改进型六极离子导向器的计算机模拟

根据在线同位素分离器的要求提出了一改进型的六极离子导向器，描述了ＳＰＩＧ的物理机制和改进的根据，用蒙特卡罗模拟对离子在改进型的ＳＰＩＧ中的运动过程进行跟踪，给出了离子平均运动轨迹和能量的变化，离子的传输效率和输出离子的速度分布和空间分布，分析了工作气压不同对ＳＰＩＧ传输离子的影响。     

托卡马克中离子轨道损失和极向电场

对孔栏孔卡马中离子轨道损失的蒙特卡罗模拟研究表明，起因于离子轨道几何差异的离子损失是极向不对称的。由于损失到孔栏的电子因其轨道宽度很小而均匀地分布，故非均匀离子损失可能引起极向电场，该电场势必使离子到孔栏的损失更均匀。本文介绍这种极向电场的简单分析推导，并讨论其对离子运动和输运的影响。．     

厚GEM探测器对γ射线探测效率的研究

作为一种新型微结构气体探测器(MPGD)，厚型气体电子倍增器（THGEM）用于较高能量光子探测是新的尝试。为了解其探测机理及探测效率的主要影响因素，利用多粒子输运软件、多物理耦合仿真软件及气体电离模拟软件，分别建立了光子与探测器相互作用模型、电子漂移扩散模型和气体电离模型。通过仿真得到了漂移极内表面和膜上电极的电子出射概率，¹³⁷Cs在漂移极内表面产生激发电子的能量分布和角分布。动态模拟了电子在特定电场中的漂移和横向扩散行为，定量计算了原初电子的入孔数量和入孔效率。最后通过实验验证，证明增大漂移区距离和提高THGEM膜间电压可显著提高THGEM对γ射线的探测效率。     

SGEMP解析模型及其在模拟试验装置设计中的应用

介绍了一种ＳＧＥＭＰ解析计算模型并与数值模拟结果进行了比用，用该模型研究了与ＳＧＥＭＰ模拟试验真空腔体有关的试验精度问题，得到了受试样品尺寸与真空腔体尺寸比对模拟试验精度的变化关系，给出了模拟试验装置的设计要求。     

负径向电场对带电粒子俘获率影响的数值模拟

本文采用数值方法求解Grad-Shafranov方程反演EAST典型长脉冲放电实验(炮号33068)的平衡位形和磁场分布，进而结合粒子在托卡马克电磁场中的运动方程，模拟氘离子在负径向电场存在时的运动轨迹，并统计不同负径向电场下的氘离子俘获率。结果表明：随负径向电场的增大，氘离子轨迹由扩张通行轨迹向外翻香蕉轨迹再向内翻香蕉轨迹，最后向压缩通行轨迹演变；氘离子俘获率随负径向电场的增大而减小，氘离子初始速度越小，其变化越大。     

厚GEM探测器对γ射线探测效率的研究

作为一种新型微结构气体探测器(MPGD),厚型气体电子倍增器(THGEM)用于较高能量光子探测是新的尝试。为了解其探测机理及探测效率的主要影响因素,利用多粒子输运软件、多物理耦合仿真软件及气体电离模拟软件,分别建立了光子与探测器相互作用模型、电子漂移扩散模型和气体电离模型。通过仿真得到了漂移极内表面和膜上电极的电子出射概率,~(137)Cs在漂移极内表面产生激发电子的能量分布和角分布。动态模拟了电子在特定电场中的漂移和横向扩散行为,定量计算了原初电子的入孔数量和入孔效率。最后通过实验验证,证明增大漂移区距离和提高THGEM膜间电压可显著提高THGEM对γ射线的探测效率。     

加速器内电场和离子运动的数值模拟

使用模拟电荷法对加速器内发射电极为平板形状,靶电极分别为平板和球冠形状两种情形下电极之间的电场进行了模拟,同时对被加速离子的运动参数进行了计算,模拟结果表明离子最终能量随发射电极中心孔的减小而增加,球冠形状靶电极比平板形状靶电极对靶活性区的利用效率更高.     

铁掺杂Y－124高温超导相的电场梯度研究

将点电荷模型和有效价键理论结合起来，发展成点电荷－有效键价模型理论。并利用这种理论模型研究了在高Ｔｃ氧化物超导体Ｙ—１２４结构中被铁杂质原子所占据的有不同局域环境的铜晶位上的电场梯度和所对应的四极劈裂．利用这种方法建立了Ｆｅ（３＋）离子在亚晶格尺度上的位移与其电场梯度和周围各离子有效化合价的关系．根据实验中的四极劈裂观察值，从理论计算结果中得到对应于Ｆｅ－Ｏ五配位的Ｆｅ（Ｂ’）离子将偏离ＣｕＯ２面０．０１９５ｎｍ，而具有Ｆｅ－Ｏ六配位的Ｆｅ（Ｂ）离子将偏离０．０３９５ｎｍ．此两晶位上的电场梯度分别沿着＋Ｚ和－Ｚ方向。这种点电荷－有效键价模型对高Ｔｃ氧化物超导体实验中晶位的指认和Ｆｅ（３＋）的位移分析有重要的意义。     

AVLIS离子引出收集过程的初步研究

通过理论计算研究了１－Ｄ无碰撞ＡＶＬＩＳ离子引出过程，比较了交变场与恒定场对离子引出特性的影响，计算和分析结果表明等离子体离子密度≥１０７ｃｍ（－３），屏蔽效应存在，离子的引出在振荡中完成；对相同离子密度，随电场的增加，离子引出时间有饱和趋势，比较了脉冲场与恒定场的引出效果，结论是两者的引出效果一样，而采用脉冲场可消除斯塔克效应的影响。     

北京脉冲低能正电子束流的性能

电子辐照加速器的真空系统是整个加速器正常运行的关键，加速管内的残余气体分子可对电子束产生较大影响，尤其是惰性气体等大分子气体。以往的加速器真空系统采用二级溅射离子泵作为主抽气泵，只对氮气、氧气等空气中含量最高的气体抽速大。新型真空系统采用了三级溅射离子泵。     

低能重离子及其碰撞产生的级联原子在生物材料中的直接作用范围

用Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ法模拟计算了３０ｋｅＶ和２００ｋｅＶ的Ｎ＾＋与１１０ｋｅＶ的Ｆｅ＾＋在模拟细胞中的射程分布和径迹结构，并将１１０ｋｅＶＦｅ＾＋模拟计算的结果与ＲＳＢ测量的结果相比较，发现计算与测量的结果吻合较好，离子的作用范围小于１μｍ。计算和实验的结果都说明能量相当低的重离子不大可能直接作用引起麦胚深层生物效应。     

Kinetic-theory-based investigation of electronegative plasma–wall transition with two populations of electrons

Kinetic theory has been employed to investigate the magnetized plasma-sheath structure and its characteristics in the presence of more than one species of negatively charged particles: hot electrons,cold electrons, and negative ions. The cold electrons and negative ions are considered to obey a Maxwellian distribution, whereas the hot electrons follow a truncated Maxwellian distribution. The Bohm sheath condition has been extended for the case of more than one species of negatively charged particles, in which the concentration of hot electrons has a crucial role in achieving the Bohm velocity. The thermal motion of hot electrons is much higher compared to cold electrons and negative ions, such that the variation of hot electron concentrations and the temperature ratio of hot to cold electrons play a key role in the determination of the plasma-sheath parameters: particle densities,electrostatic potential, the flow of positive ions towards the wall, and sheath thickness. We have estimated the deviation of the resultant drift velocity of positive ions on the plane perpendicular to the wall from the parallel component at the presheath–sheath interface. It is found that the deviation between the two velocity components increases with an increase in the obliqueness of the magnetic field. Furthermore, the results obtained from the kinetic trajectory simulation model are compared with the results obtained using a fluid model; the results are qualitatively similar, although the potential varies by less than 4% in terms of the magnitude at the wall.     

A sextupole ion beam guide to improve the efficiency and beam quality at IGISOL

The laser ion source project at the IGISOL facility, Jyväskylä, has motivated the development and construction of an rf sextupole ion beam guide (SPIG) to replace the original skimmer electrode. The SPIG has been tested both off-line and on-line in proton-induced fission, light-ion and heavy-ion induced fusion-evaporation reactions and, in each case, has been directly compared to the skimmer system. For both fission and light-ion induced fusion, the SPIG has improved the mass-separated ion yields by a factor of typically 4-8. Correspondingly, the transmission efficiency of both systems has been studied in simulations with and without space charge effects. The transport capacity of the SPIG has been experimentally determined to be ∼10¹² ions s⁻¹ before space charge effects start to take effect. A direct comparison with the simulation has been made using data obtained via light-ion fusion evaporation. Both experiment and simulation show an encouraging agreement as a function of current extracted from the ion guide.     

环形阴极宏观场增强因子计算研究

环形阴极是一种结构场增强型阴极，能有效提高电子发射性能，广泛应用于脉冲硬X射线负载、强流电子束装置及高功率微波系统中，对其宏观场增强效应计算研究具有重要意义。本文采用电荷等效法和镜像法相结合的方法，建立阴阳极间隙空间电场的理论计算模型，获得阴极表面电场分布及其宏观场增强因子，并拟合给出宏观场增强因子的经验估算公式。计算结果表明，当阴阳极间隙与阴极环宽之比（d/w）<5，环形阴极宏观场增强因子与d/w呈良好的线性关系，理论计算结果与Ansoft软件模拟结果基本一致。     

湍流模型对安全壳内氢气浓度场模拟的影响

利用计算流体力学程序FLUENT和GASFLOW研究了不同湍流模型下，氢气在安全壳内的传输与混合过程。计算结果表明：RNG k-ε模型能够得到较合理的结果，它能够较好的模拟氢气的质量扩散，动量扩散和湍流特征；FLUENT标准k-ε模型、标准k-ε模型和GASFLOW中k-ε模型能够在氢气浓度场分布上得到与RNGk-ε模型基本一致的结果，但由湍流导致的各种流动参数的波动不能在前三个模型中得到满意的模拟；GASFLOW中代数模型没能较好的模拟氢气的质量扩散和动量扩散，氢气的浓度场分布与其他模型的计算结果存在较大的差别。因此，选择合适的湍流模型，对于研究严重事故下安全壳内的氢气分布有重要的意义。     

Three-dimensional particle simulation of ion thruster plume flows with EX-PWS

Ion thruster plumes from a multi-thruster array of different working configurations are simulated by a hybrid fluid-particle software. The particle in cell method is employed to model the transports of ions. The direct simulation Monte Carlo method is used to model momentum and charge exchange (CEX) collisions. The software is based on unstructured grids which make it easy to handle with complex geometry. The results of chamber simulation are compared with experimental data in ion current density and number density, which show good agreements. The maximum difference of current density along the thruster centerline is less than 9.30%. The interaction effects of plumes when multiple thrusters are operating in vacuum are predicted. Distributions of single charged xenon ions are significantly different in the near-field plume flow, however, merge into one in the far downstream region. Moreover, the interaction effect on the spatial distribution of CEX xenon ions is displayed as well.     

熔融池氧化物层自然对流的数值模拟

本文以BALI试验段为对象建模,对其中有内热源的湍流自然对流流体进行了二维数值模拟。模拟工况的瑞利数Ra高达10¹²～10¹⁵。流体的湍流运动用大涡模拟模型来捕捉。通过对下边界局部热流密度的面积加权积分,计算了三维下边界换热量。结果表明,Ra对流场、温度场与下边界局部热流密度分布均有显著影响。计算所得上下边界的Ra-Nu关系与试验结果符合较好。对不同物理机理导致的下边界热流密度分布规律进行了分析。     

Effect of plasma step gradient modification on surface electrical properties of epoxy resin

In this paper, plasma fluorination is combined with plasma silicon deposition to achieve step gradient modification on an epoxy resin surface. The physicochemical characteristics of samples are investigated and the electrical performances measured. The obtained results show that compared with untreated and single treated samples, the samples treated by step gradient modification significantly improve the flashover performance. According to experiment and simulation, the mechanism explanations are summarized as follows. First, it is found that the step gradient conductivity can effectively optimize the electric field distribution of a needle-needle electrode. Then, step gradient modification suppresses the accumulation of surface charge at the triple junction and makes the charge distribution more uniform. Furthermore, it can accelerate the surface dissipation on a high electrical field region and control the dissipation rate on a low electrical field region. All these results can restrain surface discharge and increase the flashover voltage. The step gradient modification method proposed in this paper provides a new idea for improving the surface insulation performance.     

Two-dimensional simulation and experiments of helium discharge between parallel-plate electrodes in short gaps at atmospheric pressure

ABSTRACT

Helium gas is used as the coolant in high temperature gas-cooled reactor while its insulation property is not good and brings big challenges to insulation design work. In this paper, breakdown voltages of two parallel-plate electrodes in millimeter-scale gaps at atmospheric pressure are calculated numerically with a two-dimensional hydrodynamic model. The Finite-Difference Flux-Corrected Transport method (FD-FCT) is used to avoid spurious oscillation caused by convection and diffusion restrictions. The simulation results are in good agreement with our experimental work. Different discharge characteristics are presented for a breakdown or a non-breakdown voltage. Importantly, when a breakdown is applied, ground-state ionization will make up the most in early stages while later accumulation of metastable atoms and molecules will prompt fractions of penning ionization to increase rapidly. It is predicted that penning ionization will eventually become comparable with ground-state ionization, especially near the anode, as the current density keeps increasing to order of 1 A. Some other simulation results are presented such as time evolutions of the distribution of electrons, ions, field strength and axial potential, etc. Attainment of these breakdown voltages and characteristics of helium discharge is going to help with insulation design work of electric equipment in reactor engineering.