol,测量结果的相对标准偏差小于5%(n=4或3,按照极差法计算),符合测量要求。     

薄壁玻璃微球制备工艺

叙述了玻璃溶液浓度,发泡剂加入量,液滴炉各温区温度和抽气速度等因素对制备空心玻璃微球壁厚的影响,确定了制备１μｍ以下超薄壁空心玻璃微球的工艺条件。     

事故容错燃料包壳表面液滴碰撞行为及Leidenfrost现象实验研究

为了研究事故容错燃料包壳表面的液滴Leidenfrost现象，本研究采用高速相机对液滴与事故容错燃料包壳SiC和FeCrAl的碰撞行为进行可视化观测，并与常规包壳材料Zr-4对比。结果表明，液滴碰撞方式有沉积、带二次液滴散射的反弹、带二次液滴散射的碎化、反弹和碎化5种；沉积属于核态沸腾换热，反弹和碎化属于膜态沸腾，带二次液滴散射的反弹和带二次液滴散射的碎化属于过渡沸腾换热；液滴的临界热流密度（CHF）温度与韦伯数（We）无关，而Leidenfrost温度随着We和固体表面蓄热系数的增大而增大；在膜态沸腾阶段，液滴的铺展行为与温度无关，随着We的增大，液滴铺展的更快，且能达到更高的铺展因子。      

空心玻璃微球D2/Ne混合气体充气工艺

本工作主要研究空心玻璃微球对D₂和Ne气体渗透系数的差异，以及研究采用热扩散法在高压充气系统上向空心玻璃微球充入D₂/Ne混合气体的充气工艺。利用干涉条纹法测量了在充气和保气时Ne的气体渗透系数，它们分别为K_Ne,350℃=2.6×10^-18和K_Ne,25℃=8.0×10^-22mol•m^－1•s^－1•Pa^－1。根据D₂的气体渗透系数确定了玻璃微球充D₂/Ne混合气体的充气方法和充气平衡时间，平衡时间以充纯Ne时间为准。此外，还研究了空心玻璃微球充入混合气体后的保气性能。     

Morphological evolution of alteration layers formed during nuclear glass alteration: new evidence of a gel as a diffusive barrier

This paper presents X-ray reflectometry and nitrogen adsorption results on alteration films formed at the surface of the French high level radioactive waste reference glass: SON68 glass (R7T7-type). For the first time, in situ (underwater) X-ray reflectometry has been used to investigate the alteration of this nuclear glass. A morphological evolution of alteration films is proposed and related to different steps of alteration kinetics. Initially a de-alkalinized glass layer is obtained, followed by the formation of a gel having an open porosity. Subsequently the gel densifies as the glass alteration rate decreases and finally the pore size increases upon formation of a dense and thin zone within the film. The latter dense zone within the gel could constitute a diffusive barrier. This hypothesis is also discussed for simplified glass gels.     

溶胶凝胶法制备U-Zr-Hf可燃毒物燃料主要影响因素研究

为研制辐照稳定性良好的整体型可燃毒物燃料，采用溶胶凝胶法制备U-Zr-Hf燃料，可实现可燃毒物与燃料的均布。本文研究了溶胶配制、分散胶凝、凝胶球洗涤、还原烧结过程的主要因素对燃料制备及性能的影响。结果表明:金属总离子浓度是在低温下导致溶胶粘度增加的主要原因；溶胶内金属离子体系是胶凝过程中影响稳定分散温度的主要因素；洗液与凝胶球体积比直接影响洗涤效果；烧结温度的增加促进了燃料的致密化，从U-Zr-Hf燃料的金相磨面照片可看出燃料表观完整，无破裂，内部致密。      

全体积R7T7型参考玻璃固化体裂隙初步研究

为从微观角度研究裂隙对玻璃固化体腐蚀影响,引入体视学方法对玻璃体裂隙进行了裂隙分布、腐蚀程度等初步研究。采用扫描电镜对结束1147d静态浸出实验后的全体积R7T7型参考玻璃的部分样品进行分析。根据分析得到的二维参数,通过体视学方法计算得到全体积玻璃体的裂隙率FR为41±13,腐蚀量为(3.88±1.20)×10^-4m³,约占玻璃体参与水相腐蚀反应总体积的(0.28±0.09)%。分析还发现,裂隙腐蚀产物厚度小于10μm的裂隙占裂隙总数的80%,这些裂隙导致的腐蚀仅占总腐蚀表面积的30%;同时,腐蚀产物厚度大于10μm的裂隙对样品总腐蚀表面积贡献了70%。     

Reaction rates in blanket assemblies of a fusion-fission hybrid reactor

To validate neutronics calculation for the blanket design of fusion-fission hybrid reactor,experiments for measuring reaction rates inside two simulating assemblies are performed.Two benchmark assemblies were developed for the neutronics experiments.A D-T fusion neutron source is placed at the center of the setup.One of them consists of three layers of depleted uranium shells and two layers of polyethylene shells,and these shells are arranged alternatively.The ²³⁸U capture reaction rates are measured using depleted uranium foils and an HPGe gamma spectrometer.The fission reaction rates are measured using a fission chamber coated with depleted uranium.The other assembly consists of depleted uranium and LiH shells.The tritium production rates are measured using the lithium glass scintillation detector which is placed in the LiH region of the assembly.The measured reaction rates are compared with the calculated ones predicted using MCNP code,and C/E values are obtained.     

Extractor Type in Liquid Metal-Molten Salt Extraction System

Two factors, which are important for selecting the extractor type suitable for liquid metal-molten salt system were studied, i.e. the formation and the coalescence processes of liquid metal drop. The drop formation process for liquid metal dispersion in the continuous phase is predictable from semi-empirical correlation reported on aqueous solution-organic solvent systems. The height of droplet bed being accumulated on drop-settling portion is predictable from the coalescence time of single drop on a fiat metal interface. The coalescence of metal drop on a clean interface was very fast. The extractor type of liquid metal dispersion in molten salt is considered to be suitable for the pyrochemical extraction process.     

气泡破裂及其诱发射流液滴释放过程的实验研究

本文基于实验方法,通过高速摄像的方法捕捉不同直径下的气泡破裂过程及射流液滴的释放过程,获得了气泡破裂后气泡空腔的演变过程,捕捉了射流液滴的速度,探究了气泡直径和气泡表面寿命对射流液滴释放过程的影响规律。实验结果表明,气泡表面寿命对气泡破裂产生射流液滴的过程有着重要影响。随气泡表面寿命的增加,破裂气泡产生的射流液滴的速度也随之增加。当气泡直径较小时,气泡表面寿命呈现Rayleigh分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也较高。随气泡直径的增加,气泡表面寿命逐渐转变为指数衰减分布的特征,射流液滴的释放概率也随之下降。基于现有实验数据给出了一个精度更高的射流液滴速度与气泡直径关系式。     

Study of gel development during SON68 glass alteration using atomic force microscopy. Comparison with two simplified glasses

Literature mentions several physicochemical studies concerning the characterisation of the alteration films that are formed during the dissolution of the nuclear glasses. Up to now, however, no study had been undertaken on the evolution of the alteration film thickness by in situ technique. This study proposes to carry out atomic force microscopy (AFM) in liquid and dry conditions in order to measure the shrinkage or swelling of the alteration film. This work is performed on the glass SON68 and on two glasses with simplified compositions. The results obtained reveal a shrinkage of the alteration film for the simplified glasses and, in situ (underwater), a slight swelling for the SON68 glass caused by the formation of crystalline phase (phyllosilicates) on the surface. In all three cases, when alteration progresses, it increases the density of the gel and the volume occupied by the alteration products tends to be equal to the volume initially occupied by the glass (called isovolumetric alteration). Finally, the drying leads to an important shrinkage. These results could be used to evaluate the potential impact of the internal cracks of an industrial glass block.