Oxidative Degradation of 4-chlorophenol in Aqueous Induced by Plasma with Submersed Glow Discharge Electrolysis

The oxidative degradation of 4-chlorophenol （4-CP） in aqueous solution induced by plasma with submersed glow discharge has been investigated. The concentration of 4-CP and the reaction intermediates were determined by high performance liquid chromatography （HPLC）. Various influencing factors such as the initial pH, the concentration of 4-CP and the catalytic action of Fe^2＋ were examined. The results indicate that 4-CP is eventually degraded into inorganic ion, dioxide carbon and water. The attack of hydroxyl radicals on the benzene rings of 4-CP in the initial stage of oxidative reactions is presumed to be a key step. They also suggest that the reaction is of a pseudo-first order kinetic reaction and the proposed method is an efficient way for the 4-CP degradation,     

A Study on Water Treatment Induced by Plasma with Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis

1. IntroductionContact glow discharge electrolysis (CGDE) isa novel type of electrochemical process in whichplasma is sustained by d.c. glow discharges be-tween an electrode and the surfase of the electrolytel1~4]. The conventional normal electrolysis has beenevolved into CGDE when the aPplied voltage is sufficiently high in aqueous media. In a full glow dis-charge, the novel chemical yields of anodic CGDEoriginate from the primary reaction zone j which con-sists of the plasma around the …     

Effects of an alloying element on a c-component loop formation and precipitate resolution in Zr alloys during ion irradiation

It is important to clarify the mechanisms of the dislocation loop formation, dissolution of precipitates to understand the degradation behavior of the fuel cladding tubes in light water reactors (LWR) under neutron irradiation. In this study, 3.2 MeV Ni ion irradiation was carried out at 400°C on Zircaloy-2 and two types of model alloys with and without Fe (Zr-1.5Sn-0.3Fe and Zr-1.5Sn). To understand the effects of hydrogen, 60 and 300 ppm pre-injected Zircaloy-2 samples were also irradiated. The microstructure was observed with a conventional transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, the dissolution of precipitates and the enrichment of the alloying element due to irradiation were analyzed using a spherical aberration (Cs)-corrected high-resolution analytical electron microscope. After ion irradiation at 400°C, the dissolution of Fe-enriched precipitates and the c-component dislocation loops were observed in the region of peak ion damage. Observations by STEM-EDS showed that Fe atoms were enriched in the c-component dislocation loops. On the contrary, the c-component dislocation loops were detected in Fe-containing alloys (Zircaloy-2 and Zr-1.5Sn-0.3Fe alloy) but were not in the Zr-1.5Sn alloy. These results indicate that the dissolution of Fe-enriched precipitates and the enhanced formation of c-component dislocation loops are essential for the degradation of LWR fuel cladding under irradiation.     

过氧化氢湿法氧化 IRN78阴离子交换树脂的初步研究

使用过氧化氢湿法氧化技术对核级IRN78阴离子交换树脂进行了氧化降解初步研究。 研究中用硫酸对阴离子交换树脂体系pH值进行了调节,比较了催化剂Fe²⁺、Cu²⁺、Fe²⁺/Cu²⁺混合催化剂对H₂O₂-阴离子交换树脂的催化效果。研究结果表明:使用混合催化剂Fe²⁺/Cu²⁺的摩尔数比为1∶2时湿法氧化IRN78阴离子交换树脂的催化效果优良,氧化降解率达到了99.7%,过氧化氢的利用率达到了 92.7%。实验结果表明过氧化氢湿法氧化技术对于 IRN78阴离子交换树脂有良好的氧化降解效果。     

Oxidation of ciprofloxacin by the synergistic effect of DBD plasma and persulfate: reactive species and influencing factors analysis

A synergistic system of water falling film dielectric barrier discharge(DBD) plasma and persulfate(PS) was set up and used for oxidizing ciprofloxacin(CIP) in water. Results of reactive species formation in the DBD-only system as well as the DBD–PS system verified the PS activation in the DBD system. Influencing factors on CIP degradation and the degradation process were also been studied. The obtained results showed that the presence of PS could greatly improve the degradation and mineralizatio...     

法国CP1-CP2系列核电机组安全重要设备分级的经验反馈

本文介绍了在法国900MWeCP1-CP2系列核电机组定期安全审查中制定安全重要设备清单时确定安全分级所用的原则和方法.除了对分级清单增补机械设备和电气设备项目外,还引入了安全重要的非安全级(IPS-NC)设备的概念、原则和有关要求.     

Degradation of Chloroanilines in Aqueous Solution by Contact Glow Discharge Electrolysis

Contact glow discharge electrolysis of some chloroanilines in sodium sulfate was investigated in different initial concentrations.Each of them underwent the dechlorination,deamination theough oxidative degradation,and were eventually decomposed into hydrogen carbonate and carbon dioxide.It was testifies that the chlorine atomn and amidogen could be transformed into chloride ion and nitrite ion ,respectively.Fe^2 has a remarkable catalytic effect on the degradation of them.On the basis of the detailed analysis of the intermediate products and kinetic hehaviors,the reaction pathway was proposed,in which the attack of hydroxyl radical on the benzene ring of starting material might be a key step.     

Fe_3O_4/聚丙烯酸/CdS复合粒子的光化学制备及光催化性能

采用光引发丙烯酸聚合的方法对Fe3O4纳米粒子进行表面改性,制备了羧基功能化的Fe3O4/聚丙烯酸复合纳米粒子(Fe3O4/PAA);以Fe3O4/PAA为磁核,以硫酸镉和硫代硫酸钠为原料,采用光化学方法制备Fe3O4/聚丙烯酸/CdS复合粒子(Fe3O4/PAA/CdS),并借助红外光谱、X射线粉末衍射、透射电子显微镜、荧光光谱和振动样品磁强计对其进行表征。结果表明,核-壳结构的Fe3O4/PAA/CdS为表面粗糙的球形粒子,平均粒径为155 nm,具有发光性能和准超顺磁性。Fe3O4/PAA/CdS在有机染料罗丹明B的降解实验中显示出良好的可见光催化活性,可以借助磁铁在2 min内从溶液中完全回收。     

Zr（Fe,Cr）2金属间化合物的氧化

用非自耗电弧炉熔炼了比值(重量比值)不同的Zr(Fe,Cr)_2,并在773K和973K的空气中氧化。经X射线衍射和电子衍射分析表明:当Fe/Cr≤4.5时,Zr(Fe,Cr)_2,是MgZn_2型(六方)的Laves相,它的晶格常数随Fe/Cr比增加而收缩。Zr(Fe,Cr)_2氧化后生成的稳定氧化物是单斜ZrO_2和六方(Fe,Cr)_2O_3。在形成稳定氧化物之前,还会出现亚稳定的立方ZrO_2。根据本实验结果讨论了Zr-4合金中Zr(Fe,Cr)_2第二相对腐蚀性能的影响。     

Neutron diffraction study of Er2Fe15A12 and Er2Fe12A15

The crystallographic and magnetic structures of Er2Fe15Al2 and Er2Fe12Al5 have been refined in Gaussian peak-shape by Rietveld analysis of Neutron diffraction data. The refined results indicated that Er2Fe15Al2 compound has Th2Ni17-typc hexagonal structure (space group: P63/mmc) and Er2Fe12Al5 has Th2Zn17-type rhombohedral structure (space group:R 3m). The Al atoms prefer 12j and 12k sites with ccupancies 0.21 and 0.13, respectively, in Er2Fe15Al2 and prefer 18f, 18h and 6c sites with occupancies 0.35, 0.36 and 0.37, respectively, in Er2Fe12Al5. The magnetic moments of all Fe atoms display ferromagnetically arrangement and the moments of Er atoms couple ferrimagnetically to the moments of the Fe atoms. The moments lie in the plane perpendicular to the six-fold axis and exhibit planar magnetic anisotropy in both samples. The values of Tc were given and the neutron refined results coincide with that of the magnetic measurements. The relation between magnetic properties and structures was discussed.     

The Influence of Iron on Ammonium Ion Generation from Nitrate Ion in Liquid Phase

Flue gas cleaning in discharge plasma process has been Studied intensively and we have tried to remove the NOx and S02 using the wet-type plasma reactor. In this system, NO is oxidized to NO2 and absorbed as NO3^-, and SO2 is absorbed as SO3^2- and oxidized in the liquid to SO4^2-. But the concentration of NO3^- was saturated and the absorption of NOx and SO2 was inhibited. Then, the reduction of NO3^- in the liquid is required. We examined the reductive reaction of NO3^- to NH4^ using discharge above the liquid surface then the pH value of the liquid was changed to alkaline slightly. When the Fe plate was used as a ground electrode in the liquid, NH4^ was generated. Then, the relation between the generation of NH4^ and Fe ions (Fe^2 and Fe^3 ) was studied. When Fe^2 was presented in the liquid, NH4^ was generated and Fe^2 was oxidized to Fe^3 . Fe^2 is required to generate NH4^ from NO3^-. When NH4^ was generated from NO3^-, both the calculated pH value from NH4^ concentration and the measured pH value indicated a similar value. From these results, the discharge above the liquid surface was effective to convert NO3^- to NH4^ and the reductive reaction leads to more absorption of NO3^-. These results showed that the wet-type plasma reactor is effective for NOx and SO2 removal system.     

Zr-Fe-Nb合金中Zr(Nb,Fe)2相在400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽中的腐蚀行为

Zr-1.0Fe-1.0Nb合金经β相油淬、冷轧变形及580 ℃/5 h退火处理，在静态高压釜中进行400 ℃/10.3 MPa过热蒸汽腐蚀试验，利用带EDS的SEM和HRTEM对合金基体以及腐蚀生成的氧化膜显微组织进行分析。结果表明：合金中主要存在正交的Zr 3Fe和密排六方的Zr(Nb，Fe)₂第二相。Zr(Nb，Fe)₂相在氧化过程中先转变成非晶组织，非晶进一步氧化转化为m-Nb₂O₅和m-Fe₂O₃相纳米晶态氧化物，最后扩散流失到腐蚀介质中；Zr(Nb，Fe)₂相氧化后的Fe、Nb元素发生扩散流失，且Nb的流失速度大于Fe，合金元素的扩散流失在氧化膜中留下大量缺陷，促进氧化膜由柱状晶向等轴晶形态演化而不利于合金的耐腐蚀。     

高温超导体EuBa_2(Cu_(1-x)Fe_x)_3O_(7-y)的穆斯堡尔谱学新研究

利用~(57)Fe和~(151)Eu穆斯堡尔效应对EuBa_2(Cu_(1-x)Fe_x)_3O_(7-y)高温超导体作了研究。在液氮温区,分别测量了样品中有和无电流通过时的~(57)Fe穆斯堡尔谱,结果表明取代了Cu(2)位置的Fe的同质异能位移和四极分裂与通过超导体的电流无关,而取代Cu(1)位置的Fe的穆斯堡尔谱参数则与电流有关。不同Fe含量样品的穆斯堡尔谱分析表明,超导电性和穆斯堡尔谱参数都与Fe的含量有关。     

Er_2Fe_(17-x)Al_x(x=2,5)化合物的中子衍射研究

利用Rietveld分析方法对Er2 Fe17-xAlx(x =2 ,5)在室温下的中子衍射实验数据进行了精修。Er2 Fe15Al2 化合物具有Th2 Ni17型六角结构 ,空间群为P6 3/mmc ,Al原子分别占据 12 j(占位数0 2 1)和 12k(占位数 0 13)位 ;Er2 Fe12 Al5化合物具有Th2 Zn17型三角结构 ,空间群为R 3m ,Al原子分别占据 18f(占位数 0 35)、18h(占位数 0 36 )和 6c(占位数 0 37)位。所有的Fe原子磁矩间为铁磁性耦合。Er原子磁矩与Fe原子磁矩间为亚铁磁耦合。在 2个样品中 ,磁矩均位于垂直于六重轴的平面内 ,呈面磁晶各向异性。给出了居里温度TC,并对磁性能和结构之间的关系进行了简单的讨论。     

Thermophysical properties of molten core materials: Zr–Fe alloys measured by electrostatic levitation

In order to investigate the progression of a core meltdown accident, it is necessary to understand the behavior of molten core materials. Zr–Fe alloys are one of the low-melting-temperature liquid phases that are thought to form in the early stages of bundle degradation. The objective of this study is to measure the thermophysical properties of Zr–Fe liquid alloys. Alloy samples with a composition of Zr_1?xFe_x (x = 0.12, 0.24, and 0.50) were synthesized by arc melting, and their density, viscosity, and surface tension were measured using an electrostatic levitation technique. The results indicate that the density of Zr–Fe liquid alloys can be estimated by a linear combination of the measured or extrapolated densities of pure Zr and Fe. The viscosities of the Zr–Fe liquid alloys can be roughly estimated by extrapolating those of Zr to lower temperatures, although this method tends to underestimate the viscosity of alloys, especially for eutectic compositions. The values of the Zr–Fe liquid alloys’ surface tensions are close to those of pure Zr.     

MOSSBAUER POLARIMETER AND MOSSBAUER FARADAY EFFECT

A Mossbauer polarimeter consists of a gamma ray source (polarizer), transmitter (sample to be analyzed), analyzer and automatic counting system. This equipment was used to observe the Mossbauer Faraday effect in non-stoichiometric Fe3O4. Experimental results demonstrated that electronic hopping above the Verwey temperature between Fe2+- Fe3+ ions on the octahedral sites is a only localized phenomenon and the recoilless fractions of 57Fe nuclei in Fe3-vO4 (v=0.02) are 0.71 for A sites and 0.62 for B sites, respectively.     

Er2Fe17—xAlx（x=2,5）化合物的中子衍射研究

利用Rietveld分析方法对Er2Fe17-xAlx(x=2,5)在室温下的中子衍射数据进行了精修。Er2Fe15Al2化合物具有Th2Ni17型六角结构,空间群为P63／mmc,Al原子分别占据12j(占位数0．21）和12k(占位数0.13)位;Er2Fe12Al5化合物具有Th2Zn17型三角结构,空间群为R3m,Al原子分别占据18f(占位数0．35）、18h(占位数0．36）和6c(占位数0．37）位。所有的Fe原子磁矩间为铁磁性耦合。Er原子磁矩与Fe原子磁矩间为亚铁磁耦合。在2个样品中,磁矩均位于垂直于六重轴的平面内,呈面磁晶各向异性。给出了居里温度Tc,并对磁性能和结构之间的关系进行了简单的讨论。     

Irradiated Behavior at High Burnup for HiFi Alloy

Irradiation tests of a BWR advanced Zr alloy (HiFi alloy) and Zircaloy-2 (Zry-2) were carried out in a Japanese commercial reactor and the irradiation performances of the materials were investigated. HiFi alloy and Zry-2 showed excellent resistance to corrosion up to 70 GWd/t, and furthermore, HiFi kept lower hydrogen pickup compared with Zry-2. TEM observation showed that the Fe/(Fe+Cr) ratio of Zr(Fe,Cr)2 type second phase particles (SPPs) for HiFi alloy and Zry-2 tended to decrease as fast neutron fluence increased and to saturate at high fluence. Zr-Fe-Cr SPPs did not completely disappear even for 6 cycles for the irradiated HiFi alloy and Zry-2. In order to clarify the mechanism of hydrogen absorption, an electrochemical technique was used for the oxide film of both materials as part of the out-of-pile test. The relation between the oxide surface potential and the hydrogen pickup fraction was estimated suggesting that the potential difference over the oxide film suppressed hydrogen (proton) diffusion in the oxide film.     

用中子衍射方法分析Y_2Fe_（17－x）Si_x（X＝2）的结构

在研究稀土永磁性材料Ｙ＿２Ｆｅ（１７－ｘ）Ｓｉ＿ｘ（Ｘ＝２）的磁性时，发现用Ｓｉ取代Ｆｅ后，对提高Ｔｃ的效果很明显。中子衍射证明：Ｓｉ择优占据４ｆ晶位（哑铃位置），且Ｆｅ的磁矩平行于ｂ轴。